Propionic Acid

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (20.3%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (18.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (16.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2683 reports by companies from 52 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (120 of 120) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 120 of 120 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 120 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 120 of 120 reports by companies.

There are 0 notifications provided by 0 of 120 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give nothing to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or alcohol foam. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Corrosive and combustible liquid

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for propionic acid: Concentration process: Activated carbon.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for propionic acid: Concentration process: Resin adsorption.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Dilute with water, then neutralize with lime or soda ash. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and strong bases. Store only in original container. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

Ordinary steel is totally unsuitable for the handling of propionic acid. Aluminum is only resistant at room temperature and to anhydrous, concentrated propionic acid; at higher temperature corrosiveness toward aluminum varies with the concentration of acid. Thus the corrosion maximum for 50 °C lies at 75 % acid, whereas there are two maxima at the boiling point, a weaker one at 1 % and a strong one at 99.8 % acid.

Copper and copper alloys are stable toward propionic acid up to its boiling point, but only if the solutions are free from air or oxidizing substances. ... Containers made of aluminum with a purity of 99.5 % (DIN no. 3.0255) or alloyed steels (DIN no. 1.4541/UNS no.: S 30 400 and 1.4571/S 31 600) are suitable for storing pure propionic acid. Aluminum is unstable toward aqueous propionic acid. Polyethylene containers can be used for temporary storage of propionic acid and as small packing drums. Plastics are not recommended for long-term storage. Glass-reinforced plastics are unsuitable even for short-term storage.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

10.0 [ppm]

45 [mg/m3]

86 [mg/m3]

510 [mg/m3]

10 ppm (30 mg/m³)

15 ppm (45 mg/m³)

TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (45 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

10 ppm as TWA.

10 ppm [1977]

Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Australia: 10 ppm, STEL 15 ppm (STEL deletion proposed) (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 10 ppm, short-term level 20 ppm, 5 min, 8 times per shift (1991); Sweden: 10 ppm, short-term value 15 ppm, 15 min (1990); United Kingdom: 10 ppm, 10-min STEL 15 ppm (1991).

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is very corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Postharvest application of propanoic acid or a mixture of methylene bispropionate and oxy(bismethylene) bisproprionate when used as a fungicide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Alfalfa, barley grain, Bermuda grass, bluegrass, brome grass, clover, corn grain, cowpea hay, fescue, lespedeza, lupines, oat grain, orchard grass, peanut hay, peavine hay, rye grass, sorghum grain, soybean hay, sudan grass, timothy, vetch, and wheat grain.

Propanoic acid is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on meat and meat byproducts of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats, horses, and poultry, milk, and eggs when applied as a bactericide/fungicide to livestock drinking water, poultry litter, and storage areas for silage and grain.

Preharvest and postharvest application of propanoic acid (CAS Reg. No. 79-09-4), propanoic acid, calcium salt (CAS Reg. No. 4075-81-4), and propanoic sodium salt (CAS Reg. No. 137-40-6) are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance on all crops when used as either an active or inert ingredient in accordance with good agricultural practice in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops, to raw agricultural commodities before and after harvest and to animals.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Propionic acid:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Propionic acid is a colorless liquid with a sharp rancid odor. Produces irritating vapor. (USCG, 1999)

Propionic acid, [solution] appears as a clear oily aqueous liquid with a pungent rancid odor. Burns skin and the vapors irritate mucous membranes. Corrosive to most metals and tissue.

Colourless or slightly yellowish, oily liquid with a slightly pungent odour

Colorless, oily liquid with a pungent, disagreeable, rancid odor. [Note: A solid below 5 degrees F.]; [NIOSH]

OILY COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

oily liquid/slightly pungent, rancid odour

Colorless, oily liquid with a pungent, disagreeable, rancid odor.

Colorless, oily liquid with a pungent, disagreeable, rancid odor. [Note: A solid below 5 °F.]

Colorless, oily liquid [Note: A solid below 5 degrees F]

Clear, colorless liquid

Slightly pungent disagreeable, rancid odor

SOUR & MILDLY CHEESE-LIKE

285.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

141.1 °C

138.5-142.5 °C

141.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-6.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

-21.5 °C

-20.7 °C

130 °F (NTP, 1992)

126 °F (52 °C) (Closed cup)

54 °C c.c., 57 °C o.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

For more Solubility (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sol in alcohol, ether, chloroform.

Miscible with ethanol; soluble in diethyl ether; slightly soluble in chloroform

In water, 1.0X10+6 mg/L at 25 °C /miscible/

1000.0 mg/mL

Solubility in water: very soluble

miscible with water, alcohol, organic solvents

(in ethanol)

Miscible

0.995 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

Specific gravity: 0.993 g/cu cm at 20 °C

DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.02 (AIR= 1)

Critical density: 0.315 g/ml

Relative density (water = 1): 0.99

0.993-0.997 (20 °C/20 °C)

0.99815 @25 °C

2.56 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Water soluble. Dilution with water causes release of heat.

Dilution with water causes release of heat.

Acids, Carboxylic

Water and Aqueous Solutions

PROPIONIC ACID is a colorless, oily liquid, moderately toxic, corrosive. Flammable when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1090].

PROPIONIC ACID, [SOLUTION] reacts as an acid to neutralize bases in exothermic reactions. Burns when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers. When heated to decomposition emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1090].

Alkalis, strong oxidizers (e.g., chromium trioxide) [Note: Corrosive to steel].

Reacts with oxidizing materials and caustic substances.

Alkalis, strong oxidizers (e.g., chromium trioxide) [Note: Corrosive to steel.]

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. (L48, L49, A49)

In healthy individuals, the enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase converts propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA. This is one step in the process of converting certain amino acids and fats into sugar for energy. Individuals with propionic acidemia cannot perform this conversion because the enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase is nonfunctional. The essential amino acids; isoleucine, valine, threonine, and methionine and odd-chain fatty acids are simply converted to propionyl CoA, before the process stops, leading to a buildup of propionyl CoA. Instead of being converted to methylmalonyl CoA, propionyl CoA is then converted into propionic acid, which builds up in the bloodstream. Propionyl-CoA, propionic acid, ketones, ammonia, and other toxic compounds accumulate in the blood, causing the signs and symptoms of propionic acidemia. Propionate acts as a metabolic toxin in liver cells by accumulating in mitochondria. Propanoate is metabolized oxidatively by glia, which suggests astrocytic vulnerability in propanoic acidemia when intramitochondrial propionyl-CoA may accumulate. Propanoic acidemia may alter both neuronal and glial gene expression by affecting histone acetylation (A15452, A15453). (Wikipedia)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. (L49)

Propionic acid occurs in chronically high levels in propionic acidemia. Propionic acidemia, also known as propionic aciduria, propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency and ketotic glycinemia, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, classified as a branched-chain organic acidemia. The disorder presents in the early neonatal period with progressive encephalopathy. Death can occur quickly, due to secondary hyperammonemia, infection, cardiomyopathy, or basal ganglial stroke. In many cases, propionic acidemia can damage the brain, heart, and liver, cause seizures, and delays to normal development like walking and talking. (Wikipedia)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L49) ; inhalation (L49) ; dermal (L49)

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe burns.

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; blurred vision, corneal burns; skin burns; abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. (L49)

Propionic acidemia is characterized almost immediately in newborns. Symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, dehydration, acidosis, low muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, and lethargy. The effects of propionic acidemia quickly become life-threatening. (Wikipedia)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

LD50 Mouse iv 625 mg/kg

LD50 Rat single oral > 400 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 2600 mg/kg

LD50 Rat parenteral 3500 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. (L49)

During times of illness the affected person may need to be hospitalized to prevent breakdown of proteins within the body. Each meal presents a challenge to those with propionic acidemia. If not constantly monitored, the effects would be devastating. Dietary needs must be closely managed by a metabolic geneticist or metabolic dietician. Patients with propionic acidemia should be started as early as possible on a low protein diet. In addition to a protein mixture that is devoid of methionine, threonine, valine, and isoleucine, the patient should also receive L-carnitine treatment and should be given antibiotics 10 days per month in order to remove the intestinal propiogenic flora. The patient should have diet protocols prepared for him with a “well day diet” with low protein content, a “half emergency diet” containing half of the protein requirements, and an “emergency diet” with no protein content. These patients are under the risk of severe hyperammonemia during infections that can lead to comatose states. Liver transplant is gaining a role in the management of these patients, with small series showing improved quality of life. (Wikipedia)

The objective was to study the conversion of propionate to glucose by liver of the sheep during experimentally induced liver necrosis. ... Sodium propionate (3 mmol/kg) was injected iv into 6 healthy sheep before and after they were given carbon tetrachloride (20% carbon tetrachloride in mineral oil; 0.25 ml of carbon tetrachloride/kg, orally. ... Microscopically, liver necrosis was observed, as well as increase of fatty infiltration in nonnecrotic liver tissue.

The t1/2 of the iv sodium propionate load increased significantly, from 6.9 +/- 0.4 min in the control sheep to 12.8 +/- 2 min in the carbon tetrachloride treated sheep, whereas an insignificant increase was seen after fasting (6.8 +/- 1 min to 8.3 +/- 1 min). /Sodium propionate/

... Antagonism was observed with soybean meal, fish meal, poultry by-product meal and limestone. Corn gluten meal was without effect while the addition of fat to corn meal enhanced the activity of propionic acid.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin bumps with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... /Organic acids and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Medical reports of acute exposures of workers to propionic acid show mild to moderate skin burns, mild eye redness, and one case of mild cough and asthmatic response.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ In humans, propionic acid is a normal intermediary metabolite that represents up to 4% of the normal, total plasma fatty acid and is utilized by most organs and tissues ... No adverse cumulative health effects have been associated with industrial exposures to propionic acid ... Aqueous solutions of sodium propionate at concentrations up to 15% had no irritating effect on humans and have been used in treating of external infections of the eyes.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Taking 6 g sodium propionate orally over several days gave slightly alkaline urine without any further effects. /Sodium propionate/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Treatment with L-carnitine greatly enhanced the formation and excretion of short-chain acylcarnitines in three patients with propionic acidemia and in three normal controls. Mass spectrometry ... identified the acylcarnitine as propionylcarnitine in patients with propionic acidemia. The normal children excreted mostly acetylcarnitine. Propionic acidemia and other organic acidurias are characterized by the intramitochondrial accumulation of short-chain acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) compounds. The substrate specificity of the carnitine acetyltransferase enzyme and its steady state nature appears to facilitate elimination of propionyl groups while restoring the acyl-acyl-Coenzyme A:free acyl-CoenzymeA ratio in the mitochondrion. L-carnitine may be a useful therapeutic approach for elimination of toxic acyl acyl-Coenzyme A compounds in several of these disorders.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The predictive value of /propionic acid causing forestomach tumors/ ... in humans is ... problematic because humans have no forestomach and food transit times are much faster.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The results of acute lethality tests ... show low acute toxicity for propionic acid. Local damage may occur to the skin, eyes, or mucosal surfaces on contact with concentrated solutions of propionic acid. /It was/ reported that 10 mg of propionic acid applied for 24 h produced tissue necrosis in the rabbit skin irritation test, but the same quantity of propionic acid had little effect as a 10% solution in acetone.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:705]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Tested on rabbit eyes caused severe injury, graded 9 on a scale of 10 after 24 hours, with particular regard to effect on the cornea. Comparing rate of penetration through whole corneas in vitro ... /investigators/ found propionic acid to penetrate at pH 2 more readily than stronger acids, but at pH 1 to penetrate at the same rate as most common acids.[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 767]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In a rabbit skin irritation test, tissue necrosis was observed after application of 10 mg of undiluted propionic acid for 24 hours. The compound is corrosive to the gastric lining and, upon oral intubation, results in desquamation and hemorrhage.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 1]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects on renal potassium excretion of 1 hr iv infusion of propionate was studied in mature, conscious fasted ewes. Renal potassium excretion was incr by feeding and by propionate and acetate treatments but not by infusion of glucagon, insulin, and bicarbonate. The mechanisms responsible for the acetate- and propionate-induced kaliuresis are not clear but do not appear to include changes in plasma potassium, glucagon, and insulin or in urine flow and urine sodium excretion. /Propionate/[Rabionowitz L et al; Am J Physiol 246 (2, Part 2): 197-204 (1984)]

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ACID (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Propionic acid (79-09-4) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity in groups of 5 Sprague-Dawley Albino rats (alternately 2 and 3 males and females, respectively/group) given single undiluted dermal doses of 794, 1000, 1,260, 1,580, and 2,000 mg/kg bodyweight by oral gavage. Treatment was associated with diminished appetite and hypoactivity between Days 3 and 7 in study survivors, and increasing weakness, collapse and mortality within 1 to 12 days post-gavage in the study lethalities. An acute oral LD50 (with 95% confidence limits) in rats was 960 (835-1,090) mg/kg bodyweight. Upon necropsy, slight liver discoloration and marked gastrointestinal inflammation characterized gross pathology identified solely in study decedents.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 4740 mg/L/96 hr (confidence limit 4390-5120 mg/L), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.7 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.1 mg/L, hardness 40.5 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 42.2 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.60. Tank concentrations were corrected for sodium concentrations of 23.9%. /Propionic acid sodium salt/

LC50 Daphnia magna 130 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Daphnia magna 50 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea; intoxication, immobilization) 22.7 ppm/48 hr (95% confidence limit: 21.0-24.6 ppm); static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ACID (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Propionic acid's production and use in animal feed, as a grain preservative, calcium and sodium salt production, cellulose ester production, plastic dispersions, pharmaceuticals, and flavors and fragrances may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Propionic acid is formed from various enzymatic and fermentation processes and is produced during anaerobic carbohydrate fermentation in the stomachs of ruminants. It occurs in dairy products in small amounts and its esters are found in some essential oils. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.53 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates propionic acid will exist solely as a vapor. Vapor-phase propionic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days. Propionic acid is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, propionic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 36. The pKa of propionic acid is 4.87, indicating that this compound will exist primarily in anion form in the environment anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Propionic acid in its anionic form would not volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces. Propionic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Propionic acid is expected to biodegrade rapidly in most environmental conditions based on the results of a sewage inoculum screening test with theoretical BODs ranging from 23-55%. If released into water, propionic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A pKa of 4.87 indicates propionic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to propionic acid may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propionic acid is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to propionic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing propionic acid. Propionic acid was widely detected in landfill leachates and wastewater from industrial areas. (SRC)

... Compounds reported present in rose geranium oils include ... acids ( ... propionic ...)

Propionic acid is formed as the free acid in various enzymatic and fermentation processes and is produced during anaerobic carbohydrate fermentation in the stomachs of ruminants(1). Propionic acid occurs in dairy products in small amounts(2). This compound occurs predominantly in the form of its esters in some essential oils(1).

Propionic acid's use in the production of cellulose esters and use as a preservative, flavor, fragrance(1), and constituent in cigarettes(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 36(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propionic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of propionic acid is 4.87(4), indicating that this compound will exist primarily in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Propionic acid in its anionic form would not volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces(SRC). Propionic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.53 mm Hg(6). Propionic acid is expected to be readily biodegradable under most environmental conditions based on the results of a sewage inoculum screening test that measured theoretical BODs ranging from 23-55%(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 36(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propionic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 4.87(4) indicates propionic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Propionic acid is expected to be readily biodegradable in most environmental conditions based on the results of a sewage screening test that measured theoretical BODs of 23-55%(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propionic acid, which has a estimated vapor pressure of 3.53 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propionic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.22X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Propionic acid is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorbance in the environmental UV spectrum.

AEROBIC: a number of aerobic biological screening studies, which utilized settled waste water, sewage, or activated sludge for inocula, have demonstrated that propionic acid is readily biodegradable(1-14). For example, 5 day theoretical BOD's of 23-55%(6), 37%(15), 40%(9) and 71%(2) have been reported. These studies indicate propionic acid should degrade rapidly under most environmental conditions.

ANAEROBIC: Propionic acid was biodegraded using a variety of methanogenic tests(1). In a bench-top aqueous anaerobic test, propionic acid was completely biodegraded with a half-life of 21 days(2). Using batch flask digesters incubated at 37 °C, 500 mg/L propionic acid was 100% degraded in 6, 8, 10, and 14 days in the presence of <10 mg/L, 530 mg/L, 1060 mg/L, and 2110 mg/L acetic acid, respectively(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propionic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is measured as 1.22X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Propionic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Propionic acid is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorbance in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for propionic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of propionic acid is estimated as 36(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that propionic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of propionic acid is 4.87(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

A pKa of 4.87(1) indicates propionic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(2). Propionic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 3.35 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: Propionic acid was detected in groundwater samples near a coal gasification site near Hoe Creek in northeastern Wyoming(1). Propionic acid has been detected in groundwaters contaminated with leachates from municipal and industrial landfills, and hazardous waste sites(2-4). Leachates at sites from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Canada, France and Spain contained propionic acid at concn of 3.4, 1.36, 1.01, 5.25 and 0.91 g/L, respectively(4). Wood preserving chemicals at Pensacola, FL are responsible for propionic acid concn of 23.60 and 0.02 mg/L at ground water depths of 6 and 18 m, respectively(5).

SURFACE WATER: Ohio and Little Miami Rivers and Tanners Creek, Ohio water contained propionic acid at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 ug/L(1). Water samples from Lake Kizaki, Japan on Oct 28, 1977 contained propionic acid at concentrations ranging from undetected levels to 90 ugC/L(2).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Between March 15 and May 28, 1984, the propionate ion was detected in precipitation collected at Round and Geneva Lakes, Wisconsin at concn up to 2.7 umol/L(2). Rain water at Brookhaven National Laboratory at Upton, NY contained the propionate ion at trace concn(2). Rain water at Hannover, Germany contained propionic acid(3). In July 1975, propionic acid was detected in precipitation collected at Ithaca, NY at a mean concn of 1.0 u equivalent/L(4). Between 1969 and 1971, propionic acid was detected in precipitation collected at Voronezh, USSR at concn ranging from undetected levels to 73.7 m equivalent/L(4). Rain and snow samples collected at nine southern California sites and times series rain samples obtained during 13 rain events were found to contain propionic acid concns ranging from 0.058 to 0.71 umol(5). It was also found that concns decrease as a function of time, indicating that carboxylic acids are scavenged early in wet precipitation events by raindrops(5). Propionic acid has been detected at a concn of 0-9 umol in fog samples from four sites in the San Joachin Valley, CA at a concn of 2.3 uM in dew from Los Angeles, CA(6).

Propionic acid may be released to the aquatic environment in wastewater discharges from industry and sewage treatment facilities. In response to the June 1976 consent decree, the EPA surveyed the wastewaters of 46 industrial categories for 129 priority pollutants. Propionic acid was detected in 2 of 21 industrial categories of wastewater effluents(1). Extract from the wastewater of a textile mill contained propionic acid at an average concn of 38,144 ug/L(1). Primary effluents from 3 sewage treatment facilities contained propionic acid at concentrations from 16 to 3,800 ug/L(2). Secondary effluents from 4 sewage treatment facilities contained propionic acid at concentrations from 1.2 to 68 ug/L(2). Propionic acid was detected at a total concn of 6,930 ug/L in distillate and residue samples from landfill leachate collected in Japan(3).

Coal gasification facilities can release propionic acid to groundwater(1). Propionic acid was detected in the wastewater effluent of a coal gasification facility located at the Grand Fork's Energy Technology Center, North Dakota at an estimated concn of 64 mg/L(2). In addition, wastewater effluent from a shale oil facility in Queensland, Australia was shown to contain propionic acid at a concn of 130 mg/L(3). The disposal of waste byproducts from the production of wood preserving chemicals at Pensacola, FL was responsible for the release of propionic acid to ground water(4). Municipal and industrial landfills, and hazardous waste sites via leachates can release propionic acid to groundwater supplies(5,6). Propionic acid was emitted in the exhaust from gasoline and diesel fueled engines in Los Angeles, CA from July to Sept, 1984 at concn ranging from 1.22 to 19 ppb(7).

Propionic acid was detected in landfill leachates at a concn of 986 ug/ml in samples from the Taichung sanitary landfill in Taiwan(1). Waste water from 2 ponds in Spain used in treating waste from olive oil production contained propionic acid at a concn ranging from 32,588 to 2,017,173 ug/L(2). The presence of the compound is a result of the breakdown and oxidation of fatty acids present in the waste(2). Propionic acid was produced during anaerobic lagoon treatment of petrochemical wastes(3). The compound was detected not quantified in head space analysis of a biodegradable household waste sample(4), liquid exudate from garden waste(5), and kitchen waste and kitchen waste exudate(6).

Propionic acid was identified as an organic degradation and emission product from shop primers (0.2-0.4 mg/cu m), primers (not detected to 2 mg/cu m), and finishing paints (not detected to 2 ug/cu m) used on steel ships(1). Sources of propionic acid in the atmosphere of urban and suburban areas in New Mexico have been attributed to photochemical activity on ethanol fuel emissions and wood burning emissions(3). Propionic acid was measured at 0.0013% in UK emissions of volatile organic compounds emitted in 1990(2). An estimated mobile source emission rate of 1,370 kg/day for propionic acid has been calculated for South Coast Air Basin, southern California(4).

The propionate ion was detected in the sediments from 2 of 3 sampling stations of Loch Eil, Scotland(1). At one station, the average concn at depths of 0 to 3, 3 to 6 and 6 to 12 cm were 30.6 ug/g, 0.5 ug/g and trace quantities, respectively(1). At the other, the average concn at depths of 0 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9 and 9 to 12 cm were 59.0, 15.9, 1.1 and 0.5 ug/g, respectively(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The average and maximum propionic acid concns for the ambient air over the Netherlands in 1980 was reported to be 0.15 and 2.0 ppb(1). Propionic acid was detected in the ambient air of Los Angeles, CA from July to Sept, 1984 at concn ranging from 0.019 to 0.305 ppb(2). On Sept 24-5, 1984, propionic acid was detected in the ambient air of Los Angeles, CA at an average concn ranging of 0.139 ppb for 3 samples with a high and low concn of 0.154 and 0.126 ppb(2). Propionic acid was detected in three field studies in Albuquerque, NM at 0.6 ppb (summer 1994), 0.6 ppb (winter 1994), and <1 ppb (winter (1995)(3). On Sept 8-9, 1993 propionic acid was detected in the ambient air during a photochemical smog episode in Los Angeles, CA at an average concn of 1.67 ug/cu m for 6 samples with a high and low concn of 0.08 ug/cu m and 2.03 ug/cu m(4).

RURAL/REMOTE: Trace amounts, 0.09 nmol/cu m and 0.19 nmol/cu m in course and fine fractions, respectively, were detected in late winter Arctic aerosols at Barrow, Alaska(1). Values for Socorro, NM were <1 ppb (summer 1993), 1.1 ppb (winter 1994), and <1 ppb (winter 1995)(3). In Langmuir, NM, propionic acid was detected at <1 ppb (winter 1995)(2).

SOURCE DOMINATED: In a study monitoring long range transport of photochemical air pollution from the industrial coastal area of Tokyo Bay to central Japan, propionic acid concns were found to fluctuate, increasing during daytime and falling off during night(1,2). This suggests that propionic acid is produced by photooxidation of anthropogenic compounds during long-range transport(1,2).

PROPIONIC ACID WAS ISOLATED FROM BOILED BEEF IN SLURRY, DRY CURED HAM. /FROM TABLE/

... OCCURS ... IN SWISS CHEESE @ LEVELS WHICH MAY BE AS HIGH AS 1%.

Propionic acid has been qualitatively detected as a volatile component of baked potatoes(1) and cooked meats(2). Dalieb fruit (Borassus aethiopum l.) contained propionic acid at an average concn of 84 mg/kg(3). Propionic acid was detected in German fruit brandies and desert wines at concns of 0.2 and 1.1 mg/L, respectively(4). It has also been identified in popcorn at a concn of 300 ug/kg(5). Propionic acid was identified, not quantified as a fruit volatile in head space analysis testing using strawberries(6). Propionic acid occurs in dairy products in small amounts(7). Propionic has been detected as a volatile component of two brands of commercial rice cakes at concentrations of 61 ppb and 60 ppb(8).

Propionic acid was identified as a flavor compound in Pine Sprout Tea samples that were prepared from the sprouts and needles of Korean red pine trees(1).

Two samples of mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Oarai Coast, Japan contained propionic acid at concentrations of 2.73 and 0.50 ug/g(1).

Propionic acid is a major constituent (100-300 ug/cigarette) of the gas phase of the mainstream smoke of unfiltered cigarettes. /From table/

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,092 workers (8,489 of these are female) are potentially exposed to propionic acid in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to propionic acid may occur through dermal contact or inhalation with this compound at workplaces where propionic acid is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to propionic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for propionic acid: Concentration process: Activated carbon.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for propionic acid: Concentration process: Resin adsorption.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPIONIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1848; Propionic acid

IMO 8.0; Propionic acid

49 314 47; Propionic acid solution

49 314 48; Propionic acid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: III