1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (16.1%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (98.9%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (98.9%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (98.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 87 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane itself does not burn.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in covered containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material .

Avoid contact with liquid and vapor. Keep people away. Issue warning-poison, air contaminant. Stop discharge if possible. Isolate and remove discharged material Notify local health and pollution control agencies. Notify operators of nearby water intakes.

Absorb the spills with paper towels or the like materials. Place in a hood to evaporate. Dispose by burning the towel.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U209, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Tetrachloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel, care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration is done, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong bases, alkali metals and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Cool. Keep in the dark. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep containers closed. Store in cool and dark place.

Storage temp: ambient; venting: open.

... Should be stored in closed, clearly labelled containers in ... ventilated area, sheltered from sunlight.

/Keep/ separated from strong bases, food and feedstuffs.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.0 [ppm]

4.0 [ppm]

5.6 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

1 ppm (7 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 1 ppm (7 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix ASee Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

5.0 [ppm]

5 ppm (35 mg/m³)

TWA 5 ppm (35 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. [From NPG: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane] (NIOSH, 2024)

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: A 30­minute exposure to 146 ppm has caused vertigo, irritation of the mucous membranes, sense of pressure in the head, and fatigue; the same effects were noted after a 10­minute exposure to 335 ppm [Lehmann et al. 1936; Negherbon 1959].

NIOSH considers 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

100 ppm [Ca]

Ca [100 ppm]

See: 79345

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

1 ppm [1995]

Intermediate Oral: 0.5 mg/kg/day (Rat) (L134, L336)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Tetrachloroethane appears as a colorless dense liquid with a sweet chloroform-like odor. Irritated skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Used as a solvent, insecticide and in paint removers.

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweet odor. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a pungent, chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH] Heavy liquid with a sweetish suffocating odor like chloroform; [Merck Index] Clear colorless liquid; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweet odor.

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a pungent, chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Clear liquid

Heavy, mobile liquid

Sweetish suffocating chloroform-like odor

Pungent, chloroform-like odor

Sweetish odor

295 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

146.0 °C

145.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-33 °F (NTP, 1992)

-42.3 °C

Liquid molar volume = 0.105754 cu m/kmol; Heat of fusion at melting point = 9.172X10+06 J/kmol

-42,5 °C

-42.4 °C

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

For more Solubility (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In water, 2,830 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 2,900 mg/L at 20 °C.

One gram dissolves in 350 mL of water at 25 °C

Soluble in acetone; miscible in ether and ethanol

Miscible with methanol, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulfide, dimethylformamide and oils

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.29

1.595 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.5953 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Bulk density 13.25 lb/gal at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.59

1.5953 @ 20°C

(77 °F): 1.59

5.79 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.79 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.8

5 mmHg at 70 °F ; 6 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

5.74 [mmHg]

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as TETRACHLOROETHANE, are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. Decomposed by heat and UV light, forming phosgene and HCl; reacts violently with finely dispersed metals. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 886].

1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. Decomposed by heat and UV light, forming phosgene and HCl; reacts violently with finely dispersed metals [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 886].

Reactivity: reacts violently with 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulfide, nitrogen trioxide, and on contact with potassium or sodium

Unaffected by strong acids at ordinary and moderate temp, but converted to glyoxal sulfate by fuming sulfuric acid; in weak alkali trichloroethylene is produced, & in strong alkali, explosive dichloroacetylene; metals, in presence of steam, convert it to 1,2-dichloroethylene.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is not an inert solvent, and on heating with solid potassium hydroxide or other base, hydrogen chloride is /evolved/ and chloro- or dichloroacetylene /are formed/ which ignite in air.

Mixtures of potassium with tetra- and pentachloroethane will often explode spontaneously after a short delay during which a voluminous solid separates out.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemically-active metals, strong caustics, fuming sulfuric acid [Note: Degrades slowly when exposed to air.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a volatile synthetic chemical that is used as intermediate in the synthesis of other chlorinated hydrocarbons. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Intoxications have been fatal. Central nervous system and the liver are the target tissues in acute exposures. Liver, gastro-intestinal tract and nervous system (central peripheral) are the targets in chronic exposure. Toxic effects are also reported in the hematopoietic system. Acute and chronic exposures produce jaundice, liver enlargement, fatty degeneration, hepatic necrosis, and cirrhosis. Respiratory irritation and pulmonary edema may follow inhalation exposures. Skin contact may result in dryness, scaling, and inflammation. Severe lesions may occur. Eye contact may result in burning and serious eye damage. Inhalation may cause a burning sensation, wheezing, coughing, laryngitis, and shortness of breath. Ingestion may cause diarrhea and severe mucosal injury. Numerous deaths due to its ingestion, inhalation and cutaneous absorption have been recorded. The solvent effects primarily the central nervous system and the liver and caused polyneuritis and paralysis. Of 380 workers exposed to the solvent 133 (35%) exhibited tremor and other nervous symptoms. Accidental and occupational exposure produced liver damage, ranging from severe fatty degeneration to necrosis and acute atrophy, which was frequently fatal, and gastrointestinal disorders; toxic effects were also observed in the hematopoietic system. In case of emergency, it is important to wash skin with soap and water after removing contaminated clothing. Like others of this class, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could generate some hyperexcitability of the heart. The prognosis following intoxication with this chemical is that rapid progression of jaundice indicates a poor outcome. In some instances, mild symptoms will persist up to 3 months and then progress to acute yellow atrophy and death. Anuria may persist for as long as 2 weeks and still be followed by complete recovery. ANIMAL STUDIES: The acute toxicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in experimental animals is slight to moderate. The liver appears to be the most sensitive target organ. Minimal effects on the liver (reversible increase in lipid content) and other endpoints (an increase in levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and reversible alteration in hematological parameters) have been observed in rats exposed to 13.3 mg/cu m for up to nine months. Reproductive and developmental effects have been observed in experimental animals only at doses that caused reductions in body weight. Long term ingestion of this chemical resulted in increased incidences of liver tumors in both male and female mice. However, similar exposure was not associated with a significant increase in tumors at any site in rats, although both species were exposed only for up to 78 wk. Based on the results of available in vivo and in vitro assays, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has, at most, weak genotoxic potential. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane was a potent promoter, but not an initiator, of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase positive foci in the liver of rats. The profile for tumor induction by 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is similar to that of dichloroacetic acid, its primary metabolite. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has been demonstrated to inhibit the activities of environmental bacteria (lowest reported IC50 was 1.4 mg/L) and cause immobilization of Daphnia magna (48 hr EC50 values of 23 mg/L and above). In fresh water fish species, the lowest LC50 (96 hr) was 18.5 mg/L in flagfish (Jordanella floridae), where the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for longer term exposure was 7.2 mg/L, which resulted in reduced larval survival in the same species.I

The presence of the functional group consisting of a terminal dichloromethyl moiety in a molecule is known to confer toxicity. Moreover, the metabolism of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to reactive products is also likely to play a key role in its toxicity. Both nuclear and microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes (of the CYPIIA, CYPIIB, CYPIIE, and CYPIIIA subfamilies) have been implicated in the metabolism of the compound, possibly releasing a number of biologically active compounds, including aldehydes, alkenes, acids, and free radicals that may react with biological tissues. In general, the highly lipophilic nature of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier readily and partition into lipids in neuronal membranes. This property allows them to interfere with neural membrane function, bringing about central nervous system depression, behavioral changes, and anesthesia. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane has been shown to bind to DNA in the liver and several other organs, indicating that this mechanism may contribute to the carcinogenic process. Several studies of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane toxicity have reported increases in the number of hepatocytes in mitosis, but the possible role these effects may have on the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has not been evaluated. (L336)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Overall evaluation: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 20: (1979) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Volume 106: (2014) Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents

TR-027: Bioassay of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 79-34-5) (1978 )

09/26/77

Equivocal Evidence

No Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this study, orally administered 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is a liver carcinogen in B6C3F1 mice of both sexes. The results do not provide conclusive evidence for the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in Osborne-Mendel rats.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Liver, gastro-intestinal tract and nervous system (central peripheral) are the targets in chronic exposure. Toxic effects are also reported in the hematopoietic system. Breathing high levels of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane for a long time can cause liver damage. Drinking very large amounts of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane can cause shallow breathing, faint pulse, decreased blood pressure, and possibly unconsciousness. Central nervous system effects include general anesthesia, somnolence, hallucinations, and distorted perceptions. Other effects include narcosis, acute yellow atrophy of the liver, liver cirrhosis, fatty degeneration of the kidneys and heart, brain changes, changes in the peripheral nerves, hematemesis, purpuric rashes, and blood changes, including an increase in mononuclear leukocytes, progressive anemia, and slight thrombocytosis, hemolysis, salivation, restlessness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coma, and death. Monocytosis, dermatitis, liver tenderness and damage, delirium and convulsions may occur. Oliguria, cyanosis, uremia, peripheral paresthesia, and hypesthesia may also occur. (L336, T29)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L340) ; inhalation (L340) ; eye contact (L340) ; dermal contact (L340)

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Dry skin. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; tremor fingers; jaundice, hepatitis, liver tenderness; dermatitis; leukocytosis (increased blood leukocytes); kidney damage; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Abdominal pain, cough, sore throat, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, tremor and convulsions can occur following inhalation, ingestion, as well as dermal contact with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Redness and dry skin can follow dermal exposure. Eye exposure can lead to redness and pain of the eye(s). Exposure may also cause prickling sensation and numbness of limbs, loss of kneejerk, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, sweating, a deep dusky coloration of the skin, weight loss, pain over the liver, dark urine, and bilirubinuria. (L340, T29)

Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System)

Skin, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract

[in animals: liver tumors]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/; Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 9,320 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill); Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 21,300 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L, hardness 45.2 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 43.4 mg/L calcium carbonate and pH 7.28; Concentration: 20.3 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 19.9-20.7 mg/L)

LC50; Species: Mysiodopsis bahia (Mysid shrimp); Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 9,020 ug/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chronic toxicity studies under flow-through test conditions were conducted on the early life stages of flagfish... . Egg hatchability was unaffected at a measured 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane concentration of 22.0 mg/L, the highest concentration tested in both studies. The measured LOECs for reduced 10-day larval survival were 10.6 and 7.2 mg/L, whereas the LOECs for 28-day juvenile survival were 11.7 and 8.5 mg/L. There were no statistically significant effects on the growth of 1-wk-old fry over a 28-day exposure period, even at the highest concentration of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane tested (11.7 mg/L).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Groups of fathead minnows were exposed to different concentrations of di- or trichlorobenzenes, tetrachloroethane or PCBs. Lethal body burdens (LBB, mmol compound/kg wet weight) were determined. The purpose of the study was to obtain information on the variability of the LBB within a population, and on the reasons for this variability. The variation in LBB within a population was 4- to 23-fold for the chemicals tested. Approximately 50% of this variation could be attributed to the lipid content of the individuals. The LBB did not depend on the weight of the fish. The exposure time until lethality did not influence the LBB for the di- and trichlorobenzenes and tetrachloroethane. In contrast, the LBB of the PCBs was influenced by this parameter, a shorter exposure time resulting in a lower LBB.

/PLANTS/ Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed reactors with hydroponic solutions and were exposed to a chlorinated solvent for a period of two weeks. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.4 mM for perchloroethylene to 0 to 8.4 mM for 1,1-dichloroethane. Effects were assessed by gravimetrically monitoring transpiration and measuring change in cutting mass. The zero-growth concentrations of the chemicals tested were 0.3 mM perchloroethylene, 0.9 mM trichloroethylene, 0.9 mM 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 2.0 mM 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2.3 mM 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 4.8 mM trans-dichloroethylene, 5.6 mM 1,1-dichlor-oethylene, 6.0 mM cis-dichloroethylene, and 10.7 mM 1,1-dichloroethane. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.

6.00e-01

2.70e+00

4.80e-02

2.10e-01

7.60e-02

1.00e+02

2.00e-01

2.00e-02

Volatile

1.90e+03

6.00e+01

2.70e+02

4.80e+00

2.10e+01

7.60e+00

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and other chlorinated hydrocarbons may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former uses as a solvent, in cleaning and degreasing metals, paint removers, varnishes, lacquers, photographic film, resins and waxes, and extraction of oils may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use in insecticides, as a weed killer, and fumigant resulted in its direct release to the environment. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane's current use as an approved inert ingredient in pesticides for nonfood uses will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.74 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 127 days. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon a Koc range of 79 to 236. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.20X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, but is persistent under aerobic conditions in soil and water. If released into water, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.5 hours and 6 days, respectively. One river die-away test observed 19% degradation in 24 days. A BCF range of 4.5-13.2 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Data reported indicate that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to hydrolyze under environmental conditions to form trichloroethylene. The rate of hydrolysis increases with increasing pH. At 25 °C, half lives of 36 days to 102 days have been approximated under neutral pH while half lives from 6.6 hours to 1.02 days were determined under alkaline conditions at pH 9. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound. (SRC)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and other chlorinated hydrocarbons(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former uses as a solvent, in cleaning and degreasing metals, paint removers, varnishes, lacquers, photographic film, resins and waxes, and extraction of oils(2) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in insecticides, as a weed killer, and fumigant(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane's current use as an approved inert ingredient in pesticides for nonfood uses(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane may be an accidental by-product of other production processes for chlorinated hydrocarbons such as the production of vinyl chloride, allyl chloride, and epichlorohydrin(1,2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 79 to 236(2,3) indicate that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.20X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.74 mm Hg(5). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, but is persistent under aerobic conditions(6). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 10% of the Theoretical TOC was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 79 to 236(2,3) indicate that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.20X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.5 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 4.5 to 13.2(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, but is persistent under aerobic conditions(8). Utilizing the river die-away test, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was biodegraded 19% in 24 days with a 21-day acclimation period(9). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane undergoes abiotic hydrolysis in water to form trichlorethylene(8,10). The rate of hydrolysis increases with increasing pH(8). At 25 °C, half lives of 36 days to 102 days have been approximated under neutral pH while half lives from 6.6 hours to 1.02 days were determined under alkaline conditions (pH9)(8).

AQUATIC FATE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane degradation pathways were identified using a field study located along the West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground army base in Maryland, situated near the head of the Chesapeake Bay(1). This compound is a common contaminant in groundwater from the area. Groundwater sampling indicated that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane concentrations of 1.5 umoles/L decreased to non-detectable levels within 34 days, forming vinyl chloride and cis- and trans-isomers of 1,2-dichloroethylene, as the groundwater became increasingly reducing along upward flow paths through wetland sediments(1). Degradation experiments carried out in serum bottles whereby 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was reduced by Cr(II), Cu(I), and Fe(0) also resulted in the formation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethylene(2). These studies conclude that both dechloroelimination and hydrogenolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane occur in reducing environments, such as anaerobic wetland sediments(1,2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 5.74 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 127 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.26X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that organic vapors in air, including 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, can undergo deposition to snow via adsorption from air to snow(4).

AEROBIC: Incubation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with sewage seed for 7 days and following that with three successive 7-day subcultures resulted in no significant degradation(1). These results are in conflict with another study which resulted in 41% degradation in 24 days in a modified shake flask biodegradability test using an unacclimated inoculum; 5 other chlorinated ethanes and ethenes tested were undegraded(2). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane has been reported as not degraded via aerobic metabolism(3). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 10% of its theoretical TOC in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4); BOD was not calculated because the test substance reacted with soda lime, but the results indicate that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not readily biodegradable(4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is persistent under aerobic conditions(5).

AEROBIC: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, present at 17.3 mg/L, was biodegraded 19% in 24 days following a 21-day acclimation period in the river die-away test utitlizing water from the Iowa River. Other chlorinated ethanes and ethenes tested (1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trans-1,2-dichloroethane present at concentrations up to 20.3 mg/L) were undegraded(1).

ANAEROBIC: A continuous flow biofilm column operating under anaerobic conditions with a sewage inoculum achieved 97% steady state removal during 4 months of operation(1). A product of the biodegradation was 1,1,2-trichloroethane(1). The most commonly found products of microbial degradation of these compounds evidently come from reductive dehalogenation(2,3), while nonmicrobial degradations tend to involve hydrolysis and/or oxidation(2). The rates of disappearance of halogenated ethanes were studied in anoxic sediment-water systems, and a half life of 6.6 days was found for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane(4). Removal of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in a bench-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor (12-36 hour retention times) was 98.4% or higher(5); maximum dechlorination rate was 0.2/day(5). An anaerobic microcosm set up with aquifer material from a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane contaminated site and amended with butyrate showed a complete dechlorination of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to ethene(6).

ANAEROBIC: Sediment samples were collected from the West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground Army Base in Maryland, situated near the head of the Chesapeake Bay(1). Using this sediment, tidal wetland microcosms were set up and operated under methanogenic conditions. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, at an initial concentration of 2.9 uM/L, degraded 50% within 24 hours in both sterile and live microcosms, forming less chlorinated daughter products vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethylene(1). This loss was attributed to adsorption to sediments. After this initial 24 hr period however, concentrations decreased rapidly in the live microcosms to below the unspecified detection limit within 16 days, loss being attributed to biodegradation(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.26X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 127 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Observed intermediate products formed during the atmospheric oxidation are phosgene, C(=O)ClH and dichloroacetylchloride(3). In the stratosphere, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane undergoes photolysis to produce chlorine radicals, which may subsequently react with ozone; however, the ozone depletion potential for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is very much less than 0.001 relative to the standard CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane)(4). A measured aqueous hydrolysis rate constant of k(observed) = 3.03X10-6 min-1 at pH of 7 and 25 °C corresponds to half-lives of 0.58 and 58 days at pH of 9 and 7, respectively(5). In a different hydrolysis study, the half-lives at 25 °C and pH 7 and 9 based on a second order elimination reaction was estimated to be 102 days and 1.02 days respectively(3). In another study, half lives of 575 days at pH 6.05, 36 days at pH 7.01 and 6.6 to 12.8 hours at pH 9 were calculated at 25 °C in pure water(3). The hydrolysis yielded trichlorethylene as the major if not sole product(3). In pore water sediments the half-life was found to be 29.1 days at 25 °C(3). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF range of 4.5-13.2 was observed for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed to concentrations of both 0.26 mg/L and 0.026 mg/L of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane over a 6-week period(1). A BCF of 8 has been reported using bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) following a 14-day exposure to a mean concentration of 9.62 ug/L(2). Using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), a BCF of 12.6 was measured(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has been reported to be 79 using a silt loam soil(1). A log Koc of 1.92, corresponding to a Koc of 83(2) and a Koc of 118(3) in unspecified soils have also been reported. Adsorption Kd measurements in sandy, Pleistocene clay and silt clay soils(4) correspond to respective Koc values of 236, 216 and 173(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), these Koc values suggest that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is 4.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) (2) is estimated as 6.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). Laboratory measurements of the rate of evaporation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from 5L of deionized water gave a half-life of 32-56 minutes(3). Other laboratory experiments report rapid volatilization from water (less than one hour) using stirring conditions(4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.74 mm Hg(5).

GROUNDWATER: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane was detected, not quantified, in the 10 most polluted wells identified in a 408 well survey conducted in New Jersey, with the wells being located under urban land use areas(1). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane was detected, not quantified, in the groundwater from golf courses located in the US(2). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane was detected in groundwater near a 1950-1972 disposal site of chlorinated hydrocarbons, location not specified(3). Groundwater samples from near the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp disposal site at Love Canal, NY contained 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane(4). Six of 7 ground water samples from near the "Valley of Drums", KY contained 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane at a concentration of 6.4, 18, 12, 5.7, 0.2 and 6.2 ug/L(5). The compound was not detected in groundwater samples from the Toms River Superfund site in New Jersey, detection limit of 0.60 mg/L(6). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane was detected in groundwater samples from the DuPont Necco Park Landfill in Niagara Falls, NY at concentrations ranging from not detected to 77 mg/L(7).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U209, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Tetrachloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel, care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration is done, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at lease 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1702; 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

IMO 6.1; 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

49 403 54; Tetrachloroethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Marine pollutant.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 26/27-51/53; S: (1/2)-38-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II