Peracetic Acid

H242: Heating may cause a fire [Danger Self-reactive substances and mixtures; Organic peroxides]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P234, P235, P240, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410, P411, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H242 (99.8%): Heating may cause a fire [Danger Self-reactive substances and mixtures; Organic peroxides]

H301 (35.2%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (64.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (99.8%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (42.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (24.3%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (10.6%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (65.1%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (27.2%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (31.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P234, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P410, P411, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 596 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H290: May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P234, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P390, P391, P403, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P406, P410, P411, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P210, P234, P235, P240, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410, P411, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P234, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P235, P405, P410, P411, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Peracetic Acid Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute ingestion of peracetic acid may include corrosion of mucous membranes of mouth, throat, and esophagus with immediate pain and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing); ingestion may cause gastrointestinal tract irritation. Inhalation of vapors or fumes may result in respiratory tract irritation; peracetic acid is highly irritating to the skin and eyes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to peracetic acid may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to peracetic acid.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to peracetic acid.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Activated charcoal is of no value.

5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

If fire occurs in the vicinity of this compound, water should be used to keep containers cool. Cleanup and salvage operations should not be attempted until all of the peroxyacetic acid solution has cooled completely. Keep unnecessary people away; wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Fight fires from an explosion-resistant location. In advanced or massive fires, area should be evacuated. For small fires: use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires: flood area with water. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Use flooding quantities of water. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. /Peracetic acid (less than 40%)/

To fight fire, use water, foam, CO2.

The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. /Peracetic acid (less than 40%)/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 145 [Organic Peroxides (Heat and Contamination Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial evacuation for at least 250 meters (800 feet) in all directions.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered plastic containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cover with weak reducing agents such as hypo, bisulfites or ferrous salts. Bisulfites or ferrous salts need additional promoter of some 3M sulfuric acid for rapid reaction. Transfer the slurry (or sludge) into a large container of water and neutralize with soda ash. ...

Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. /Peracetic acid (less than 40%)/

Wear a face shield and goggles, butyl rubber gloves, and a laboratory coat. Cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. Using a plastic scoop, shovel the mixture into a plastic container and transport to the fume hood. Slowly add to a pail of cold water. Avoid contact with metal. To the aqueous solution add an ice-cold concentrated aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite until a drop of the mixture on starch-iodide paper does not produce a blue color. Test the pH of the solution and neutralize with 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid or sodium carbonate as appropriate. Decant the solution to the drain. Treat the solid residue as normal refuse.

Wear a face shield, goggles, butyl rubber gloves, and a laboratory coat. In the fume hood behind a shield, add the peracetic acid to a large volume of ice-cold, saturated sodium bisulfite solution. Test a drop of the solution with starch-iodide paper. If a blue color is produced, add more saturated sodium bisulfite solution. Neutralize the solution with a 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid or with sodium carbonate as appropriate. Wash into the drain.

/SRP: For laboratory scale quantities/: Destruction procedure: Add 5 mL or 5 g of the compound to 100 mL of 10% (w/v) sodium metabisulfite solution and stir the mixture at room temp. Test for completeness of destruction by adding a few drops of the reaction mixture to an equal volume of 10% (w/v) potassium iodide soln, acidifying with 1 M hydrochloric acid soln, and adding a drop of starch as an indicator. A deep blue color indicates the presence of excess oxidant. If destruction is complete, discard the mixture. If destruction is not complete, add more sodium metabisulfite soln until a negative test is obtained. /Peracids/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Methods are adopted for handling peracetic acid in air-conditioned lab for germ-free animals to minimize amt of free acid vapor circulating. Techniques helped to confine and neutralize peracetic acid vapor.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Caution : Peracetic acid is a strong oxidizer. Fire or other violent reactions may occur upon contact with combustible organic material.

Avoid breathing vapors. Do not touch the spilled material; shut off all ignition sources and stop the leak if this can be done without risk. The spilled material should be absorbed with a noncombustible absorbent such as vermiculite. Sweep up and place in a metal container for immediate disposal. Do not use spark-generating metals or organic materials for sweeping up or handling spilled material. Dispose of the absorbed peroxyacetic acid solution, in small quantities at a time, by placing it on the ground in a remote outdoor area and igniting with a long torch. Empty containers should be washed with a 10% sodium hydroxide solution. (EPA, 1998)

Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, alkalies, organic materials, heavy metals. Normally kept refrigerated outside or detached storage is preferred. /Peracetic acid (less than 40%)/

0.1 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)

0.52 mg/m3

1.6 mg/m3

60 mg/m3

30 mg/m3

15 mg/m3

6.3 mg/m3

4.1 mg/m3

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3 NOT ppm.

AEGLs Status: Final

0.52 [mg/m3]

1.6 [mg/m3]

15 [mg/m3]

0.64 ppm (1.7 mg/m³)

0.4 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor

(inhalable fraction and vapour): 0.4 ppm as STEL; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

0.4 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2013]

0.316 mg/m

Table: AEGLs for Peracetic Acid (mg/cu m) [Table#2817]

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause lung oedema, but only after initial corrosive effects on the eyes and the upper respiratory tract have become manifest.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Peroxyacetic acid is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 58 ppm.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Peroxyacetic acid is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 315 ppm.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Peroxyacetic acid is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 315 ppm.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with flammables or hot surfaces. Above 40.5 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment. Do NOT expose to friction or shock.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Peracetic acid is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor. Used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins. (EPA, 1998)

Colorless liquid with an acrid odor; [HSDB]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a strong, pungent, acrid odor.

Colorless liquid

221 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

110.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

110 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-22 to 32 °F (EPA, 1998)

-22 to 32 °F

105 °F Peracetic Acid, 60% Acetic Acid Solution (EPA, 1998)

105 °F (40.6 °C) (open cup)

A comparison of producers' safety data sheets shows considerable scatter in measured flashpoints (see Table 2 of ECETOC report). The measured flash point (closed cup) for 5, 15 and 35% PAA was 74-83, 68-81 and 46-62 °C, respectively. For 15 % PAA the open cup flash point was > 100 °C. This scatter may be attributed to several factors e.g., PAA reacting with the sample container used in the flash point determination, thermal instability of the PAA solutions, loss of volatile material during analysis due to decomposition and excessive gassing, releasing oxygen and water which tend to extinguish any flame. While the reported flash point value may not be exact, it is an indication of the temperature at which vapours can ignite. Most of the PAA equilibrium grades ranging from 5% to 15% exhibit closed-cup flash points but no measurable open-cup flash points.

40.5 °C o.c.

105 °F (60% acetic acid solution)

Very soluble in ether, sulfuric acid; soluble in ethanol

Miscible with water /1.0X10+6 mg/L/ at 25 °C

1000 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: miscible

1.226 at 59 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.226 g/cu cm at 15 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.226 at 59 °F

1.23 @ 15°C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.6

14.5 [mmHg]

14.5 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 2.6

14.5 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Henry's Law constant = 2.14X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Thermally unstable.

After 30 days the specific formulations Peracetic Acid 20 g/l, Peracetic Acid N 20 g/l (with wetting agent), and Peracetic Acid Spirit show a loss of peracetic acid of 25, 35, 22%, respectively, with storage at 2-5 degrees.

392 °F (USCG, 1999)

392 °F (200 °C) /Peracetic acid (less than 40%)/

May decompose explosively.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

3.280 cP at 78 °F

Corrosive to most metals, including aluminum

Highly corrosive

Index of refraction = 1.3974 at 20 °C/D

Soluble in water

Peroxides, Organic

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

CSL00109

PERACETIC ACID + peroxyacetic acid

Rapid pressure buildup, high temperature.

Flammable,Gas Emitter,Organic Peroxide

peroxide

M (up to 100g)

oxidation

Peroxyacetic acid in presence of simple salts (NaCl, KBr, and similar) has the potential to accelerate reactions. Pressure buildup and heat can generate rapidly. Solvents with low boiling points or flashpoints such as petroleum ether are particularly dangerous in such mixtures.

User-Reported

10/19/17

CSL00124

PERACETIC ACID + ETHYL ACETATE

Peroxides in ethyl acetate

Corrosive,Explosive,Flammable,Oxidizer

CSL00002 oxidation

peroxides in various batches of ACS-grade ethyl acetate. The level of peroxide in ethyl acetate is not required by ACS.

http://pubs.acs.org/cen/safety/20001218.html

CSL00135

ACETONE + 5-BROMOPYRIMIDINE + SULFURIC ACID + PERACETIC ACID

Upon drying the powder product was being scraped from a sintered glass funnel to complete the neutralization of the hemiacid salt when an explosion occurred. Subsequent testing determined that the peroxide dimer of acetone was the most likely cause of the explosion. This material is reported to be both shock and friction sensitive and known to sublime at room temperature.

ACS Safety Letters

CSL00203

2-(tert-butylsulfonyl)iodosylbenzene + Hydrogen peroxide + Iodobenzene + Peracetic acid

"We are writing to report on an accident that occurred in the chemistry department at Northwestern University on Dec. 3, 2010. Unfortunately, one of our advisees was seriously injured. The accident—a reaction mixture detonation—occurred during an attempt to synthesize 2-(tert-butylsulfonyl)iodosylbenzene, a partially soluble form of iodosylbenzene that is particularly convenient for use as an oxygen source in studies of catalytic chemical oxidations, such as olefin to epoxide reactions. The synthesis had been performed about a dozen times previously at Northwestern without incident. The synthesis procedure was a modified version of a procedure first described by Dainius Macikenas and coworkers (J. Am. Chem. Soc., DOI: 10.1021/ja991094j), which in turn had been adapted from a tested “Organic Syntheses” preparation (Sharefkin, J. G. and H. Saltzman, in “Organic Syntheses”; H. C. Baumgarten, Ed.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973; Collection Vol. 5, page 660). One modification was the use of a higher H2O2/iodobenzene ratio (25 instead of 2.8) while maintaining a similar H2O2 concentration. Likely more relevant was a second modification: the use of 35% by weight (freshly opened) hydrogen peroxide, rather than the 30 wt % solution indicated in the Macikenas procedure and used previously at Northwestern. We do not know with any certainty what caused the explosion. However, the procedure entails combining aqueous H2O2 with acetic anhydride to form peracetic acid. The water component of the aqueous H2O2 solution should serve to remove excess acetic anhydride. We speculate that if some acetic anhydride remained after conversion of the majority to peracetic acid (the desired intermediate compound) or acetic acid (side product), the anhydride could have combined with peracetic acid to form diacetyl peroxide. This organic peroxide is known to be a shock-sensitive explosive. If our reasoning is correct, the amount of diacetyl peroxide that potentially can form is greater in the modified reaction. Presumably, the less water initially present the greater the chance of forming the unstable organic peroxide. For a given amount of H2O2, the number of moles of water present in 35 wt % hydrogen peroxide is about 21% less than the number present in 30 wt % hydrogen peroxide. It is sobering to realize that even with 35 wt % hydrogen peroxide, the combined number of moles of water and hydrogen peroxide likely exceeded the number of moles of acetic anhydride initially present—and yet an explosion occurred. It is unclear what the margin of error is with regard to water and hydrogen peroxide concentration versus acetic anhydride concentration. However, we believe that at least some diacetyl peroxide is formed under all reaction conditions. We emphasize that the above “explanation” and discussion are speculative. Nevertheless, there is support from the patent literature. (See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 3,079,443, “Production of a Solution of Diacetyl Peroxide in Acetic Anhydride.”) In the patented process the coreactant is aqueous H2O2. At least until the cause of the explosion can be determined, we strongly encourage researchers to consider using alternative, nonperoxide, routes to 2-(t-butylsulfonyl)iodosylbenzene, iodobenzene diacetate, and related compounds (J. Am. Chem. Soc., DOI: 10.1021/ja1069773). More generally, we recommend that aqueous H2O2 and acetic anhydride never be combined—despite the fact that, until now, this has been a commonly used reagent combination in oxidation chemistry." (reprint of full text)

Not Available

10.1021/cen-v089n002.p002

Literature Reference

10/20/2022

Self-reactive. Peracids should be handled only in small quantities and with extreme care when pure or very concentrated. Organic peracids, such as peracetic acid, are so unstable that they may explode during distillation, even under reduced pressure [NFPA 1991].

Explosive reaction with acetic anhydride; 5-p-chlorophenyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexanone. Violent reaction with ether solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether); metal chloride solutions (e.g., calcium chloride; potassium chloride; sodium chloride); olefins; organic matter.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is commercialized as an equilibrium aqueous solution in which peracetic acid is in equilibrium with hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water. The concentration of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid can reach levels of about 40, 30 and 40 %, respectively, in certain equilibrium solutions. Nearly all toxicity studies, related with human health and environment, were done with equilibrium solutions. PAA is also commercialized as a distilled product containing primarily peracetic acid and water. Distilled PAA solutions are unstable under ambient conditions and re-equilibrate under formation of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. By cooling below 0 °C the hydrolysis reaction is slowed down. The amount of peracetic acid in these aqueous solutions ranges from about 0.15 to 40 %. ... Human Health: An in vitro dermal penetration assay at 37 °C using 0.8 % PAA (non corrosive) indicated a low dermal uptake of peracetic acid through the intact skin of pigs. When the skin of rats was exposed to a corrosive concentration of (14)C-labelled PAA a considerable uptake of (14)C was found but it is unknown if the (14)C was present as peracetic acid, acetic acid or CO2. It is expected that corrosive concentrations of PAA would compromise the normal barrier function of the skin. Two reliable in vitro studies, using different analytical methods, showed a rapid degradation of peracetic acid in rat blood. When rat blood was diluted 1000 times, the half-life of peracetic acid was < 5 minutes. In undiluted blood the half-life is expected to be several seconds or less. For this reason the distribution of peracetic acid is probably very limited and it is not expected to be systemically available after exposure to peracetic acid solutions. Degradation products have not been identified during the kinetic studies. However, based on the structure of the substance the following degradation products are expected: acetic acid, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and water. Hydrogen peroxide is also presumed to be rapidly degraded into oxygen and water. The results of acute toxicity tests are expressed on the component peracetic acid, which was calculated based on the composition of the product used for the acute tests. The available acute inhalation studies with aerosols and vapour revealed an 4 hr-LC50 ranging from 76 to >241 mg/cu m. The acute dermal toxicity of PAA solutions was tested in rats and rabbits. No sign of dermal toxicity was observed when rats were exposed to solutions of 0.15-15%, while LD50 values of 56.1 and 228.8 mg PAA/kg bw were reported for rabbits for concentrations of 4.9 and 11.7 % PAA, respectively. The dermal toxicity depends on the degree of skin damage caused by the different PAA solutions, since the corrosive properties of PAA solutions may compromise the integrity of the skin. In oral toxicity studies LD50 values ranged between 9.0 and 202.8 mg/kg bw based on the component peracetic acid. sporadic contact with even dilute solutions with the oesophagus could lead to deaths due to corrosion of the tissue and could explain the variability in the LD50. The pathology and symptoms were similar across all studies, indicating irritation and corrosion of tissues in contact with the test material. PAA solutions should be considered as corrosive (within 3 minutes) at concentrations of 10 % and higher when applied to the skin of rabbits. PAA was generally corrosive to rabbit skin at a concentration of 5 % if contact lasted 45 minutes or longer. Concentrations of less than 0.34 % PAA were only slight irritants or non-irritants, depending on the exposure duration of the skin. PAA was corrosive at concentrations of 0.34 % and higher when tested in the rabbit eye. Slight or no eye irritation was found at concentrations of 0.15 % or less PAA. Incidental human findings on skin and eye irritation are supporting the animal studies. Peracetic acid gave a positive response in Alarie assay in the mouse, with an RD50 value (concentration producing a 50 % decrease in the respiratory rate) of 12 and 17 mg/m3 (peracetic acid in vapour mixture from the formulation and peracetic acid only). Human data support the sensory irritating properties of peracetic acid. No skin sensitisation was observed in three Buhler tests in guinea pigs with different formulations of PAA. The exposure concentration of peracetic acid ranged from 0.15 to 1.2 % during the tests. Additionally, long term experience with production and use of PAA has shown that PAA has no sensitisation potential. To investigate the repeated dose toxicity, a GLP guideline study was done with rats, which were exposed by gavage for 13 weeks to 5 % PAA diluted to various concentrations (0.018 % to 0.55 % of the component peracetic acid). At 0.75 mg/kg/day transient or intermittent loud breathing was observed in two females but the effect was not considered adverse. Based on the results of this study the NOAEL was 0.75 mg/kg bw/day (component peracetic acid). The only observed effects were local effects that are concentration related. It is therefore reasonable to define a No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration rather than a classical NOAEL. Based on the component peracetic acid, the NOAEC for local effects was 0.055 %. Gene mutation assays in bacteria tests, with and without metabolic activation, showed negative results. Two DNA repair tests in human foetal lung cells did not indicate a genotoxic potential of PAA. In the in vitro chromosome aberration test, positive findings were obtained only at cytotoxic concentrations. Under in vivo conditions, PAA (4.5 and 5.17% product) did not produce micronuclei in two mouse micronucleus tests after oral administration. In two in vivo/ex vivo assays of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rats after oral administration, PAA did not show significant genotoxicity potential. Overall these data do not raise concern with regard to the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of PAA However, peracetic acid is not systemically available and this could explain the lack of in vivo mutagenicity, but site of contact effects cannot be excluded completely. No valid carcinogenicity study with PAA is available. No valid data on fertility are available. However, in a well documented GLP and guideline study aqueous dilutions of 5 % PAA were administered daily by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 weeks. No effects of peracetic acid on the reproductive organs of both sexes following macroscopic post mortem examinations and microscopic examinations (histopathology) were notable during the study. Because peracetic acid is rapidly degraded in blood, distribution to reproductive organs is not anticipated, and therefore it is unlikely to be a reproductive toxicant. In addition, the degradation product hydrogen peroxide did not indicate any effect in the reproductive organs during a 90-day drinking water study and furthermore, a rapid degradation was presumed resulting in a lack of systemic availability In a well documented GLP and guideline developmental toxicity study performed with 32-38 % PAA, pregnant Wistar rats were administered dose levels of 100, 300 or 700 mg peracetic acid/l (corresponding to 12.5, 30.4 and 48.1 mg peracetic acid/kg bw/day) via the drinking water from day 5 to 20 of gestation. No teratogenic effect was evident up to and including the high dose level of 700 mg peracetic acid/l (48.1 mg peracetic acid/kg bw/day). Dose and treatment-related maternal toxicity was observed, considering water and food consumption, above 100 mg/L (12.5 mg PAA/kg bw). At 700 mg peracetic acid/L (48.1 mg/kg bw) this resulted in severe reductions in drinking water and food consumption and in absolute body weight as well as by a drastic reduction in overall body weight gain and in body weight gain corrected for uterine weight. At the high dose level, fetal weight was statistically significantly reduced (5 %) but litter size at this dose level was about 13 % higher than in controls. However, it is doubtful if the reduction of 5% is biologically relevant The overall NOAEL for foetal toxicity is therefore 300 mg/L (30.4 mg PAA/kg bw) based on a statistically significantly lower body weight and an increased incidence of poor and/or hypertrophic ossification (bone formation) in the presence of severe maternal effects (maternal NOAEL = 100 mg/L or 12.5 mg PAA/kg bw/day). Environment Peracetic acid is an organic substance which is completely miscible with water (water solubility of 1000 g/l at 20 °C) and which displays oxidising properties. Pure peracetic acid is not available because it is explosive. For this reason it is technically not possible to perform an experimental study according to the guidelines to determine the melting point, boiling point and vapor pressure of pure peracetic acid. Based on modelling, the melting point, boiling point and vapour pressure were estimated to be -42 °C, about 105 °C and 32 hPa (at 25 °C), respectively. The log Pow was reported to be -0.52 (measured value) and the Henry Law's constant is 0.22 Pa cu m/mol. The pKa of peracetic acid is 8.2 at 20 °C and therefore the substance is mainly present in the environment as peracetic acid at a neutral pH (pH = 7), while peracetate would mainly be present if the pH is significantly higher than 8.2. Based on the high water solubility, low vapour pressure and low octanol-water partition coefficient, peracetic acid is expected to partition almost exclusively to the aquatic compartment (99.95 %). In air the half-life of peracetic acid is 22 minutes. The abiotic degradation of peracetic acid increases with temperature and pH. At a temperature of 25 °C and at pH of 4, 7 and 9, the degradation half-life value were 48, 48 and < 3.6 hours respectively. Peracetic acid was readily biodegradable during a biodegradation test when an inhibition of the micro-organisms (biocidal effect) was prevented. Peracetic acid will be degraded in a sewage treatment plant if the influent concentration is not extremely high (eg > 100 ppm). If effluents generated during the production or use of PAA are treated by a waste water treatment plant, no emission of peracetic acid to the aquatic environment is expected. Several studies on acute toxicity to aquatic species are available for all trophic levels. The pH of the test solutions was not adapted during the studies because a decrease of the pH was not found. In most cases the endpoints of the aquatic toxicity tests were based on nominal concentrations. The 96-hr LC50 values for fish ranged between 0.9 and 3.3 mg/l in most freshwater species. The 48-hr EC50 for D. magna ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L. Based on the representative standard toxicity tests, the lowest 72-hr NOEC of 0.084 mg/L was found for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum). The lowest EC50 value of 0.18 mg/L was found during a 120-hr growth inhibition test with P. subcapitata. . To determine the toxicity for microorganisms, two respiration inhibition tests with activated sludge of predominantly domestic sewage treatment plants were conducted. The EC50 after 3 hours was 5.1 and 38.6 mg peracetic acid/l (based on nominal concentrations), respectively. In general, the aquatic tests with fish, invertebrates and algae were reproducible if concentrations were expressed as peracetic acid irrespective of the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. Thus, the peracetic acid concentration alone may explain the toxicity of PAA formulations. Exposure The global number of production sites is estimated to be 40-100 and the majority of the production sites are located in Europe. The equilibrium peracetic acid consumption (as such) in 2004 was estimated to be: - 40,000 - 80,000 tonnes in Europe - less than 20,000 tonnes in the USA and - less than 10,000 tonnes in the rest of the world. The quantities of equilibrium peracetic acid, given above, are mainly used for disinfection. Neither use of peracetic acid for chemical synthesis nor in situ generation of peracetic acid is included. Major uses of peracetic acid are in chemical synthesis, disinfection and bleaching. Low concentrations (1-15 %) are used as sanitisers, disinfectants and sterilants in agriculture, food, beverage and medical industries. High-strength equilibrium (> 15 %) and distilled peracetic acid products are in general employed as oxidising agents in the manufacture of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Distilled peracetic acid is also used as bleaching agent in TCF cellulose pulp production processes replacing chlorine dioxide. Peracetic acid seems to be used in certain European countries in consumer products, which are used for example for hard surface disinfection. Peracetic acid is also generated in situ when products, containing an activator (eg tetra-acetyl ethylenediamine, TAED) and a persalt (sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate), are dissolved in water. These products could be laundry detergents but they could also be used for surface disinfection (eg hospitals, farms). World-wide consumption in chemical synthesis including captive use (internal use by a company) and in situ generation has been estimated at 45,000-50,000 tonnes peracetic acid (100 %) in 1998. During use of peracetic acid the substance may be released to the aquatic environment Also in situ formation may result in an exposure of the aquatic environment. However, if the effluents are treated by wastewater treatment plants no emission of peracetic acid to the aquatic environment is expected.

Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Blisters. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LC50 (rat) = 204 mg/m3/4hr

LD50 Rat oral 1540 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 9 mg/kg bw /Proxitane AHC, purity 4.89% peracetic acid, 19.72% hydrogen peroxide, 10% acetic acid/

LD50 Rat oral 76.2 mg/kg bw /Proxitane WW12/

LD50 Rat oral 271 mg/kg bw /Oxy-15, purity: peracetic acid 15.2%, hydrogen peroxide 11.3%, acetic acid 36.3%/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intraperitoneal injection of PAA into Swiss-derived mice which had first received ip injection of Ehrlich-Lettre ascites tumor cells prolonged the survival time of the animals. All of the control mice were found dead within 32 days. At that time approx half of the treated animals receiving 0.5 mL of a 60 mg/L PAA solution were alive. PAA was found to reduce ascites cell numbers.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. /Organic peroxides/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool .... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic peroxides/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic peroxides/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Concentrations of 4.6 mg PAA/cu m were used in intensive care rooms for short time disinfection purposes. No symptoms were reported by clnical personnel or patients except for a slight acid odor.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Surgeons using PAA as a 0.2% solution (3 min contact) after having washed their hands with soap did not mention any intolerance to the disinfectant. Only when small wounds were present, a burning sensation was reported.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A 0.1% PAA solution was applied to the eyelids for 5-10 min via a compress. A slight burning though not unpleasant sensation was felt which disappeared during application.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Peracetic acid was found not irritating in a patch test on eczema prone patients after 48 hr or 96 hr with an occlusive patch test at concentrations up to 0.25% peracetic acid. A positive reaction was found in 7/56 patients at 0.35%.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male White Russian albino rabbits, age 5-7 months, weight 2.10-2.45 kg, area of exposure: 0.5 mL of undiluted test substance (10% peracetic acid/ was spread over a gauze square and placed on the animal's skin for 3 min. Results: One hour after removal of the patch the exposed skin areas of all animals were white. 24 hours later the application sites had a light-grey of greenish brownish discolouration. Owing to the severe damage of the skin all animals reacted with eschar formation and the area of exposure showed necrosis up to 5 mm in depth. Moderate to severe erythema and slight to moderate edema respectively were observed at the edge of the site of application. Highly corrosive, causes severe burns. /Peroxy acetic acid, purity: peracetic acid 9.4%, hydrogen peroxide 0.8%/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ LD50 study in male and female rats (strain not given). Peracetic acid 15%, oral LD50 for female rats 1015 mg/kg bw, for male rats 1026 mg/kg bw. Effect: changes in behavior, writhing syndrome, ataxia, respiratory rate. Macroscopic changes in gastrointestinal tract.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ LD50 study in rats (strain and sex not given). LD50 = 3421 mg/kg bw, peracetic acid 10%. Effect: sedation, decreased food consumption, body weight gain, ataxia, respiratory distress, coma. Macroscopic findings in gastrointestinal tract (mouth, stomach perforation).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of male Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation for single periods of 15, 30, or 60 min to a test atmosphere containing PAA. Mean concentration of PAA varied from 0.13 to 1.45 mg/L. During exposure the animals were especially observed for signs of irritation. Immediately after exposure the animals were transferred to their cages for a 14 day observation period. Results: during exposure in all groups a maximum decrease of the respiratory rate was observed. Decreased body weight was also observed during the first week of observation. Clinical signs were indicative of effect on nervous system and respiratory tract. Pathological changes in the lungs were found in dead animals. No effect was found in surviving animals.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Concentration: 6.6 mg/L/24 hr; Effect: immoblization /Conditions of bioassay not given/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Concentration: 3.3 mg/L/48 hr; Effect: immoblization /Conditions of bioassay not given/

LC50; Species: Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice); Conditions: saltwater, semistatic; Concentration: 98.7 mg/L/24 hr

LC50; Species: Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice); Conditions: salt water, semistatic; Concentration: 89.1 mg/L/96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... This study is aimed at highlighting the ecotoxicity of a peracetic acid-based disinfectant to Daphnia magna, as well as the combined effects of this disinfectant in binary mixtures with three types of detergent. The detergents used here are: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, cationic), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, anionic) and Triton X-100 (TX, non-ionic). The toxicity of the mixtures is studied as a function of five predefined ratios. ... Peracetic acid seems to be slightly toxic to Daphnia magna... the /EC50/ ... at 24 hr is 116.6 mg/L. ... The peracetic acid-TX mixture/'s/ effects have antagonistic tendencies whereas the peracetic acid-CTAB mixture has slight synergic tendencies. The mixture containing peracetic acid and SDS is slightly antagonistic for ratios containing more than 50% peracetic acid.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferases, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, catalase and total glutathione content of carp liver, exposed to surface water treated with three disinfectants for potabilization, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid were investigated. Specimens of carp were exposed in four experimental tanks supplied with a continuous water flow from Lake Trasimeno (Italy), three of them treated with constant concentration of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid, for 10 and 20 days, while the control tank was supplied with untreated lake water. Differences in biochemical parameters were observed in specimens following exposure to these disinfectants and mainly, chlorine compounds induced marked biochemical variations of carp liver, compared to those induced by peracetic acid treatment ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Ecotoxicologic effects of urban wastewater disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid were analyzed ... using Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of peracetic acid in sewage was 0.4 mg/L (24 hr EC50). By comparing this value with peracetic acid concentrations detected in effluents from a pilot plant it is expected that treated wastewater would show acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Dissociation compounds (hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid) and possible by-products of peracetic acid did not seem to contribute significantly to the toxicity of sewage treated with peracetic acid.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Concentration: 6.6 mg/L/24 hr; Effect: immoblization /Conditions of bioassay not given/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Concentration: 3.3 mg/L/48 hr; Effect: immoblization /Conditions of bioassay not given/

LC50; Species: Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice); Conditions: saltwater, semistatic; Concentration: 98.7 mg/L/24 hr

LC50; Species: Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice); Conditions: salt water, semistatic; Concentration: 89.1 mg/L/96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... This study is aimed at highlighting the ecotoxicity of a peracetic acid-based disinfectant to Daphnia magna, as well as the combined effects of this disinfectant in binary mixtures with three types of detergent. The detergents used here are: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, cationic), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, anionic) and Triton X-100 (TX, non-ionic). The toxicity of the mixtures is studied as a function of five predefined ratios. ... Peracetic acid seems to be slightly toxic to Daphnia magna... the /EC50/ ... at 24 hr is 116.6 mg/L. ... The peracetic acid-TX mixture/'s/ effects have antagonistic tendencies whereas the peracetic acid-CTAB mixture has slight synergic tendencies. The mixture containing peracetic acid and SDS is slightly antagonistic for ratios containing more than 50% peracetic acid.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferases, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, catalase and total glutathione content of carp liver, exposed to surface water treated with three disinfectants for potabilization, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid were investigated. Specimens of carp were exposed in four experimental tanks supplied with a continuous water flow from Lake Trasimeno (Italy), three of them treated with constant concentration of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid, for 10 and 20 days, while the control tank was supplied with untreated lake water. Differences in biochemical parameters were observed in specimens following exposure to these disinfectants and mainly, chlorine compounds induced marked biochemical variations of carp liver, compared to those induced by peracetic acid treatment ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Ecotoxicologic effects of urban wastewater disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid were analyzed ... using Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of peracetic acid in sewage was 0.4 mg/L (24 hr EC50). By comparing this value with peracetic acid concentrations detected in effluents from a pilot plant it is expected that treated wastewater would show acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Dissociation compounds (hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid) and possible by-products of peracetic acid did not seem to contribute significantly to the toxicity of sewage treated with peracetic acid.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Overall the effect of PAA solutions on aquatic organisms occurred at concentrations higher than 1 mg/L. Fresh water species and crustaceans appeared more sensitive than salt water species. However, the development of mollusk larvae was found to be the most sensitive organism to the toxic effect of PAA. PAA is an active bactericide at levels above 5 mg/L. It is also active on spores, viruses, and fungi. The chronic toxicity of PAA should be neglible due to rapid transformation into hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, themselves readily degradable to non-toxic species (H2O, CO2, O2).

/PLANTS/ Phytotoxic effects fround from 10 mg PAA/L in some growing vegetables (bean sprouts) whereas potato plants showered with up to 2000 mg/L PAA did not show any change. Cut/broken surfaces of vegetables were oxidized by PAA resulting in discoloration. Also the texture may be changed.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Peracetic acid's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a bleaching agent, fungicide and bactericide will result in its direct release to the environment. Peracetic acid is formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 14.5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates peracetic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase peracetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9 days. Due to its high water solubility, it can dissolve in clouds and rainwater and has been identified as a constituent of acid rain. Peracetic acid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, peracetic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.5. The pKa of peracetic acid is 8.2, indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.14X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Peracetic acid may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A >70% of theoretical BOD using sewage inoculum over an unspecified time frame suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, peracetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 15 and 112 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis half-lives of 8 hours and 50 minutes were calculated for peracetic acid at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively. Peracetic acid is expected to hydrolyze to acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water. Occupational exposure to peracetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where peracetic acid is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to peracetic acid via ingestion of food and through dermal contact with products treated with peracetic acid. (SRC)

Peracetic acid is formed in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals(1). This compound's high water solubility enables it to become a constituent in acid rain(1).

Peracetic acid's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a bleaching agent, fungicide and bactericide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that peracetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of peracetic acid is 8.2(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of peracetic acid from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.14X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). Peracetic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 14.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). A >70% of theoretical BOD using sewage inoculum over an unspecified time frame(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that peracetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.14X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 15 and 112 days, respectively(SRC). A pKa of 8.2(5) indicates peracetic acid will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9. According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -1.07(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A >70% of theoretical BOD using sewage inoculum over an unspecified time frame(9) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Hydrolysis half-lives of 8 hours and 50 minutes were calculated for peracetic acid at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively, using a base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 230 L/mole-sec(SRC) that was estimated using a structure estimation method(10). Peracetic acid is expected to hydrolyze to acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), peracetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 14.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase peracetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Peracetic acid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Peracetic acid's high water solubility enables it to be removed from the atmosphere by wet deposition and become a constituent in acid rain(5).

AEROBIC: Using a standard BOD dilution technique and a sewage inoculum, a theoretical BOD of >70% was observed for peracetic acid over an unspecified time frame(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of peracetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 9 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Peracetic acid is expected to hydrolyze to acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water(2). Peracetic acid contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for peracetic acid(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -1.07(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of peracetic acid can be estimated to be 1.5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that peracetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of peracetic acid is 8.2(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for peracetic acid is 2.14X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that peracetic acid is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 15 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 112 days(SRC). Peracetic acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Peracetic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 14.5 mm Hg(3).

RAIN/SNOW: Acidic precipitation contains peracetic acid at nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of workers reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use for peracetic acid is 1000 or greater persons; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1729 workers (91 of these were female) were potentially exposed to peracetic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to peracetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where peracetic acid is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to peracetic acid via ingestion of food and through dermal contact with products treated with peracetic acid(SRC).

Wear a face shield, goggles, butyl rubber gloves, and a laboratory coat. In the fume hood behind a shield, add the peracetic acid to a large volume of ice-cold, saturated sodium bisulfite solution. Test a drop of the solution with starch-iodide paper. If a blue color is produced, add more saturated sodium bisulfite solution. Neutralize the solution with a 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid or with sodium carbonate as appropriate. Wash into the drain.

/SRP: For laboratory scale quantities/: Destruction procedure: Add 5 mL or 5 g of the compound to 100 mL of 10% (w/v) sodium metabisulfite solution and stir the mixture at room temp. Test for completeness of destruction by adding a few drops of the reaction mixture to an equal volume of 10% (w/v) potassium iodide soln, acidifying with 1 M hydrochloric acid soln, and adding a drop of starch as an indicator. A deep blue color indicates the presence of excess oxidant. If destruction is complete, discard the mixture. If destruction is not complete, add more sodium metabisulfite soln until a negative test is obtained. /Peracids/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

UN 3105; Organic peroxide type C, liquid[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of November 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

UN 3107; Organic peroxide type E, liquid[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of November 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

UN 3109; Organic peroxide type F, liquid[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of November 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

Hazard Class or Division: 5.2; Organic peroxide type C, liquid[United Nations; Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Model Regulations. Vol. I, 16th Revised Edition (2009). Available from, as of November 22, 2010: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html]

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for Peracetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

Organic Peroxide

Symbol: O, C, N; R: 7-10-20/21/22-35-50; S: (1/2)-3/7-14-36/37/39-45-61; Note: B, D

UN Hazard Class: 5.2; UN Pack Group: II