acrylamide

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361f ***: Suspected of damaging fertility [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.7% (58 of 1562) of reports.

H301 (94.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (94.2%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (96.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (96.2%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (96%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (94.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340 (96.2%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (96.1%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361 (94.1%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (94.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1562 reports by companies from 43 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 58 of 1562 reports by companies.

There are 42 notifications provided by 1504 of 1562 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (169 of 169) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 169 of 169 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 169 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 169 of 169 reports by companies.

There are 0 notifications provided by 0 of 169 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention . Wear protective gloves when administering first aid.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Acrylamide Exposure: Acrylamide is a cumulative neurotoxin. Signs and symptoms of acute exposure may include drowsiness, fatigue, memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, tingling of fingers, loss of vibration and position senses, tremor, muscular weakness, disturbances of balance (especially with the eyes closed), and dysarthria (incoordination of the muscles used for speaking). Excessive sweating of the feet and hands may also occur. Contact with acrylamide may irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to acrylamide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to acrylamide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to acrylamide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. For large fires use water spray, fog or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Acrylamide, solid or Acrylamide/

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Remove all ignition sources. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent materials and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place materials into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

1) VENTILATE AREA ... 2) FOR SMALL QUANTITY, SWEEP ONTO PAPER OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL, PLACE IN APPROPRIATE CONTAINER & BURN IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). LARGE QUANTITY MAY BE RECLAIMED.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/= 100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Acrylamide residue and sorbent material may be packaged in epoxy-lined drums and taken to an EPA-approved disposal site. Incineration with provisions for scrubbing of nitrogen oxides from flue gases. Deep well injection.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Keep in the dark. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Light sensitive. Store under inert gas. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects.

Separate from oxidizing materials and peroxides. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, sunlight, acids, and alkalies.

Store separately in an area isolated from flammables, combustibles, or other yellow coded materials. ... Store in a secure poison location. ... Store only if stabilized, under inert gas. Before entering confined space where acrylamide may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly-closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

The effectiveness of phenolic inhibitors is dependent on the presence of oxygen and the monomers must be stored under air rather than an inert atmosphere. Temp must be kept low to minimize formation of peroxides and other products. Moisture may cause rust-initiated polymerization. /Acrylic acid & derivatives/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - N-(2-Carbamoylethyl)valine (CbEv) in blood (not critical); BEI = 500 pmo/g globin (After 120 days of representative work/exposure to Acrylamide); S-(2-Carbamoylethyl)mercapturic acid (AAMA) in urine (end of shift); BEI = 800 ug/g creatine.

0.090 [mg/m3]

110 [mg/m3]

600 [mg/m3]

0.03 mg/m³

Ca TWA 0.03 mg/m3 [skin] See Appendix A

0.3 [mg/m3]

0.3 mg/m³

TWA 0.3 mg/m3 [skin] See Appendix G

60 mg/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

60 mg/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. [From NPG: Acrylamide] (NIOSH, 2024)

60.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Calculations based on an oral LD50 of 150 to 180 mg/kg for guinea pigs, rabbits, and rats [McCollister et al. 1964] indicate that a worker should be able to escape within 30 minutes without injury or irreversible health effects from 600 mg/m3. . . . the revised IDLH for acrylamide is 60 mg/m3 based on being 2,000 times the OSHA PEL of 0.03 mg/m3 that was promulgated in 1989 (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators; only the most reliable respirators are recommended above 2,000 times the OSHA PEL). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the most protective respirators be worn for acrylamide at concentrations above 0.03 mg/m3.]

NIOSH considers acrylamide to be a potential occupational carcinogen. [60 mg/cu m]

Ca [60 mg/m3]

See: 79061

0.03 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.03 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction and vapor), skin.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

(inhalable fraction and vapour): 0.03 mg/m

0.1 mg/m

carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 2; sensitization of skin (SH); skin absorption (H)

<0.83 microg/kg/day based on reproductive effects, 1.2 microg/kg/day based on neurotoxicity and 1.5 microg/kg/day based on cancer (A15337)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Occupational exposure levels for acrylamide in workroom air of various countries which have a exposure limit of 0.3 mg/cu m time-weighted average are: Australia; Belgium; Finland; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Sweden; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. /From table/

Acrylamide appears as white crystalline solid shipped either as a solid or in solution. A confirmed carcinogen. Toxic by skin absorption. Less dense than water and soluble in water. May be toxic by ingestion. Used for sewage and waste treatment, to make dyes, adhesives. The solid is stable at room temperature, but upon melting may violently polymerize. Toxic, irritating to skin, eyes, etc.

Acrylamide solution, [aqueous] appears as a colorless aqueous solution of a solid. Often at a concentration of 40% (w/v). Spills can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. Used for sewage and waste treatment and to make dyes and adhesives. Toxic, irritating to skin, eyes, etc. Produce toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.

Acrylamide solution, [flammable liquid label] appears as a solution of a colorless crystalline solid. Flash point depends on the solvent but below 141 °F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion. Used for sewage and waste treatment, to make dyes and adhesives.

Liquid; Other Solid

White crystalline, odorless solid; [NIOSH]

WHITE CRYSTALS.

White crystalline, odorless solid.

Flake-like crystals from benzene

White crystalline ... solid

Odorless

189 °F at 2 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

192.6 °C

192.60 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

347-572 °F (decomposes)

125 °C @760 [mm Hg]

347-572 °F (Decomposes)

184 °F (EPA, 1998)

280.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

138 °C (280 °F) - closed cup

138 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 3.711X10+2 g/L at 20 °C; 4.048X10+2 g/L at 30 °C

Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether and acetone

Solubility (g/100 mL) at 30 °C in: methanol 155; ethanol 86.2; acetone 63.1; ethyl acetate 12.6; chloroform 2.66; benzene 0.346; heptane 0.0068

390 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 204 (very good)

(86 °F): 216%

1.122 at 86 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.122 at 30 °C/4 °C

1.13 g/cm³

1.122 @ 30°C

2.45 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.45 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.45

0.007 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.007 [mmHg]

0.9 Pa (7X10-3 mm Hg) at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 0.9

0.007 mmHg

0.007 [mm Hg] @20 °C

Very soluble in water.

Very soluble in water

Acrylamide is very soluble in water. The solvent is not necessarily water soluble.

Amides and Imides

Acrylates and Acrylic Acids

Polymerizable Compounds

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Polymerizable

Amides, such as ACRYLAMIDE, react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water). Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Spontaneous, violent polymerization occurs at its melting point (86 °C) [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 428]. Can polymerize vigorously if mixed with peroxides.

ACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION is weakly basic. Can polymerize vigorously if mixed with peroxides. May react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases may form by reaction with strong reducing agents. Combustion generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

ACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION reacts with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed with strong reducing agents. Combustion generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Spontaneous, violent polymerization occurs at the melting point (86 °C of the undissolved solid [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 428].

Incompatible materials: Acids, oxidizing agents, iron and iron salts, copper, brass, free radical initiators.

Reacts violently with strong oxidizers. Reacts with reducing agents, peroxides, acids, bases, and vinyl polymerization initiators. Fine particles of dust form explosive mixture with air.

... Spontaneously reacts with hydroxyl-, amino-, and sulfhydryl-containing compounds.

Strong oxidizers. [Note: May polymerize violently upon melting.]

Strong oxidizers [Note: May polymerize violently upon melting.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that Polyacrylamide is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment, if the level of acrylamide monomer in formulation is not greater than 5 ppm.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acrylamide is a white crystalline solid. Acrylamide is mainly used in the production of polymers and copolymers for various purposes. All acrylamide in the environment is man-made, the main source being the release of the monomer residues from polyacrylamide used in water treatment or in industry. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acrylamide is toxic and an irritant. Cases of acrylamide poisoning show signs and symptoms of local effects due to irritation of the skin and mucous membranes and systemic effects due to the involvement of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. Local irritation of the skin or mucous membranes is characterized by blistering and desquamation of the skin of the hands (palms) and feet (soles) combined with blueness of the hand and feet. Effects on the central nervous system are characterized by abnormal fatigue, sleepiness, memory difficulties, and dizziness. With severe poisoning, confusion, disorientation, and hallucinations occur. Truncal ataxia is a characteristic feature, sometimes combined with nystagmus and slurred speech. Excessive sweating in the limb extremities is a common observation. Sign of central nervous system and local skin involvement may precede peripheral neuropathy by as much as several weeks. Peripheral neuropathy can involve loss of tendon reflexes, impairment of vibration sense, loss of other sensation, and muscular wasting in peripheral parts of the extremities. Nerve biopsy shows loss of large diameter nerve fibers as well as regenerating fibers. Autonomic nervous system involvement is indicated by excessive sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and difficulties in micturition and defecation. After cessation of exposure to acrylamide, most cases recover, although the course of improvement is prolonged and can extend over months to years. There are no epidemiological data available on cancer due to exposure to acrylamide. There is no evidence in man of any teratogenic effects resulting from acrylamide exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: In rats, biotransformation of acrylamide occurs through glutathione conjugation and through decarboxylation. At least 4 urinary metabolites have been found in rat urine, of which mercapturic acid and cysteine- S-propionamide have been identified. Acrylamide and its metabolites are accumulated (protein-bound) in both nervous system tissue and blood (hemoglobin-bound). Accumulation in the liver and kidney as well as the male reproductive system has also been demonstrated. In animal studies, early changes in visual-evoked potentials (VEP), preceding clinical signs, as well as changes in somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP), have been seen. Degenerative changes have been described in peripheral nerve axons, with less severe changes in the longer fibers of the CNS. Degeneration of Purkinje cells has been observed in chronically-intoxicated animals. The changes are most pronounced in the nerve endings of myelinated sensory fibers. The nerve endings show enlarged "boutons terminaux" and a widespread enlargement of nerve terminals from the accumulation of neurofilaments. This occurs in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Impairment of axonal transport has been found in sensory fibers, and interference with glycolysis and protein synthesis has been observed in biochemical studies. Studies of neurotransmitter distribution and receptor binding in the brains of rats have revealed changes induced by acrylamide. In rats, changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters and in striatal dopamine receptor binding have been related to behavioral changes. Degenerative changes in renal convoluted tubular epithelium and glomeruli and fatty generation and necrosis of the liver have been seen in monkeys given large doses of acrylamide. In rats, acrylamide disrupted the metabolism of lipids and amino acids, induced oxidative stress, impaired hepatic porphyrin metabolism. Acrylamide was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium with or without metabolic activation. Acrylamide induced chromosomal aberrations in the spermatocytes of male mice and increased cell transformation frequency in Balb 3T3 cells with a metabolic activation. Acrylamide was shown to be an initiator for skin tumors in mice. It increased the incidence of lung tumors in mice-screening assays. Absorption of acrylamide by the fetus has been demonstrated in animal (pig, dog, rabbit, and rat) studies. Oral administration of acrylamide, between the 7-16th days of gestation in rats, decreased the binding of dopamine receptors in the striatal membranes in 2-week-old pups. Degeneration of seminiferous tubules and chromosome aberrations in spermatocytes has been seen in acrylamide-treated male mice. Depressed plasma levels of testosterone and prolactin have also been observed. A statistically-significant increase in the incidence of mesothelioma of the scrotal cavity was observed in rats after long-term (2-year) administration of acrylamide in the drinking-water. Administration over 2 years of acrylamide not only increased the incidence of a variety of tumor types (both benign and malignant) but also decreased the life expectancy in both male and female rats. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acrylamide was genotoxic in C. auratus peripheral blood cells. The fish exposure also produced a dose-dependent increase in total DNA strand breakage, the formation of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and in the levels of hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Acrylamide may induce gonadotoxicity in mussels.

Acrylamide produces a central-peripheral distal axonopathy when administered chronically. This is characterized functionally by decreases in the monosynaptic reflex and dorsal root potential and alterations in the characteristics of the dorsal root reflex. Acrylamide's neurotoxic effects may be caused by the disruption of fast axonal transport. Acrylamide is thought to bind to kinesin, which leads to impairment of the fast axonal transport system responsible for the distal delivery of macromolecules. This results in deficiencies in proteins responsible for maintaining axonal structure and function. Acrylamide may also disrupt nitric oxide signaling at nerve terminals by forming adducts with soft

nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on cysteine residues.

In terms of reproductive toxicity, data suggest that acrylamide-induced male dominant lethal mutations may involve clastogenic events from binding of acrylamide and/or glycidamide to spermatid protamines or spindle fiber proteins and/or direct alkylation of DNA by glycidamide. Adverse effects on mounting, sperm motility, and intromission could also be related to distal axonopathy resulting from binding of acrylamide to motor proteins.

Acrylamide's mechanism of carcinogenicity is likely mutagenic, as the metabolite glycidamide is believed to react with proteins and DNA, causing mutations that persist in viable somatic cells and resulting in tumor formation. In addition, acrylamide's affinity for binding sulfhydryl groups on proteins could inactive proteins/enzymes involved in DNA repair and other critical cell functions. (A322, L1887, A2877)

Acrylamide

Endocrine

Reproductive

2 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

6 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

In accordance with the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005, 086237), acrylamide (AA) is characterized as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." This characterization is based on the following findings: (1) chronic oral exposure of F344 rats to AA in drinking water induced statistically significant increased incidences of thyroid follicular cell tumors (adenomas and carcinomas combined in both sexes), scrotal sac mesotheliomas (males), and mammary gland fibroadenomas (females) in two bioassays; (2) oral, i.p., or dermal exposure to AA initiated skin tumors that were promoted by TPA in SENCAR and Swiss-ICR mice; (3) i.p. injections of AA induced lung adenomas in strain A/J mice. In addition, CNS tumors were found in both of the chronic F344 rat bioassays; and (4) ample evidence for the ability of AA (primarily associated with its metabolite GA) to induce a variety of genotoxic effects in mammalian cells.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of acrylamide. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of acrylamide. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the following supporting evidence: (1) Acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide form covalent adducts with DNA in mice and rats. (2) Acrylamide and glycidamide form covalent adducts with hemoglobin in exposed humans and rats. (3) Acrylamide induces gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of mice and chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of rats and forms covalent adducts with protamines in germ cells of mice in vivo. (4) Acrylamide induces chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells of rodents in vivo. (5) Acrylamide induces gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations in cultured cells in vitro. (6) Acrylamide induces cell transformation in mouse cell lines. Overall evaluation: Acrylamide is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A).

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Acrylamide: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 60: (1994) Some Industrial Chemicals

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

NB Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data

TR-575: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Acrylamide (CASRN 79-06-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed and Drinking Water Studies) (2012 )

04/05/11

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year drinking water studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of acrylamide in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of malignant mesothelioma of the epididymis and testis tunica, malignant schwannoma of the heart, and follicular cell adenoma or carcinoma of the thyroid gland. An increased incidence of pancreatic islet adenoma was also considered related to acrylamide exposure.

There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of acrylamide in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of fibroadenoma of the mammary gland, squamous cell neoplasms (primarily papilloma) of the oral cavity (mucosa or tongue), mesenchymal neoplasms (fibroma, fibrosarcoma, or sarcoma) of the skin, and follicular cell neoplasms (adenoma or carcinoma) of the thyroid gland. Increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma of the liver and carcinoma of the clitoral gland were also considered to be related to acrylamide exposure. The occurrence of malignant schwannoma of the heart may have been related to acrylamide exposure.

There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of acrylamide in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of neoplasms (primarily adenoma) of the harderian gland, alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms (primarily adenoma) of the lung and squamous cell neoplasms (primarily papilloma) of the forestomach.

There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of acrylamide in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of harderian gland adenoma, alveolar/ bronchiolar adenoma of the lung, adenoacanthoma and adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland, benign granulosa cell neoplasms of the ovary, and malignant mesenchymal neoplasms of the skin. Increased incidences of squamous cell papilloma of the forestomach were also considered to be related to acrylamide exposure.

Exposure to acrylamide was associated with increased incidences of degeneration of the retina and sciatic nerve in male and female rats; preputial gland duct ectasia in male rats; adrenal cortex hypertrophy and cytoplasmic vacuolization, bone marrow hyperplasia, ovarian atrophy, and spleen hematopoietic cell proliferation in female rats; cataracts of the eye, spleen hematopoietic cell proliferation, and forestomach epithelial hyperplasia in male and female mice; preputial gland inflammation and lung epithelial hyperplasia in male mice; and ovarian cysts in female mice.

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Acrylamide is neurotoxic and causes the disassembly or rearrangement of intermediate filaments. It may also damage the male reproductive glands and is believed to be carcinogenic. (L1157)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L1157) ; dermal (L1157) ; dermal (L1157) ; oral (L1157).

Cough. Sore throat. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Weakness.

irritation eyes, skin; ataxia, numb limbs, paresthesia; muscle weak; absent deep tendon reflex; hand sweating; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), drowsiness; reproductive effects; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Direct exposure to pure acrylamide by inhalation, skin absorption, or eye contact irritates the exposed mucous membranes and can also cause sweating, urinary incontinence, nausea, myalgia, speech disorders, numbness, paresthesia, and weakened legs and hands. (L1157)

Cancer, Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children)

Eyes, skin, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, reproductive system

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.2 mg/L, hardness 50.8 mg/L calcium carbonate , alkalinity 43.3 mg/L calcium carbonate and pH 7.1; Concentration: 109 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 103-115 mg/L)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.2 mg/L, hardness 50.8 mg/L calcium carbonate, , alkalinity 43.3 mg/L calcium carbonate and pH 7.1; Concentration: 105 mg/L for 96 hr; Effect: loss of equilibrium

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) weight 0.11 g, length 17 mm; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 22 °C, pH 8.0-8.5; Concentration: 230000 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 160000-340000 ug/L) />99% purity/

EC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) weight 1.0 g, length 40 mm; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 12 °C, pH 8.0-8.5; Concentration: 88000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: general behavior changes />99% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The cytogenetic effects of acrylamide on golden fish Carassius auratus peripheral blood cells were investigated in vivo. The fish were exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mg/L acrylamide in water for 96 hr. Following exposure, peripheral blood samples were obtained to assay for nuclear anomalies and DNA damage. Acrylamide induced micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies including binuclei, nucleoplasm-bridged nuclei, and nuclear buds. The frequencies of these nuclear anomalies were significantly higher after treatment with 10 and 20 mg/L acrylamide (p<0.05). DNA damage was assayed using the alkaline comet assay. Both olive tail moment and the percentage of tail DNA intensity significantly increased after treatment with 20 mg/L acrylamide (p<0.05). In conclusion, acrylamide induces obvious genotoxicity in C. auratus peripheral blood cells.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... To assess the effects of acrylamide to freshwater fish, goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) were exposed to several concentrations of waterborne acrylamide and analyzed for genotoxic damage, alterations to detoxifying enzymes and histopathology. Results revealed a dose-dependent increase in total DNA strand breakage, the formation of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and in the levels of hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. In addition, acrylamide induced more histopathological changes to pancreatic acini than to the hepatic parenchyma, regardless of exposure concentration, whereas hepatic tissue only endured significant alterations at higher concentrations of exposure. Thus, results confirm the genotoxic potential of acrylamide to fish and its ability to induce CYP1A, probably as a direct primary defense mechanism. This strongly suggests the substance's pro-mutagenic potential in fish, similarly to what is known for rodents. However, the deleterious effects observed in the pancreatic acini, more severe than in the liver, could indicate a specific, albeit unknown toxic mechanism of acrylamide to fish that overran the organism's metabolic defenses against a chemical agent rather than causing a general systemic failure.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... To assess the effects of acrylamide on a bivalve model, the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), two different setups were accomplished: 1) acute exposure to several concentrations of waterborne acrylamide to determine lethality thresholds of the substance and 2) chronic exposure to more reduced acrylamide concentrations to survey phases I and II metabolic endpoints and to perform a whole-body screening for histopathological alterations. Acute toxicity was low (LC50 ~400mg/L). However, mussels were responsive to prolonged exposure to chronic concentrations of waterborne acrylamide (1-10 mg/L), yielding a significant increase in lipid peroxidation plus ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities. Still, total anti-oxidant capacity was not exceeded. In addition, no neurotoxic effects could be determined through acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. The findings suggest aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-dependent responses in mussels exposed to acrylamide, although reduced comparatively to vertebrates. No significant histological damage was found in digestive gland or gills but female gonads endured severe necrosis and oocyte atresia. Altogether, the results indicate that acrylamide may induce gonadotoxicity in mussels, although the subject should benefit from further research. Altogether, the findings suggest that the risk of acrylamide to aquatic animals, especially molluscs, may be underestimated.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... In order to evaluate the effect of acrylamide on freshwater organisms, bioassays were conducted on four species: algae Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, duckweed Lemna minor and water flea Daphnia magna according to ISO (International Organization for Standardisation) standardized methods. This approach ensures the evaluation of acrylamide toxicity on organisms with different levels of organization and the comparability of results, and it examines the value of using a battery of low-cost standardized bioassays in the monitoring of pollution and contamination of aquatic ecosystems. These results showed that EC50 values were lower for Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata than for Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, which suggests an increased sensitivity of algae to acrylamide. According to the toxic unit approach, the values estimated by the Lemna minor and Daphnia magna bioassays, classify acrylamide as slightly toxic (/Toxic Unit/ (TU)=0-1; Class 1). The results obtained from algal bioassays (Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) revealed the toxic effect of acrylamide (TU=1-10; Class 2) on these organisms.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.40e-01

4.60e+00

1.00e-02

1.20e-01

5.00e-02

5.00e-01

1.00e-04

2.00e-03

6.00e-03

Volatile

2.40e+01

4.60e+02

1.00e+00

1.20e+01

5.00e+00

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to fish.

Acrylamide's production and use in the production of polyacrylamide and other polymers, in the synthesis of dyes and other compounds, pulp and paper production and in the oil industry as a flow control agent to enhance oil production from wells may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Residual acrylamide monomer in polyacrylamide products is a potential source of environmental release. Acrylamide has been detected in tobacco smoke. Acrylamide is formed in various foods cooked at normal temperatures during baking, frying and grilling. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.00675 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acrylamide will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acrylamide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and by reaction with ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.4 and 6.5 days respectively. Acrylamide does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, acrylamide is expected to have very high to high mobility based upon an experimental Koc of 50. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based on acrylamide's vapor pressure. Acrylamide is susceptible to biodegradation in soil and water. Utilizing the Japanese MITI and OECD 301D Closed Bottle tests, 70 and 98.1% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks, respectively, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, acrylamide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. In a river die-away test, 90% of acrylamide disappeared in approximately 150 hours. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. A BCF of 1 for fingerling rainbow trout, suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis half-life of acrylamide has been reported as >38 yrs indicating that hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to acrylamide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acrylamide is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to acrylamide via inhalation of tobacco smoke, ingestion of food and drinking water and dermal contact with polyacrylamide products which may contain acrylamide residuals. (SRC)

Acrylamide's production and use in the production of polyacrylamide and other polymers, in the synthesis of dyes and other compounds(1,2), pulp and paper production and in the oil industry as a flow control agent to enhance oil production from wells(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Residual acrylamide monomer in polyacrylamide products is a potential source environmental release(2). Acrylamide has been detected in tobacco smoke(3). Acrylamide is formed in various foods cooked at normal temperatures during baking, frying and grilling(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 50(2) indicates that acrylamide is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). In an experiment evaluating leaching using soil TLC, Rf values ranging from 0.64 to 0.88, measured on four soils, indicated acrylamide is mobile in soil with higher mobility in sandy soils than in clay soils(3). Volatilization of acrylamide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.00675 mm Hg at 25 °C(4), and water solubility, 3.711X10+5 mg/L(5). Acrylamide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Acrylamide is susceptible to biodegradation in soil(6). Utilizing the Japanese MITI(7) and OECD 301D Closed Bottle tests(8), 70 and 98.1% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks, respectively, indicating that acrylamide is readily biodegradable. The nitrogen in acrylamide was recovered as inorganic nitrogen with recoveries after 3 and 14 days at 30 °C ranging from 11-71% in Clarion soil and 74-95% in Canisteo soil, respectively(9). Results from these studies suggested that acrylamide is hydrolyzed in soil under aerobic conditions to produce ammonium ion, which is then oxidized to nitrite ion and nitrate ion(9). In another study using 4 central New York soils at 70% of their moisture capacity, half-lives ranging from 18 to 45 hr were observed(10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 50(2) indicates that acrylamide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estiamted Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from acrylamide's vapor pressure, 0.00675 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3.711X10+5 mg/L(5). According to a classification(6), a BCF of 1 for fingerling rainbow trout(7) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Acrylamide is susceptible to biodegradation in water(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI(9) and OECD 301D Closed Bottle tests(10), 70 and 98.1% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks, respectively, indicating that acrylamide is readily biodegradable. In two river die-away tests using aerated Thames River water, the lag time for biodegradation to begin was 220 and 50 hr(11). In the latter case, 90% of the acrylamide disappeared in approximately 150 hr(11). The hydrolysis half-life of acrylamide is >38 years at a pH 7(12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acrylamide, which has a vapor pressure of 0.00675 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acrylamide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase acrylamide is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.8X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Acrylamide does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Acrylamide degrades rapidly with acclimation in biodegradability screening tests(1-3). In two five-day screening tests using acclimated sewage seed, 69 and 75% of theoretical BOD were obtained(2,4). In longer screening tests, 72.8% of theoretical BOD was achieved in 2 wks using the MITI test(3) and 100% degradation was obtained in 16 days(1). In order to access the efficiency of sewage works in removing acrylamide, two sewage works were dosed for four times longer than the residence time(5). Little loss of acrylamide occurred during initial or final settling. However 50 to 70% was lost in the activated sludge plants. Further studies showed that high loss rates required high microbial activity or, in particular, contact with surfaces of high microbial activity(5). Acrylamide, present at 100 mg/L, reached 70% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the modified Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(6). Using OECD Guideline 301D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test) and a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, acrylamide reached 67 and 98.1% of its theoretical BOD in 15 and 28 days respectively which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(7). [

AEROBIC: Using 4 central New York soils at 70% of their moisture capacity, half-lives ranging from 18 to 45 hr were observed(1). The nitrogen in acrylamide was recovered as inorganic nitrogen with recoveries after 3 and 14 days at 30 °C ranging from 11-71% in Clarion soil and 74-95% in Canisteo soil, respectively(2). Results from these studies suggested that acrylamide is hydrolyzed in soil under aerobic conditions to produce ammonium ion, which is then oxidized to nitrite ion and nitrate ion(2).

AEROBIC: In two river die-away tests using aerated Thames River water, the lag time for biodegradation to begin was 220 and 50 hr(1). In the latter case, 90% of the acrylamide disappeared in approximately 150 hr(1). When the water was inoculated with cultures capable of degrading acrylamide, the lag period was reduced to 5 hr and degradation was 90% complete after 24 hr(1). Acrylamide was assimilated by microorganisms from Hackensack River water within 12 days(2) and Thames River water within 9 days(1). In another experiment in which 0.5 and 10.0 ppm of acrylamide was added to river and estuarine water with and without added sediment, all acrylamide had disappeared within 8 days(3), but only in the river water/sediment system was degradation observed within a day(3). Using water and sediment from the Rocky Ford Highline Canal in Colorado, acrylamide (up to 100 mg/L) was efficiently removed from amended canal water and sediment slurries under aerobic conditions, while no acrylamide was degraded in abiotic controls(4); under anaerobic conditions, acrylamide removal reached 70.3-85% after 60 days(4). In seawater 75% and 10% degradation occurred in 8 days with and without added sediment, respectively(3).

... Acrylamide degraded in filtered river water in 10 to 12 days. ... /Another study/ found more rapid degradation in river water of approx 4 days. When ... added to soil, complete degradation occurred in approx 6 days; a max of 60% ... was degraded to carbon dioxide.

ANAEROBIC: Two central New York soils were incubated under anaerobic conditions resulting in 21 and 55% degradation of acrylamide after 14 days(1). In another study under anaerobic conditions, acrylamide did not degrade after 56 days when incubated with digester sludge(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acrylamide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acrylamide with ozone has been estimated as 1.8X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), derived using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-life of acrylamide is >38 years at a pH 7 based on a neutral second-order hydrolysis rate constant of <2.1X10-6 L/mole-sec(2). The rate constant for the reaction of acrylamide with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 5.9X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 136 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4). Acrylamide does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF of about 1 was obtained for finderling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdenri) in a 72-hour static test(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). When the uptake of radiolabeled acrylamide (0.338 mg/L) was studied in fingerling rainbow trout at 12 °C for 72 hrs under static conditions, the BCF in the carcass and viscera was 0.86 and 1.12, respectively, indicating that no appreciable bioaccumulation had occurred(1). The uptake was rapid in the first 24 hrs and then leveling off to a plateau after 72 hr. When the fish were transferred to fresh water, levels of acrylamide declined to 75% of the initial concentration after 96 hr(1).

The rate of accumulation of acrylamide monomer in fish was ... about 0.8 times the concentration in the rearing water (10 ppm) at day 40. The accumulation of acrylamide monomer in fish from polymer was nondetectable.

An experimental Koc of 50 has been reported for acrylamide(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that acetamide is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil. No significant adsorption of acrylamide by natural sediments, industrial and sewage sludges, clays (montmorillonite and kaolinite) was observed in adsorption studies(3). In an experiment evaluating leaching using soil TLC (thin-layer chromatography), Rf values ranging from 0.64 to 0.88, measured on four soils, indicated acrylamide is mobile in soil(4). Acrylamide has a higher mobility in sandy soils than in clay soils(4,5).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/= 100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Acrylamide residue and sorbent material may be packaged in epoxy-lined drums and taken to an EPA-approved disposal site. Incineration with provisions for scrubbing of nitrogen oxides from flue gases. Deep well injection.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153P SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Acrylamide, solution; Acrylamide; Acrylamide, solid/

/GUIDE 153P SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Acrylamide, solution; Acrylamide; Acrylamide, solid/

/GUIDE 153P SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Acrylamide, solution; Acrylamide; Acrylamide, solid/

/GUIDE 153P SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Acrylamide, solution; Acrylamide; Acrylamide, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACRYLAMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3426 153P

2074 153P

UN 2074; Acrylamide; Acrylamide, solid

UN 3426: Acrylamide, solution

IMO 6.1; Acrylamide, solid; Acrylamide solution

49 091 83; Acrylamide solution (flammable liquid, not otherwise specified)

49 131 87; Acrylamide solution (combustible liquid, not otherwise specified)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Acrylamide solid and acrylamide solution are included on the dangerous goods list. /Acrylamide solid; Acrylamide solution/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Acrylamide solid and acrylamide solution are included on the dangerous goods list. /Acrylamide solid; Acrylamide solution/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid

Special material. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Special packaging required.

Symbol: T; R: 45-46-20/21-25-36/38-43-48/23/24/25-62; S: 53-45; Note: D, E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III