Chloroacetic Acid

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (17.1%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (> 99.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311+H331 (33.9%): Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled. [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H311 (99%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (57.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (42%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (57.7%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (58.5%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (19.4%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1299 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised. Chloroacetic acid is extremely corrosive.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Chloroacetic Acid Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute ingestion of chloroacetic acid may be severe and include salivation, intense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, chills, and shock. Oral, esophageal, and stomach burns are common and often associated with severe pain. Vomitus generally has a coffee-ground appearance. The potential for circulatory collapse is high following ingestion of chloroacetic acid. Acute inhalation exposure may result in sneezing, hoarseness, choking, laryngitis, dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory tract irritation, and chest pain. Bleeding of nose and gums, ulceration of the nasal and oral mucosa, pulmonary edema, chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia may also occur. If the eyes have come in contact with chloroacetic acid, then irritation, pain, swelling, corneal erosion, and blindness may result. Dermal exposure may result in dermatitis (red, inflamed skin), severe burns, and pain.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chloroacetic acid may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloroacetic acid.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to chloroacetic acid.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Rinse mouth with large amounts of water. Instruct victims not to swallow this water.

3. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Activated charcoal is of no value.

5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are alert and conscious.

7. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Get medical attention for all exposures to this compound.

INHALATION: Remove victim to fresh air.

EYES: Flush with running water for 15 min.

SKIN: Flush with water.

INGESTION: Give large amount of water to dilute the acid. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

This material is extremely hazardous to health, but fire fighters may enter areas with extreme care. Full protective clothing including a self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, boots and bands around legs, arms and waist should be provided. No skin surface should be exposed. Cool fire-exposed containers with water. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well after fire is out.

Water fog applied gently to surface will cause frothing which will extinguish fire. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surroundings. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. For large fires use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

This material is extremely hazardous to health, but fire fighters may enter areas with extreme care. Full protective clothing incuding a self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, boots and bands around legs, arms and waist should be provided. No skin surface should be exposed. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flame until well after fire is out. This chemical may burn but does not readily ignite. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers. Poisonous gases are produced in fire, including chlorine and phosgene. /SRP: are produced during thermal breakdown/. If materials or contaminated runoff enter waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Chloroacetic acid, molten; Chloroacetic acid, solid/

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Neutralize spilled materials with crushed limestone, soad ash, or lime. Waste water containing chloroacetic acid can be treated with ammonia, ammonium salts, or amines followed by separation of suspended solids. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Dike large spills far ahead of spill for later disposal. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your local or federal environmental protection agency for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.

Approach release from upwind. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Chloroacetic acid, molten/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from incompatible materials and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Store only in original container. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Prior to working with chloroacetic acid you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from metal, combustibles, strong oxidizers, strong bases, and reducing agents. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from alkalies, alcohols, oxidizing materials, reducing agents, and metals.

... MCA is stored and transported as flakes or as an 80% aqueous solution in transport tanks at 35 °C (it solidifies at 19 °C). It may also be dissolved in ethanol or methanol. ...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.5 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

1.5 [ppm]

6.6 [ppm]

40 [ppm]

0.5 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor); Skin.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.5 ppm as TWA; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

0.5 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2005]

2.0 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 0.5 ppm (skin). Last Revised: 2004.

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 0.5 ppm, skin.

Table: AEGLs for MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID (ppm) [Table#2504]

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause lung oedema, but only after initial corrosive effects on the eyes and the upper respiratory tract have become manifest. The substance may cause effects on the metabolism. This may result in metabolic acidosis and multiple organ failure. Exposure could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause effects on the lungs.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Self-contained breathing apparatus; vinyl or neoprene rubber gloves; goggles and protective face shield; rubberized or acid-resistant clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).

Chloroacetic acid, solid is a colorless to light-brown crystalline material. It is soluble in water and sinks in water. Combustible. It is transported as a molten liquid and therefore can cause thermal burns. It is toxic by ingestion, skin absorption and inhalation of dust. It is corrosive to metals and tissue.

Chloroacetic acid, solution is a colorless solution of the white crystalline solid. The acid concentration can be up to 80%. It is toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. It is corrosive to metals and tissue. It is used as an herbicide, preservative and bacteriostat.

Large Crystals; CBI; Dry Powder; Other Solid; Liquid

Colorless, white, or light-brown crystals with a vinegar-like odor; [HSDB]

COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless solution of the white crystalline solid.

Monoclinic prisms

Colorless or white deliquescent crystals

Colorless to light-brownish crystals

Colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid, which occurs in monoclinically prismatic structures ...

Strong vinegar-like odor

372 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

189.1 °C

187.00 to 190.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

189.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

145 °F (EPA, 1998)

50-63 °C

Exists in alpha, beta, and gamma forms having mp 63 °C, 55-56 °C, and 50 °C respectively. MP for acid of commerce: 61-63 °C

Heat of fusion at the melting point = 1.2285X10+7 J/kmol

302 °F (EPA, 1998)

259 °F (USCG, 1999)

259 °F (126 °C) (Closed cup)

126 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 8.58X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, chloroform; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

... good solubility in methanol, acetone, diethyl ether, and ethanol, but is only sparingly soluble in hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

858 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water at 20 °C: very good

1.4043 at 104 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.328 (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.58 at 20 °C/20 °C (solid)

Density: 1.4043 g/cu cm at 40 °C

Density: 1.3703 at 65 °C/4 °C (liquid); 1.58 at 20 °C/20 °C (solid)

Density (at 20 °C): 1.58 g/cm³

1.4043 @ 40°C

3.26 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.26 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.3

1 mmHg at 109.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

Water soluble.

Acids, Carboxylic

Halogenated Organic Compounds

CHLOROACETIC ACID is a chlorinated carboxylic acid (organic acid). These organic compounds donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

These organic compounds donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents.

The solution in water is a strong acid. Contact with strong oxidizers, strong bases, and strong reducing agents can cause violent reactions.

Corrosive to metals. Reacts with a broad range of materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chloroacetic acid (MCA) is a solid. Most of the chloroacetic acid produced is used to manufacture several hundred thousand tons annually of carboxymethyl cellulose. Another major application is the production of herbicides based on arylhydroxyacetic acids. HUMAN STUDIES: The anticipated acute and chronic human health hazards posed by MCA are effects on the cardiac system, the central nervous system, and kidneys. In addition, MCA is highly corrosive and irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Acute dermal exposure of workers to MCA may result in death even after rapid and extensive washing of the skin area. The effects may be delayed. The biochemical mechanism of action resulting in death is not understood. Contributing factors apparently believed to be involved are: (i) the inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreasing cellular energy supply and increasing acidosis with glycolic acid and oxalate production, and; (ii) effects on cellular components where sulfhydryl groups are critical for normal biological activity. Both of these effects may contribute to CNS, cardiovascular, renal and hepatic effects. In addition, the metabolites glycolic acid and oxalate may contribute to CNS and renal toxicity. A case of joint deformity reported after the use of a preparation containing MCA for topical wart treatment. MCA did not induce DNA strand breaks in human CCRF-CEM cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Fatalities among rabbits are expected when only 3% of the skin is exposed. Thorough washing after 1 minute contact did not decrease mortalities. In rats after subcutaneous administration of MCA (108, 135 or 163 mg/kg) hypoglycemia and lung injury appear to cause death in response to MCA exposure. MCA caused front paw rigidity in 10% of mice surviving a single oral toxic dose (320-380 mg/kg). Male mice orally administered 300 mg/kg bw MCA showed tremors, respiratory depression, and occasionally tonic and clonic convulsions. Some survivors had a Straub tail, severe tremors, and front limb paralysis after 24 hours (after exposure). Pregnant rats were dosed MCA by oral intubation on gestation days 6 to 15 with 0, 17, 35, 70, or 140 mg/kg bw/day. The percentage of soft tissue malformations was increased, however not dose-related. No skeletal malformations were found. In the highest dose-group a statistically significant increase of malformations of the cardiovascular system, comprising predominantly levocardia, was found. MCA was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538) and Escherichia coli strains (WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA/pKM101) with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: A large number of passerine birds, mainly greenfinches, were found dead or dying in a hedgerow close to a field of onions recently sprayed with sodium salt of MCA. Chemical analysis confirmed the exposure of the birds to the chemical. MCA had high regeneration toxicity with teratogenicity in Hydra digestive region.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Monochloroacetic Acid

TR-396: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Monochloroacetic Acid (CASRN 79-11-8) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1992 )

11/20/90

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for monochloroacetic acid in male or female F344/N rats given 15 or 30 mg/kg. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for monochloroacetic acid in male or female B6C3F1 mice given 50 or 100 mg/kg.

Monochloroacetic acid administration was associated with inflammatory lesions of the nasal mucosa, metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium, and squamous cell hyperplasia of the forestomach in male and female mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Sore throat. Cough. Shortness of breath. Burning sensation behind the breastbone. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed. Further see Ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Skin burns. Further see Ingestion.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Convulsions. Shock or collapse. Unconsciousness.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

Chloroacetic Acid

PDF Document

HEAST Archive

LC50 (rat) = 180 mg/m3

LD50 Rat oral 76 mg/kg /Sodium salt/

LD50 Mouse oral 255 mg/kg /Sodium salt/

LD50 Guinea pig oral 80 mg/kg /Sodium salt/

LD50 Rat (Wistar, female) oral 90 mg/kg /1% concn in water/ /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The effects of glucose infusion on monochloroacetate (MCA) exposure were examined in male rats with a view toward effective clinical treatment for MCA intoxication. Rats were injected with 80 mg/kg sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) (single lethal dose) and then infused with saline (control group) or 5% or 10% glucose solution at 2 mL/hour for ten hours. No animal in the control group survived the total 14-day follow-up period. The survival rate in 5% glucose group was 57% at ten hours; it decreased to 14% at 14 days. The survival rate in 10% glucose group was 79% at ten hours, and all rats that survived the first ten hours also survived the 14 days. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed the survival rate in 10% glucose group to be improved upon in both the 5% glucose group and the control group. Blood glucose and lactate levels were measured every hour during infusion. Blood glucose levels decreased in the control group but remained in the glucose-infused groups. Although the blood lactate level increased in each group, there was an excellent inverse linear relation between blood glucose levels and blood lactate levels. Thus, continuous parenteral infusion of glucose solution at an early stage after exposure may be an effective clinical therapy for the prevention of hypoglycemia and metabolic lactic acidosis caused by MCA.

... Pretreatment of /male mice of ddY strain/ with either diethyldithiocarbamate or carbon disulfide ... did not prevent the hypothermia induced by monochloroacetic acid. ...

... A 23-year old chemical technician ... spilt MCAA over the dorsum of his right hand and forearm. The solution contained 1.5 M MCAA in ethanol 94%. The arm was rinsed with water for 10 minutes; despite this, erythema and small blisters appeared in the first hour. The lesions healed in 10 days with small scars. After 14 days, itchy vesicles appeared at the site of the scars. On day 28 the patient was patch tested with the international standard series and the MCAA solution 1% in methanol 70%. A strong 4+ reaction was observed to the MCAA solution. Two control persons were negative. According to the authors the ethylester of MCAA (EMCA) was suspected as the causative agent (MCAA + ethanol may react to EMCA and water). On day 49, patch testing was performed with 1% EMCA (purity 99.9%) in acetone and ethanol and 1% MCAA in aq. Strong 4+ reactions were observed to the patches with EMCA, MCAA was negative.

In an experiment to investigate whether ethanol can be used as antidote of MCAA toxicity ... high exposure doses were used so that rabbit skin contamination with MCAA was normally always fatal to the animals. ... Ethanol was unable to prevent death, even with maximum ethanolization (3 g/L in blood). The mean mortality delay was higher in rabbits infused with ethanol after MCAA exposure than in rabbits not infused with ethanol. It seems that blood glucose, potassium, and HC03- were slightly less modified in ethanolized animals than in non-ethanolized animals.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize, because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

After skin contact and ingestion immediate decontamination is of crucial importance and must be started as soon as possible. Skin decontamination with water should be continued for at least 15 minutes. Early signs indicating systemic poisoning should be looked for (ie agitation, malaise, vomiting, diarrhea, CNS-depression, metabolic acidosis). Symptomatic therapy is vital (support ventilation and circulation, treat cerebral edema). If signs of systemic poisoning appear immediate hemodialysis should be performed. ...

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lung function tests, kidney function tests. Examination of the nervous system.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... /It was reported that/ the threshold for respiratory (sensory) irritation in humans amounts to 5.7 mg/cu m.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ After ingestion or skin contact: 1) Corrosion of mucous membranes of mouth, throat, and esophagus, with immediate pain and dysphagia. The necrotic areas are at first grayish white but soon acquire a blackish discoloration and sometimes a shrunken or wrinkled texture; the process is described as a "coagulation necrosis." 2) Epigastric pain, which may be associated with nausea and the vomiting of mucoid and "coffee-ground" material. At times, gastric hemorrhage may be intense, and the vomitus then contains fresh blood. Profound thirst. 3) Ulceration of all membranes and tissues with which the acid comes in contact ... . 4) Circulatory collapse with clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death. 5) Asphyxial death due to glottic edema. 6) Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses, which may require major surgical repair, should be anticipated. Signs of obstruction commonly appear within a few weeks but may be delayed for months and even years. Permanent scars may also appear in the cornea, skin and oropharynx. 7) Uncorrected circulatory collapse of several hours' duration may lead to renal failure and ischemic lesions in the liver and heart.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /SRP: Molten/ monochloroacetic acid causes only rubefaction if skin is quickly washed well, but death may follow if more than 3% of the skin is involved.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Adults skin exposure: It can be difficult to determine at an early stage the percentage of body burns, due to irregular or rather blotchy vasoconstriction that seems to be typical of MCA burns. 2 or 3 days later skin burns may be up to 50% larger than at first glance. Up to 5% body surface (80% solution): possibly moderate systemic poisoning; 6-10% body surface (molten 80 °C): severe, up to lethal systemic poisoning; approx 10% body surface (90% solution): moderate systemic poisoning; 15% body surface (80% solution): lethal systemic poisoning; 25-30% body surface (80% solution): lethal systemic poisoning; unknown % body surface + inhalation: lethal systemic poisoning.

Tubifex tubifex (worm) perturbation concn, 150 mg/L

Paramecium caudatum (protozoan) toxic /concentration/, 150 mg/L

Gammarus pulex (water shrimp) perturbation concn, 30 mg/L

Chironomus plumosus (midge) perturbation concn, 140 mg/L

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ A large number of passerine birds, mainly greenfinches, were found dead or dying in a hedgerow close to a field of onions recently sprayed with sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA). ... Chemical analysis confirmed the exposure of the birds to SMCA. It is calculated that 50 uL of spray contained the lethal dose of SMCA for a greenfinch. /Sodium monochloroacetate/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... The geese suffered no ill effects when simply moving around an SMCA-treated pasture without feeding, but 4/6 died within 24 hours of ingesting treated plants in a second pasture sprayed with 20 kg/hectare and 3/6 died after feeding on plants dosed at 40 kg/hectare. /Sodium salt of monochloroacetic acid (SMCA)/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Using seawater for toilet flushing may introduce high levels of bromide and iodide into a city's sewage treatment works, and result in the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination to disinfect sewage effluents. In a previous study, the authors' group has detected the presence of many brominated DBPs and identified five new aromatic brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline sewage effluents. The presence of brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline effluents may pose adverse implications for marine ecology. In this study, besides the detection and identification of another seven new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent, their developmental toxicity was evaluated using the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. For comparison, the developmental toxicity of some commonly known halogenated DBPs was also examined. The rank order of the developmental toxicity of 20 halogenated DBPs was 2,5-dibromohydroquinone > 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol >/= 2,4,6-triiodophenol > 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol >/= 4-bromophenol > 2,4-dibromophenol >/= 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol > 2-bromo-4-chlorophenol > 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-tribromophenol > 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde > bromoform >/= 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,6-dibromophenol > 2,6-dichlorophenol > iodoacetic acid >/= tribromoacetic acid > bromoacetic acid > chloroacetic acid. On the basis of developmental toxicity data, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was established. The QSAR involved two physical-chemical property descriptors (log P and pKa) and two electronic descriptors (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy) to indicate the transport, biouptake, and biointeraction of these DBPs. It can well predict the developmental toxicity of most of the DBPs tested.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The fate of monochloroacetic acid (MCA), a common phytotoxic aquatic contaminant, and its toxicity to the aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba (L. gibba), Myriophyllum spicatum (M. spicatum), and Myriophyllum sibiricum (M. sibiricum) under semi-natural field conditions was studied. Replicate 12,000 L enclosures were treated with 0, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/L of MCA. Each microcosm was stocked with eight individual apical shoots of M. spicatum and M. sibiricum 1 day prior to initiation of exposure. Plants were sampled after 4, 7, 14 and 28 days of exposure and their response assessed using numerous somatic and biochemical endpoints. L. gibba was introduced into the microcosms the day of MCA treatment and monitored regularly for 21 days. The half-life of MCA in the water column ranged between 86 and 523 hr. The most sensitive plant species was M. spicatum, followed by M. sibiricum and L. gibba. All species demonstrated toxicity within a threefold range of each other. Endpoint sensitivity varied depending on the duration of exposure and the level of effect chosen. Most species endpoint EC(x) values were less than an order of magnitude different. Citrate levels in Myriophyllum spp. were not influenced by exposure to MCA. The toxicity of MCA to M. spicatum and M. sibiricum was very similar and thus highly predictive of toxicity observed for each other. The EC(10) was a more conservative estimate of toxicity than the statistically derived no observed effect concentration. Current concentrations of MCA are not likely to pose a risk to these aquatic plants in surface waters.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.20e+02

2.90e+03

7.00e+01

6.0E+01(G)

1.40e-02

1.20e-02

3.50e-03

Volatile

6.60e+02

8.60e+03

2.10e+02

6.0E+01 (G)

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms.

Chloroacetic acid's production and use in the manufacture of various dyes and other organic chemicals and formation as a chemical by-product of chlorination and chloramination of drinking water and pool or spa water may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It's former use as a herbicide in the US resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chloroacetic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 20 days. Chloroacetic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths 218 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm. If released to soil, chloroacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2. The pKa of chloroacetic acid is 2.87, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Chloroacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 65% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 3 weeks with acclimation indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil under specific conditions. If released into water, chloroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. No biodegradation was reported for chloroacetic acid following 3 days incubation in both river water and seawater, indicating that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process in water. A pKa of 2.87 indicates chloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to chloroacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloroacetic acid via ingestion of chlorinated or chloraminated drinking water or swimming pool/spa water, ingestion of foods made or washed with chlorinated water and dermal contact with chlorinated water. (SRC)

Chloroacetic acid's production and use in the manufacture of various dyes and other organic chemicals(1) and formation as a chemical by-product of chlorination and chloramination of drinking water(2,3) and pool or spa water(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It's former use as a herbicide in the US(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.22(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloroacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of chloroacetic acid is 2.87(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Chloroacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 65% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 3 weeks with acclimation(7) indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil under specific conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.22(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.87(4) indicates chloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). No biodegradation was reported for chloroacetic acid following 3 days incubation in both river water and seawater(6), indicating that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroacetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 6.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 20 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Chloroacetic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths 218 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC).

AEROBIC: Chloroacetic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 65.0% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). The test was repeated under the assumption that the test substance inhibited the sludge because only 1 replicate of 2 showed biodegradation tendency(1). After 4 weeks, 2 out of 5 replicates had degraded more than 90%, while the remaining 3 replicates had degraded more than 60%(1). CO2 evolution was 14-24% and 73% of the theoretical amount possible at a chloroacetic acid concentration of 4.5 and 9.0 mg carbon/L, respectively, after a 7-day incubation with an activated sludge inoculum(2). Chloroacetic acid was completely degraded in the Closed Bottle test (at 5 mg/L), the Modified OECD Screening Test (at 5 mg C/L), and the Zahn-Wellens Test (at 1000 mg/L)(3). Chloroacetic acid was degraded in laboratory biodegradation tests using sewage or acclimated sludge inocula with greater than 70-90% degradation being reported in 5-10 days(4-7,9). Degradation was increased by acclimation(7,9) and involves dechlorination(7). Mineralization occurred in river water with 73% of the chemical being converted to carbon dioxide in 8-10 days at 29 °C(8). The biodegradability of chloroacetic acid, at 10 ppm, was measured in both river water and seawater using the cultivation method; no biodegradation was reported for either samples after a 3-day incubation(10). Based on these results, this compound was determined to be difficult to degrade(10).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloroacetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 20 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloroacetic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Chloroacetic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths 218 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC). Chloroacetic acid was very slowly photodechlorinated in air-saturated solutions with <0.4% being converted to free chloride when irradiated for 11 hours in a laboratory photoreactor. Direct photodechlorination is much lower in the absence of oxygen. The presence of sensitizers such as p-cresol and tryptophan that generate superoxide radicals increases the rate of photodechlorination by up to 16-fold(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for chloroacetic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.22(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of chloroacetic acid is estimated as 2(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.22(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that chloroacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of chloroacetic acid is 2.87(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

A pKa of 2.87(1) indicates chloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Chloroacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.5X10-2 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Drinking water samples collected from Philadelphia, PA (in 1976), Ottumwa, IA (in 1976), and Seattle, WA (in 1976) contained chloroacetic acid at unreported concentrations(1). Finished drinking water from the Philadelphia Suburban Water Co, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the cities of Houston, TX and Corpus Christi, TX contained chloroacetic acid at below detection limits, 1.17 ug/L, 1.29 ug/L, and below detection limits, respectively (unreported detection limits)(2). Water samples collected from 35 drinking water treatment facilities during 1988 contained chloroacetic acid at concentrations ranging from <1.0 to 1.2 ug/L(3). The production of chloroacetic acid as a disinfection by-product was reduced when using riverbank filtration treatment for the purification of water to drinking water standards. Induced infiltration at 11 well fields on the Wabash River was studied; total estimated travel time was 3-60 days. The average chloroacetic acid concentration at a plant located in Terre Haute, IN was <20 ug/L(4).

DRINKING WATER: Chloroacetic acid has been detected in Canadian drinking water as a by-product of the processes used by water treatment plants(1). Water collected from fifty-three Canadian drinking water treatment facilities in winter of 1993 contained chloroacetic acid(1). When bromide concentrations were very low (<0.01 mg/L), the water contained 2.1 ug/L chloroacetic acid; when bromide was low (0.06 mg/L), the water contained 1.2 ug/L chloroacetic acid; when bromide was moderate (0.5 mg/L), the water contained 0.6 ug/L chloroacetic acid(1). Swiss drinking water monitored between 1996 and 1997 contained 20-211 ng/L chloroacetic acid(2). Chloroacetic acid was detected at 29 of 35 Finnish waterworks between January and October 1994 with concentrations between 0.7 and 4.7 ug/L; levels at all other facilities were below quantitation limits(3).

DRINKING WATER: Chloroacetic acid occurrence in 2 US drinking water production plants located with the Pacific Southwest region; method detection limit = 1 ug/L(1).[Table#2507]

SURFACE WATER: Chloroacetic acid was found in river water, canal water, and seawater at a min-max, median concentrations of <0.029-6.31, 0.832 ug/L, <0.029-8.78, 1.75 ug/L, and <0.029-0.32, 0.051 ug/L, respectively, in Tokyo, Japan(1). Chloroacetic acid was detected in water collected from Swiss rivers (<6-320 ng/L), midland lakes (40-242 ng/L), mountain lakes (71-417 ng/L), and moor water (247-476 ng/L), sampled from 1996 to 1997(2).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Rainwater samples collected in Zurich, Switzerland in the summer of 1993 measured concentrations of chloroacetic acid exceeding 500 ng/L(1). Rain and snow measured in Switzerland from 1996 to 1997 contained 60-7170 ng/L chloroacetic acid(2). Precipitation collected from seven sites located across Canada in 1997 contained mean chloroacetic acid concentrations between 18 and 492 ng/L(3). Chloroacetic acid was observed in snow from the Russian Tundra and Canada (<7-300 ng/L), ice from Northern Sweden (15-32 ng/L), and firn from Antarctica (28-120 ng/L)(4).

Effluent from a Blue Plains, Washington, DC advanced waste treatment plant contained chloroacetic acid at unreported concentrations(1). Chloroacetic acid was measured in the flue gases from the municipal incinerator at Boras, Sweden at concentrations from 3.2 to 7.8 ug/cu m(2). Kraft pulp mill bleach plant effluents contained chloroacetic acid from 1-4 g/ton pulp(3). Chloroacetic acid was detected in the spent chlorination liquor from the bleaching of sulphite pulp at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 g/ton pulp(4). Chloroacetic acid emitted into the air is mainly from manufacturing processes(5).

Chloroacetic acid was detected in the Tres Rios Wetlands, which receive tertiary-treated sewage effluent from the 91st Ave Wastewater Treatment Plant southwest of Phoenix, AZ, at concentrations of not detected-4.3 ug/L(1). Chloroacetic acid was detected in communal wastewater (0.01-0.28 ug/L) and industrial wastewater (0.9-63.4 ug/L) collected in Switzerland from 1996 to 1997(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; Chloroacetic acid, molten/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; Chloroacetic acid, molten/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; Chloroacetic acid, molten/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; Chloroacetic acid, molten/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Chloroacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1750; Chloroacetic acid, solution

UN 1751; Chloroacetic acid, solid

UN 3250; Chloroacetic acid, molten

IMO 6.1; Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; Chloroacetic acid, molten

49 314 44; Chloroacetic acid, liquid or solution

49 314 16; Chloroacetic acid, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Chloroacetic acid, solution; chloroacetic acid, solid; and chloroacetic acid, molten are included on the dangerous goods list. /Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; and Chloroacetic acid, molten/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Chloroacetic acid, solution; chloroacetic acid, solid; and chloroacetic acid, molten are included on the dangerous goods list. /Chloroacetic acid, solution; Chloroacetic acid, solid; and Chloroacetic acid, molten/

... MCA is stored and transported as flakes or as an 80% aqueous solution in transport tanks at 35 °C (it solidifies at 19 °C). It may also be dissolved in ethanol or methanol. The sodium salt, Na-MCA, is usually transported as white granule in paper bags with polyethylene coating.

Poison Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, C, N; R: 23/24/25-34-50; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-61-63

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8; UN Pack Group: II