(+-)-alpha-Pinene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.2% (25 of 2036) of reports.

H226 (97.6%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (13.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H304 (74.1%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (83.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (66.1%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (23.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H400 (52.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (55.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2036 reports by companies from 51 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 25 of 2036 reports by companies.

There are 49 notifications provided by 2011 of 2036 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P264, P280, P302+P352, P321, P332+P317, and P362+P364 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 33 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P308+P316, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P319, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

FIREFIGHTING. Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes. Specific Hazard(s): Flammable liquid. Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions. Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back.

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA. Suitable: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Cover with an activated carbon adsorbent, take up and place in closed containers.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations.

In case of leak or spill, evacuate area. Shut off all sources of ignition. Use nonsparking tools. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots, and heavy rubber gloves.

Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Do not breathe vapor. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure.

Wash thoroughly after handling.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

5.0 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

20 ppm [2001]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

DOE Protective Action Criteria (PAC): Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs) for alpha-Pinene: TEEL-0: 0.00015 mg/cu m; PAC-1: 0.0005 mg/cu m; PAC-2: 0.0035 mg/cu m; PAC-3: 0.015 mg/cu m (TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects; PAC-1: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor; PAC-2: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their abilities to take protective action; PAC-3: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects).

Residues of alpha-pinene are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a stabilizer in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Limit: not more than 2% of formulation by weight.

Residues of alpha-pinene are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a stabilizer in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Limit: not more than 2% of formulation by weight.

Self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing, rubber boots, and heavy rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS. Safety shower and eye bath. Use nonsparking tools. Mechanical exhaust required.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. Respiratory: Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Hand: Compatible chemical-resistant gloves. Eye: Chemical safety goggles.

Personal Protection: Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.

Alpha-pinene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a turpentine odor. Flash point 91 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent.

Colorless liquid with an odor of turpentine; [HSDB]

Liquid with an odor of turpentine; [Merck Index] Colorless liquid; [Acros Organics MSDS]

Colourless mobile liquid; warm, resinous, pine-like aroma

A clear colorless liquid with a turpentine odor.

Colorless, transparent liquid

COLORLESS, MOBILE LIQUID

CHARACTERISTIC ODOR OF PINE

Odor of turpentine

313.2 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

156 °C at 760 mm Hg

313.2 °F

-67 °F (NTP, 1992)

-62.5 °C

91 °F (NTP, 1992)

91 °F (33 °C) (CLOSED CUP)

ALMOST INSOLUBLE IN PROPYLENE GLYCOL & GLYCERINE

Sol in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid, fixed oils

In water, 2.49 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water; soluble in oils

Soluble (in ethanol)

0.858 (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

Density: 0.8592 at 20 °C/4 °C

DENSITY: 0.8625 AT 15 °C

0.855-0.860

4.7 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.7 (Air = 1)

10 mmHg at 99.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

4.75 [mmHg]

4.75 mm Hg at 25 °C

10 mmHg at 99.1 °F

log Kow = 4.83

Specific optical rotation: +33.52 at 20 °C/D (alcohol) /d-Form, hydrochloride/

491 °F (USCG, 1999)

491 °F (255 °C)

1.303 cP at 25 °C

42939 kJ/kg = 18464.1 BTU/lb at 25 deg

35.74 kJ/mol at 429.29 K

25.87 dynes/cm at 25 °C

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4680 @ 15 °C

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Highly Flammable

ALPHA-PINENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release gaseous hydrogen.

As the nitrosyl percholate anhydride of nitrous and perchloric acids, it is a very powerful oxidant.

Explodes on contact with nitrosyl perchlorate.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LCLo (rat) = 0.625 mg/m3

As little as 15 mL (1/2 oz.) has proved fatal to a child, but a few children have survived 2 and even 3 oz. /ingestions/. Mean lethal dose in adult probably lies between 4 and 6 oz. /Turpentine/

FATAL DOSE ABOUT 180 G ORALLY AS TURPENTINE /WHICH CONTAINS 58-65% ALPHA-PINENE/.

LD50 Rat oral 3700 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit (New Zealand white) dermal (24 hr application) >5000 mg/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive- pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Turpentine, Terpenes, and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Oil of turpentine is still a common allergen in Portugal although it does not contain delta 3-carene, as ascertained by gas chromatography. Patch tests with 6 terpenes on 22 patients revealed that 17 were allergic to alpha-pinene and 15 to dipentene; 12 were allergic to both. 4 patients were sensitive to delta 3-carene, 3 to alpha-terpineol and 2 to beta-pinene.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Eight male volunteers were exposed to 450 mg/cu m turpentine by inhalation (2 hr, 50 W) in an exposure chamber. ...The mean relative uptakes of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene were 62%, 66%, and 68% respectively, of the amount supplied. ... After experimental exposure to turpentine an increase in airway resistance was found that differed significantly from results of exposure to 3-carene at 10 mg/cu m (P = 0.021) or 450 mg/cu m (P = 0.047). ... ... Acute effects show small, if any, interactions between alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene. The subjects experienced discomfort in the throat and airways during exposure to turpentine and airway resistance was increased after the end of exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Eye goggles were used to estimate human thresholds for sensory eye irritation from four monoterpenes: (+)3-carene, (-)limonene and (+)alpha-pinene and (rac)alpha-terpineol all known as air pollutants emitted from wood. Only a ranking of the irritation thresholds relative to that of n-butanol is given.... It appears that the irritation of 3-carene and limonene in contrast to the expectations was of the same size as or less than that of n-butanol. Too few subjects reported eye-irritation for alpha-pinene and alpha-terpineol to allow estimates of thresholds of these compounds which therefore have much less irritative potency than n-butanol, 3-carene, and limonene. ... The sequence from strongest odorant to weakest was alpha-terpineol, 3-carene, n-butanol, limonene and alpha-pinene. ... The measured odor thresholds did not deviate from the few values reported in the literature.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Irritates skin, mucous membranes. Causes skin eruption, GI irritation, delirium, ataxia, kidney damage, coma. Inhalation causes palpitation, dizziness, nervous disturbances, chest pain, bronchitis, nephritis.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single 24 hour /dermal/ application was made to the clipped abraded abdominal skin of ten New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2.0 to 2.3 kg. Observations were made for mortality and toxic effects for a period of seven days. Gross necropsies were performed on all animals at the termination of the study. The LD50 was reported to be > 5000 mg/kg bw.[USEPA; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS). Detailed Chemical Results Chemical Name: Bicyclo

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Ten male Wistar rats per dose were administered 0, 2020, 3200, 5000, 7800 mg/kg bw alpha-pinene. Food and water was provided ad libitum. Animals were observed for toxic signs and death at 1 and 6 hours after dosing and daily thereafter ... Gross necropsies were performed on all survivors. The animals experienced diarrhea and urinary incontinence. Deaths occurred from 2 hours after administration to 2 days following. The LD50 calculated from the data was 3700 mg/kg bw (95% C.L. 2300-5100 mg/kg bw). The number of deaths at each dose level was: 2020 mg/kg bw, 2/10; 3200 mg/kg bw, 5/10; 5000 mg/kg bw, 6/10; 7800 mg/bw, 9/10.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects of (+)-alpha-pinene and (-)-alpha-pinene vapors were studied for respiratory effects in BALB/c mice. The (+) enantiomer showed persistent sensory irritation effect on the upper respiratory tract during exposures in the range of 100 to 3691 ppm. The threshold concentration for this effect was calculated to be about 70 ppm, which is close to the no-effect level of about 40 ppm in humans. A significant airflow limitation occurred from exposure concentrations of 200 ppm and higher. No irritating effect was observed at the alveolar level and no central nervous system effect was obvious. In the exposure range from 218 to 5213 ppm, the (-) enantiomer produced only a short-lasting sensory irritation effect during the first 10 min. of exposure and only at concentrations above 2900 ppm. The tidal volume decreased significantly from approximately 400 ppm, but it was first conspicuous above 1000 ppm. Airflow limitation appeared consistently from approximately 2000 ppm. The (-) enantiomer also induced anesthesia/and or pulmonary irritation as well as sudden death at concentrations above 2600 ppm. Overall, the enantiomers showed different time-dependent and stereoselective effects. The lower sensory irritation effect of the (-) enantiomer probably being due to less of the molecule being adsorbed to a sensory irritant receptor.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...A toxicity study of each of the major fragrant components of myoga /a fragrant plant cultivated throughout Japan/ using acute dermal irritation assays and the Guinea-Pig Maximization test (GPMT) /was conducted/ ...to probe the mechanism of allergic contact dermatitis /from this plant/. In acute dermal irritation assays, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene showed positive responses at concentrations of 4%; limonene oxide at 20% and myoga showed a positive response at concentrations of 100%. From the results of the GPMT, according to Kligman scores, limonene oxide was identified as an extreme skin sensitizer and myoga as a mild skin sensitizer.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=80-56-8]

On December 26, 2000, EPA launched the VCCEP Pilot by asking companies that manufactured or imported one or more of the 23 chemicals selected for the program to volunteer to sponsor their chemicals and provide information on health effects, exposure, risk, and data needs. Thirty-five companies and 10 consortia responded, volunteering to sponsor 20 chemicals, including alpha-pinene. The Terpene Consortium, as a member of the Flavor and Fragrance High Production Volume Consortia (FFHPVC) has agreed to sponsor Tier 1 evaluation of alpha-pinene but has not yet submitted a report to the EPA.[U.S. EPA; Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) Available from, as of October 20, 2008: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/vccep/index.htm]

Negative in the micronucleus assay using male and female B6C3F1 mice that had inhaled alpha-pinene for 13 weeks with collection of normochromatic erythrocytes 24 hr after last exposure. Doses were 0 (controls), 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 68000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 24000-190000 ug/L) /commercial grade >80% /

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 41000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 27000-62000 ug/L) /commercial grade >80% /

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20.1 °C, pH 7.90 + or -0.05, oxygen concentration 8.2 mg/mL; Concentration: 1.44 mg/L for 48 hr /98% pure 1R(+)-isover. Measured purity 91%/[USEPA; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS). Detailed Chemical Results Chemical Name: Bicyclo

LC50; Species: Chaetogammarus marinus (aquatic arthropod); Conditions: sea water, semi-static, 15 °C, pH 8.0; Concentration: 2.6 mg/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Elimination rate and total exposure of alpha-pinene /was compared/ in closely related dietary specialist and generalist woodrats, Neotoma stephensi and N. albigula, respectively. Animals were orally gavaged with alpha-pinene, a plant secondary compound present in the natural diets of both woodrat species. ... Venous blood /was collected/ at 3, 6, 10, 15, and 20 min post-ingestion of alpha-pinene. ... Specialist and generalist woodrats did not differ in elimination rates of alpha-pinene. However, specialists had lower exposure levels of alpha-pinene than generalists due to lower initial delivery of alpha-pinene to the general circulation. The levels of alpha-pinene detected in the bloodstream of specialists were 4.7-5.3 times lower over all time intervals than generalists. Thus, specialists encounter a functionally lower dose of toxin than generalists. /It was suggested/ that the lower exposure level of specialist woodrats may be due to mechanisms in the gut that decrease toxin absorption. Regardless of mechanism, lower exposure to plant toxins may allow specialists to forage on diets with high toxin concentrations thereby facilitating dietary specialization.

alpha-Pinene's production and use as a solvent, synthetic intermediate, fragrance, and flavoring may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. alpha-Pinene occurs naturally in a wide variety of plants and is a component of many essential oils. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.75 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates alpha-pinene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hours. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene will also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction is estimated to be 40 minutes. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by a night-time reaction with nitrate radicals; the half-life for this reaction is estimated to be 6 minutes. If released to soil, alpha-pinene is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2,600. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.29 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. alpha-Pinene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Complete removal within 250 hours after a short lag period when incubated in watershed soil slurry samples suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, alpha-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. alpha-Pinene reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 207 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 1,040 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to alpha-pinene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-pinene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to alpha-pinene by inhalation and dermal contact of consumer products in which it is contained as a solvent or fragrance and by ingestion of foods where it occurs naturally or was added as a flavoring component. alpha-Pinene has been widely detected in air samples as it is emitted by a wide variety of plants. (SRC)

Obtained from oil of turpentine which contains 58-65% alpha-pinene along with 30% beta-pinene ...

ITS PRESENCE IN NATURE ... REPORTED IN MORE THAN 400 ESSENTIAL OILS. IN LARGEST AMT IT HAS BEEN REPORTED FOUND IN: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM (D-), ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA (D-), ITALIAN ROSEMARY (L-), WILD THYME (L-), FRENCH LAVENDER (L-), CORIANDER (D-, DL), CUMIN (D-, DL-) ... IN LARGEST AMT IT HAS BEEN REPORTED FOUND IN ... LABDANUM (L-), NEROLI (L-), LEMON, LITSEA CUBEBA (D-), & YLANG-YLANG (D-).

ONE OF MAJOR MONOTERPENOID COMPONENTS OF EUCALYPTUS IS ALPHA-PINENE ...

THE TERPENE FRACTION OF J PHOENICEA OIL CONTAINED: 93.8% ALPHA-PINENE.

For more Natural Pollution Sources (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

alpha-Pinene's production and use as an solvent for protective coatings, polishes and waxes, synthesis of camphene, camphor, geraniol, terpin hydrate, terpineol, synthetic pine oil, terpene esters and ethers, lubricating oil additives, flavoring, and odorant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,600(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 2.49 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that alpha-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of alpha-pinene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.294 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.75 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). alpha-Pinene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(5). Complete removal within 250 hours after a short lag period when incubated in watershed soil slurry samples(5) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,600(SRC), determined from a log water solubility of 2.49 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that alpha-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.29 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.75 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 207 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 1,040(SRC), from its log Kow of 4.83(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). alpha-Pinene reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 68000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 24000-190000 ug/L) /commercial grade >80% /

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 41000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 27000-62000 ug/L) /commercial grade >80% /

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20.1 °C, pH 7.90 + or -0.05, oxygen concentration 8.2 mg/mL; Concentration: 1.44 mg/L for 48 hr /98% pure 1R(+)-isover. Measured purity 91%/[USEPA; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS). Detailed Chemical Results Chemical Name: Bicyclo

LC50; Species: Chaetogammarus marinus (aquatic arthropod); Conditions: sea water, semi-static, 15 °C, pH 8.0; Concentration: 2.6 mg/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Elimination rate and total exposure of alpha-pinene /was compared/ in closely related dietary specialist and generalist woodrats, Neotoma stephensi and N. albigula, respectively. Animals were orally gavaged with alpha-pinene, a plant secondary compound present in the natural diets of both woodrat species. ... Venous blood /was collected/ at 3, 6, 10, 15, and 20 min post-ingestion of alpha-pinene. ... Specialist and generalist woodrats did not differ in elimination rates of alpha-pinene. However, specialists had lower exposure levels of alpha-pinene than generalists due to lower initial delivery of alpha-pinene to the general circulation. The levels of alpha-pinene detected in the bloodstream of specialists were 4.7-5.3 times lower over all time intervals than generalists. Thus, specialists encounter a functionally lower dose of toxin than generalists. /It was suggested/ that the lower exposure level of specialist woodrats may be due to mechanisms in the gut that decrease toxin absorption. Regardless of mechanism, lower exposure to plant toxins may allow specialists to forage on diets with high toxin concentrations thereby facilitating dietary specialization.

alpha-Pinene's production and use as a solvent, synthetic intermediate, fragrance, and flavoring may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. alpha-Pinene occurs naturally in a wide variety of plants and is a component of many essential oils. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.75 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates alpha-pinene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hours. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene will also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction is estimated to be 40 minutes. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene will be degraded in the atmosphere by a night-time reaction with nitrate radicals; the half-life for this reaction is estimated to be 6 minutes. If released to soil, alpha-pinene is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2,600. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.29 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. alpha-Pinene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Complete removal within 250 hours after a short lag period when incubated in watershed soil slurry samples suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, alpha-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. alpha-Pinene reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 207 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 1,040 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to alpha-pinene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-pinene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to alpha-pinene by inhalation and dermal contact of consumer products in which it is contained as a solvent or fragrance and by ingestion of foods where it occurs naturally or was added as a flavoring component. alpha-Pinene has been widely detected in air samples as it is emitted by a wide variety of plants. (SRC)

Obtained from oil of turpentine which contains 58-65% alpha-pinene along with 30% beta-pinene ...

ITS PRESENCE IN NATURE ... REPORTED IN MORE THAN 400 ESSENTIAL OILS. IN LARGEST AMT IT HAS BEEN REPORTED FOUND IN: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM (D-), ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA (D-), ITALIAN ROSEMARY (L-), WILD THYME (L-), FRENCH LAVENDER (L-), CORIANDER (D-, DL), CUMIN (D-, DL-) ... IN LARGEST AMT IT HAS BEEN REPORTED FOUND IN ... LABDANUM (L-), NEROLI (L-), LEMON, LITSEA CUBEBA (D-), & YLANG-YLANG (D-).

ONE OF MAJOR MONOTERPENOID COMPONENTS OF EUCALYPTUS IS ALPHA-PINENE ...

THE TERPENE FRACTION OF J PHOENICEA OIL CONTAINED: 93.8% ALPHA-PINENE.

For more Natural Pollution Sources (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

alpha-Pinene's production and use as an solvent for protective coatings, polishes and waxes, synthesis of camphene, camphor, geraniol, terpin hydrate, terpineol, synthetic pine oil, terpene esters and ethers, lubricating oil additives, flavoring, and odorant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,600(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 2.49 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that alpha-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of alpha-pinene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.294 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.75 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). alpha-Pinene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(5). Complete removal within 250 hours after a short lag period when incubated in watershed soil slurry samples(5) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2,600(SRC), determined from a log water solubility of 2.49 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that alpha-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.29 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.75 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 207 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 1,040(SRC), from its log Kow of 4.83(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). alpha-Pinene reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), alpha-pinene, which has a vapor pressure of 4.75 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-pinene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.37X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC). alpha-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Soil slurry samples taken from three different Georgia watersheds were found to readily degrade alpha-pinene under aerobic conditions, undergoing complete removal within 250 hours after a short lag period(1,2). The concentration of alpha-pinene in seawater samples decreased from 0.41 ng/L to 0.25 ng/L when incubated with macrophytes for 6 hrs at 10 °C(3). The concentration of alpha-pinene in the influent to a kraft mill aerated stabilization basin with a 7-8 day retention time decreased from 0.20 ppm to 0.04 ppm(4). alpha-Pinene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 95% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(5).

PURE CULTURE: Pure cultures of Pseudomonas putida isolated from soil oxidized alpha-pinene to 3-isopropylbut-3-enoic acid, (Z)-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid, 2,4,5-trimethylhept-2-en-5-olide, (E)-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid, 3,4-dimethylvaleric acid, 2,5,6-trimethyl-hept-3-enoic acid, and 2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid under aerobic conditions(1). As a way to treat forest products industry emissions, enrichment cultures isolated from a monoterpene-contaminated soil completely degraded approximately 340 mg/L alpha-pinene in 36 hrs(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-pinene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.37X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-pinene with ozone has been estimated as 4.3X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 38 minutes at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). Products from the reaction of alpha-pinene with ozone are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid, peroxyacetylnitrate, cis-pinonic acid, nopinene, acetone, pionaldehyde, glyoxal, and hydroxyl radicals(4-7). The rate constant for the night-time, vapor-phase reaction of alpha-pinene with nitrate radicals is 5.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(8). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 minutes at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(9). The reaction of alpha-pinene with nitrate radicals yields 3-acetyl-2,2-dimethyl cyclobutane acetaldehyde, pinane epoxide, 3-oxypinane-2-nitrate, and 2-hydroxy-3-nitrate(10). Calculated half-lives of 4.6 hrs for reaction with ozone and 11 minutes for reaction with nitrate have also been reported(11). alpha-Pinene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(12). alpha-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(12) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 1,040 was calculated in fish for alpha-pinene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.83(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Koc of alpha-pinene is estimated as 2,600(SRC), using a water solubility of 2.49 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that alpha-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for alpha-pinene is estimated as 0.29 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.75 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.49 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that alpha-pinene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). alpha-Pinene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of alpha-pinene from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 4.75 mm Hg(1).

SURFACE WATER: alpha-Pinene was detected, not quantified in the Black Warrior River, near Tuscaloosa, AL, 1975(1). The concentrations of alpha-pinene in seawater samples from Resurrection Bay, the south-central coast of Alaska, were 8,849 ng/L in June 1985 and 0.71 ng/L in June, 1986(2).

SNOW: alpha-Pinene was not detected in snow samples collected in early March from Neulanieme (Kuopio, Central-Eastern Finalnd); Levi (Lapland, Finland); Butovo (clean area, southern Moscow, Russia); Moscow State University (clean area, Msocow, Russia); Moscow region - summer cottage area; Shuch'e (Volga River, Russia); Baikal'sk on Lake Baikal (near pulp/paper mill, Siveria(1). The compound was detected in samples from Nellim (Lapland, Finland) at 0.03 ug/kg, and from Muonio (Lapland, Finland) at 0.29 ug/kg(1).

The concentration of alpha-pinene in kraft pulp mill wastewater ranged from 30-1430 ppb in 2 Canadian mills monitored in 1973(1). alpha-pinene was qualitatively detected in 1 of 46 US industrial effluent samples(2). alpha-Pinene concentrations at a pulp production plant in Quebec, Canada, ranged from not detected-193 mg/cu m, date not provided(3).

The emission rate of alpha-pinene from particle board was 0.0068 mg/sq m-hr(1). It was qualitatively detected as an emission from cologne and soap(2) and particle board furniture(3). alpha-Pinene was detected as an emission from 12 of 31 cologne products(6). The emission rate of alpha-pinene from particle board and rubber molding was 25 and 2.1 ug/cu m-hr, respectively(4). Mean residential wood combustion emissions using softwood and hardwood from Denver, CO were dtermined; emissions from a fireplace were 54.65 and 3.38 mg/kg, respectively; emission from a wood stove using hard wood was 4.10 mg/kg of fuel(5). Emissions from two oiled parquets floor coverings were 14 and 10 ug/sq m-hr after 3 and 28 days following installation, respectively; 341 and 286 ug/sq m-hr, respectively, from waxed parquets; 15 and 8 ug/sq m-hr, respectively, from varnished parquets(7). Emissions from new and old linoleum floorings were zero and 1 ug/sq m-hr, respectively(7). alpha-Pinene has been identified as a volatile organic ingredient of wood-based furniture with its possible source being an ecological coating system based on natural resins, nitrocellulose, and/or softwood construction(8).

SOIL: alpha-Pinene was detected not quantified in soil samples at the site of a former pine-tar manufacturer in Gainsville, FL(1).

ALPHA-PINENE, VEGETATION HYDROCARBON, CONCN INCR RATHER SHARPLY AT SUNSET AS THE NOCTURNAL INVERSION SET IN, AS MARKED BY LOWERED WIND SPEED.

SOURCE DOMINATED: The average concentration of alpha-pinene in gas emitted from the Fresh Kills Landfill, Staten Island, NY, June-July, 1995, was 7.85 ppm(1). alpha-Pinene was identified in volatile emissions from a commercial composting operation in Joyceville, Ontario, Canada, monitored between May 1996 and July 1996; feed composition includes manure, yard waste, cardboard, construction waste, restaurant waste, porridge, and recyclate(2). It was qualitatively detected in landfill gas at waste disposal sites in the UK, 1994-95(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The median concn of alpha-pinene in indoor and outdoor air was 1.4 ug/cu m and 0.26 ug/cu m in Los Angeles during the summer of 1984, respectively; 3.4 ug/cu m and 0.82 ug/cu m was measured during the winter and 1.4 ug/cu m and 0.05 ug/cu m during the summer of 1984, respectively, in Antioch/Pittsburg, CA(1). The average concn of alpha-pinene as determined from 1032 data points collected throughout the US is 0.484 ppbv(2). In a compilation of published and non-published data on the atmospheric concentration of volatile organic compounds determined between 1970 to 1987, the daily mean concentration of alpha-pinene in suburban and urban areas is 0.147 ppb and 0.120 ppbv, respectively(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The average concn of alpha-pinene during a severe smog episode in Los Angeles, CA, 1993, was 0.70 ug/cu m(1). It was detected in < 10% of Atlanta air samples, 1992, at an avg concn of approx 100 ppb C(2). The concn of alpha-pinene in Riverside, CA, 1990, was 0.014-0.019 ug/cu m(3). During the TEAM study in Los Angeles, CA, 1987, 58.5% of outdoor air samples were found to contain alpha-pinene(4). alpha-Pinene was detected during 2 outdoor air sampling exercises taken in Los Angeles, CA, and in one outdoor sample from Pittsburg/Antioch County, CA, 1984, at estimated concentrations of 0.8 (Feb 1984) and 0.5 (May 1984) ug/cu m, and 0.1 (Jun 1984) ug/cu m, respectively(5) with median outdoor air concns ranging from 0.05-1.6 ug/cu m(6).

For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

alpha-Pinene was detected as a volatile flavor component of roasted filberts(1), fried chicken(2) mangos(3) and orange essence(4). It has been detected in headspace analysis of intact, tree ripened nectarines, but not in an analysis of the blended fruits(5). The compound was identified as a volatile odor compound from 30%, 12% and 5% fat frankfurters at mean concentrations of 1,480, 1,690 and 2,300 relative peak areas (1 ng of bromobenzene = 100), respectively(6). alpha-Pinene was identified as one of the flavor compounds in tea derived from fresh pine sprouts or pine needles harvested from Korean red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Sieb. Et Zucc.) in May-June 1995(7).

alpha-Pinene was identified as a volatile flavor component of fresh grapefruit juice at 0.054 ppm(1). It was detected in mature and over-ripe guava (Psidium guajava Linn) at 1471 and 641 ug/kg, respectively(2). alpha-Pinene was identified as an emission from carrots, cotton, pistachio, safflower, sorghum, tomato, and walnut(3). It was identified as a volatile component of ginger (Zingiver officinale), celery (Apium graveolens CV dulce), and lovage (Levisticum officinale)(4). The concentration of alpha-pinene in unpasteurized orange juice ranged from 0.10-1.09 ppm(5). alpha-Pinene was identified as a volatile emission from chicken(6). It was identified as a volatile component of chamchwi (Aster scaber Thunb) herb(7).

PLANT SPECIES RELEASE APPRECIABLE QUANTITIES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES TO THE ATMOSPHERE. THE MAJOR COMPD EMITTED ARE MONOTERPENES LIKE ALPHA-PINENE, BETA-PINENE, & LIMONENE & THE HEMITERPENE ISOPRENE.

alpha-Pinene was identified in chamise shrubs (Adenostoma fasciculatum)(1). It was identified in 16 of 82 wild mushroom species(2). The normalized emission rate of alpha-pinene from mature spruce was 0.25 (Pinus glauce), 0.85 (P. Abies), and 0.34 (P. pungens) ug C/g-hr(3). The emission rates of alpha-pinene from loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, sweet gum, willow, elm, cypress, water hickory, hackberry, maple, and red oak were 2300, 7000, 45000, 80, 1300, 5700, 12000, 50, 5300, and 40 ug/kg-foliage/hr, respectively(4). The mean emission rate of alpha-pinene from sunflower (Helianthus annus L. cv. gigantues) was 6.2X10-16 mol/cu cm-s(5). It was identified as an emission from California agricultural plants(6). alpha-Pinene exhibited seasonal emission variations in Australian Eucalyptus globulus trees sampled under natural growing conditions from June 1996 to May 1997. Monthly average percentages beginning with May and sampled for the following 11 months were: 64; 47; 82; 60; 56; 62; 50; 62; 62; 59; 44; and 65%(7). Sampling was conducted in the Scandanavian boreal zone in Asa Research Park, Sweden and Mekrijarvi Research Station, Finland in the spring and summer of 1997; percent emission composition from Scots pine at Asa and Mekrijarvi were 35 and 63% for alpha-pinene, respectively(8). alpha-Pinene was detected, not quantified in ambient air around Pinus halepensis trees located in Bab-Ezzouar, a suburb of Algiers, and in Eucalyptus globulus and Cedrus atlantica trees from El-Hamma Botanical Garden, Algiers(9).

alpha-Pinene was detected not quantified in shrimp (Funchalia woodwardi) and crab (Gerivin maritae) caught in the Atlantic ocean near Namibia, in 1989(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: One of eight samples of mother's milk collected from 4 urban/industrial areas in the United States was positive for the presence of alpha-pinene(1,2).

alpha-Pinene was detected at a concentration of 7.38% in essential oils derived from the Balkan Pine (Pinus peuce Grisebach) grown in northern Greece(1). Household products containing alpha-pinene include newspaper, air fresheners, floor wax pastes, and liquid wax(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 153,143 workers (47,130 of these were female) were potentially exposed to alpha-pinene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to alpha-pinene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-pinene is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to alpha-pinene via inhalation and by ingestion of foods where it occurs naturally or was added as a flavoring component, and dermal contact of consumer products in which it is contained as a solvent or fragrance. alpha-Pinene has been widely detected in air samples as it is emitted by a wide variety of vegetation(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ALPHA-PINENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2368; alpha-Pinene

IMO 3.3; alpha-Pinene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid