1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P284, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P320, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (75%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (75%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H412 (100%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 52 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

To fight a fire /involving/ acetylene tetrabromide use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water-foam, or fog.

If material involved in fire: Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Small Spill

· Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Approach release from upwind. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Acetylene tetrabromide may be disposed of by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill.

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid acetylene tetrabromide should be removed promptly and not reworn until the acetylene tetrabromide is removed from the clothing. Clothing wet with acetylene tetrabromide should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of acetylene tetrabromide from the clothing. ... Skin that becomes contaminated with acetylene tetrabromide should be promptly washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any acetylene tetrabromide.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials and alkalies.

... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED ... .

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.1 [ppm]

3.9 [ppm]

8.0 [ppm]

See Appendix D

1.0 [ppm]

1 ppm (14 mg/m³)

TWA 1 ppm (14 mg/m3)

8 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Van Haaften [1969] reported that a chemist who had been exposed to 1 to 2 ppm for 7.5 hours, with only a single 10-minute exposure at 16 ppm, almost died from liver damage.

See: 79276

0.1 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

2005 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If, during the year, the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. 8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm, inhalable fraction; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s):Hepatic; CNS; upper respiratory tract; lower respiratory tract (pulmonary edema)

0.1 ppm as TWA

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Maximum Allowable Concn (MAC) USSR 1 mg/cu m.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system and liver. This may result in impaired functions.

The substance may have effects on the liver.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Acetylene tetrabromide:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Acetylene tetrabromide appears as a yellowish liquid with a pungent odor, much like camphor. Irritates skin. Ingestion or inhalation may produce irritation or a narcotic effect. Chronic exposure may damage liver. Noncombustible, but decomposes at 374 °F, releasing flammable and toxic fumes. Much denser than water. Used as a solvent for fats, oils and waxes.

Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or iodoform; Note: A solid below 32 degrees F; [NIOSH]

YELLOW HEAVY LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or iodoform.

Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or iodoform. [Note: A solid below 32 °F.]

Yellowish, heavy liquid /SRP: technical grade/

Colorless to yellow liquid

Pale-yellow liquid [Note: A solid below 32 degrees F].

Odor of camphor and iodoform

471 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

243.5 °C; 151 °C @ 54 mm Hg

243.5 °C

474 °F (decomposes)

474 °F (Decomposes)

30 °F (NTP, 1992)

635 °F (NFPA, 2010)

-18 °C (closed cup)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.065 g/100 ml water @ 30 °C

Soluble in acetone

Miscible in ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform, aniline, acetic acid; soluble in benzene; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride.

0.28 g/100 g water @ 80 °C

In water, 678 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

2.9656 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

2.9656 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 2.96

2.9638 @25 °C

11.9 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

11.9 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 11.9

0.1 mmHg at 68 °F ; 1 mmHg at 149 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.02 [mmHg]

2.0X10-2 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 24 °C: 5.32

0.02 mmHg

Heat /contributes to instability/.

635 °F (NTP, 1992)

NONCOMBUSTIBLE BUT DECOMPOSES @ 374 °F (190 °C) TO LIBERATE FLAMMABLE & HIGHLY TOXIC VAPORS. /SRP: EG, HYDROGEN BROMIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE/

Toxic gases and vapors (such as ... carbonyl bromide, and brominated solvents) ... may be released when acetylene tetrabromide decomposes.

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

ACETYLENE TETRABROMIDE is incompatible with strong bases and chemically active metals. Incompatible with hot iron, aluminum and zinc in the presence of steam. May react with magnesium. Softens or destroys most plastics and rubber (NTP, 1992).

Tetrabromoethane is chemically incompatible with active metals, strong caustics, hot iron, aluminum, or zinc in the presence of steam.

Strong caustics; hot iron; reducing metals such as aluminum, magnesium & zinc.

Strong caustics; hot iron; reducing metals such as aluminum, magnesium & zinc

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea. Abdominal pain.

Redness.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, nose; anorexia, nausea; headache; abdominal pain; jaundice; leukocytosis (increased blood leukocytes); central nervous system depression

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

Eyes, respiratory system, liver, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50 (rat) = 549 mg/m3/4H

LD50: 1200 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 5250 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 443 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LC50: 549 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 1200 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 549 mg/cu m/4 hr

LD50 Rat skin 5250 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 269 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Clioquinol at a dose of 30-50 mg/kg, demonstrated a weak antagonistic action with tetrabromoethane (80 mg/kg).

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory rest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Use rapid rewarming techniques if frostbite occurs ... . /Simple ashpyxiants and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Treat seizures with diazepam ... . /Simple ashpyxiants and related compounds/

Consider the eyes, upper respiratory system, and liver in preplacement and periodic physical examination.

... Workers exposed to concn of tetrabromoethane approaching ... /1 ppm and 15 mg/cu m (TLV)/ should be kept under medical surveillance.

... CHEMIST WORKING FOR 7.5 HR IN 1-2 PPM TBE /1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE/ WITH SINGLE 10 MIN EXPOSURE TO ABOUT 16 PPM WAS HOSPITALIZED FOR 9 WEEKS WITH NEAR-FATAL LIVER INJURY WHICH DEVELOPED OVER SEVERAL DAYS. HIS INITIAL SYMPTOMS WERE HEADACHE, ANOREXIA, VOMITING, AND STOMACH PAINS. BY THE FIFTH DAY AFTER EXPOSURE, ICTERUS, UROBILINURIA, BILIRUBINURIA, AND MONOCYTOSIS WERE APPARENT.

CONTACT WITH SKIN (AS IN BOOTS, SHOES, & UNDERCLOTHES) CAN CAUSE BLISTERING.

Acetylene tetrabromide may cause eye and nose irritation, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, kidney and liver damage with such symptoms as dark urine and yellow jaundice. Breathing high concentrations of this chemical might damage the lung.

CAUTION: IRRITANT ... /CNS DEPRESSANT/

An individual with acute tetrabromoethane exposure was evaluated with positron emission tomography (PET), topographical electroencephalogram (EEG), and neurobehavioral assessment. Results suggest widespread central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction consistent with a solvent-induced encephalopathy.

... APPLICATION TO EYES OF RABBITS IS REPORTED TO CAUSE PAIN, BUT ONLY SLIGHT IRRITATION OF CONJUNCTIVA & SUPERFICIAL INJURY OF CORNEA ...

SINGLE EXPOSURES TO AIR-SATURATED VAPORS INDICATE LOW ACUTE INHALATION HAZARD IN ANIMALS. ... ANIMALS ... EXHIBIT PROMPT SIGNS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS DEPRESSION ...

... Reported exposure of animals to the vapors ... at near saturation in static chamber. Rabbits were exposed for up to 2 1/2 hr without deaths. /separate experiment/: ... Rabbits ... exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk ... from 100-106 days. The avg concn was 14 ppm, by analysis. ... All animals survived & appeared normal.

... ... Reported exposure of animals to the vapors ... at near saturation in static chamber. Rats were exposed for up to 3 hr without deaths. /separate experiment/: ... Rabbits ... exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk ... from 100-106 days. The avg concn was 14 ppm, by analysis. ... All animals survived & appeared normal.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane's production and use as a solvent and metal separator, in microscopy, flotation agent, and as a mercury substitute in gauges and balances may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.02 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 115 days. If released to soil, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. In a laboratory aerobic biodegradation test, the compound exhibited some biodegradation, suggesting biodegradation in soil may be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A theoretical BOD of 29% was reported using the Japanese MITI test over a 2 week test period, suggesting that biodegradation may occur in aquatic systems. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 43 days, respectively. A BCF of <8.2 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate under neutral to basic conditions with half-lives of 20 and 2 hrs at pH 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is produced or used. (SRC)

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane's production and use as a solvent and metal separator, in microscopy(1), flotation agent(2), and as a mercury substitute in gauges and balances(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 678 mg/l(3) and a regression-derived equation(4), indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.02 mm Hg(2), and water solubility(3). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, reached 29% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using the Japanese MITI test(5), suggesting biodegradation in soil may be an important environmental fate process(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 678 mg/l(3) and a regression-derived equation(4), indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.02 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 678 mg/l(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 43 days, respectively(SRC). However, hydrolysis half-lives of 20 and 2 hours at pH 7 and 8, respectively, have been calculated(5); therefore, under acidic or neutral conditions, hydrolysis will be the dominant removal process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of <8.2(7), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A theoretical BOD of 29% was reported using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test over a 2 week test period(7), suggesting that biodegradation may occur in aquatic systems(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.02 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 115 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

AEROBIC: 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, present at 100 mg/l, reached 29% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 115 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hydrolysis will be the dominant environmental fate process for 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane under neutral or basic conditions(3). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant for this compound is 96.5 L/mole-sec(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 20 and 2 hours at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2).

BCF values of <8.2 and 0.5 to 7 were measured for 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane at compound concns of 1 ug/l and 10 ug/l, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these values BCF suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is estimated as 120(SRC), using a water solubility of 678 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is estimated as 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.02 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 678 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 43 days(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane was detected, not quantified in marine air samples collected over the western Pacific Ocean between 43 deg and 4 deg north during September, 1994(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,516 workers are potentially exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is produced or used(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Acetylene tetrabromide may be disposed of by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill.

/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Health: Inhalation of vapors or dust is extremely irritating. May cause burning of eyes and flow of tears. May cause coughing, difficult breathing and nausea. Brief exposure effects last only a few minutes. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Fire or Explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated.

/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2504; 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane; Tetrabromoethane

IMO 6.1; 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, Tetrabromoethane

49 411 06; Acetylene tetrabromide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+; R: 26-36-52/53; S: (1/2)-24-27-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III