Toxaphene

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (97.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (100%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Camphechlor Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to camphechlor may be severe and include headache, dizziness, agitation, nervousness, tremor, seizures, and coma. Convulsive episodes may alternate with periods of severe central nervous system depression. Hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common. Hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart beating) and sudden exertional dyspnea (labored breathing) may be noted. Respiratory depression may lead to respiratory arrest. Contact with the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes may result in redness and irritation. Victims often have an elevated temperature.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to camphechlor exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to camphechlor.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to camphechlor.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times. Wash initially with soap and water, follow with an alcohol wash, then again with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of camphechlor is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of camphechlor may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Move container from fire area if this can be done without risk. Fight fire from a maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Water may be ineffective on fire. (EPA, 1998)

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. NO water. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

If material is involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.

Wear a self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /when fighting a fire/.

/Use/ foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. /Soln/

Soln in xylene may produce corrosive products when heated. /Soln/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACTIVATED CARBON IS RECOMMENDED FOR MIXTURES INCLUDING TOXAPHENE. POLYOLEFIN OR POLYISOBUTYLENE FIBERS, OR AMBERLITE XAD RESIN ARE ALSO RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN THE CLEANUP OF TOXAPHENE.

Environmental considerations--land spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations--water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom /SRP: until properly disposed/. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P123 and D015, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

BY DISSOLVING CHLORINATED CAMPHENE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AFTERBURNER & SCRUBBER (ALKALI).

Toxaphene (20% toxaphene dust, 80% inert ingredients) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 670-1030 °C with residence times of 2.4-8.3 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%. /Data from table/

Toxaphene (60% emulsifiable concentrate) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 620-1040 °C with a residence time of 2.2-6.7 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where solid chlorinated camphene or liquids containing chlorinated camphene are handled, processed, or stored.

Employees who handle solid chlorinated camphene or liquids containing chlorinated camphene should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the chlorinated camphene, the person performing the operation should be informed of chlorinated camphene's hazardous properties.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. In case of land spill, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain the liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or firefighting water. In case of water spill, if camphechlor is dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. (EPA, 1998)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Keep in the dark.

... /STORE IN/ SEALED CONTAINERS IN WELL-VENTILATED AREA.

Toxaphene & emulsion concentrates of it must be kept from contact with iron or corrosive metals & lining of metal tanks & use of non-corrosive piping is required in formulating plants. Packaging materials include those normally used in the industry although containers for emulsifiable concentrates must be lined. Relatively stable chemical when stored in glass, polyolefin or polyoleofin-lined metal containers at ambient temperature.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

1.0 [mg/m3]

20 [mg/m3]

200 [mg/m3]

Ca [skin] See Appendix A

0.5 [mg/m3]

0.5 mg/m³

TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [skin] See Appendix G

200 mg/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

200.0 [mg/m3]

NIOSH considers chlorinated camphene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

200 mg/m³

Ca [200 mg/m3]

See: 8001352

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 1 mg/cu m; skin

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

0.5 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

Acute Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)

The substance is mildly irritating to the skin. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in tremors and convulsions. Exposure at high levels could cause death.

This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chlorinated camphene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with liquids containing chlorinated camphene and to prevent repeated and prolonged skin contact with solid chlorinated camphene.

Personnel must wear full protective equipment at all times. This includes: Neoprene-coated gloves, rubber workshoes or overshoes, latex rubber apron, goggles to protect eyes, respirator or mask approved for toxic dust & organic vapors, overalls or rubber suit. Protective clothing for formulations with methyl parathion: Wear clean, protective clothing & wash skin thoroughly with soap & water.

Workers who mix, load, transfer, or otherwise handle toxaphene products must wear hats, impermeable gloves, rubber or synthetic boots or boot covers, long-sleeved shirts & long pants. Full-face respirators are recommended: half-face respirators are required. Instead of wearing protective clothing workers may use closed system methods of mixing, loading, & transferring; mixers & loaders are encouraged to wear waterproof gloves.

Respirators may be used when engineering & work practice controls are not feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. ... If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Toxaphene is a yellow, waxy solid with a pleasant piney odor. Used as an insecticide, primarily for cotton and early growth stages of vegetables. Also peas, soybeans, peanut, corn, and wheat. Not produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982. Only registered for scabies control on cattle in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)

Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor. [insecticide]; [NIOSH]

YELLOW-TO-AMBER WAXY SOLID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor.

Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor. [insecticide]

Yellow waxy solid.

Amber, waxy solid.

Pleasant piney odor

Mild odor of chlorine and camphor

Mild, turpentine-like odor

Mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor.

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes

Decomposes near boiling point

decomposes

149 to 194 °F (EPA, 1998)

65-90 °C

149-194 °F

84 °F (EPA, 1998)

135 °C, 275 °F (closed cup) /Chlorinated camphene 60%/

115 °C (tag closed cup) /Toxaphene 90% soln/

34-46 °C (tag closed cup) /Strobane T-90/

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Clear, amber-colored, and viscous liquid, mild terpene odor, specific gravity: 1.519-1.567 at 25 °C/25 °C; readily sol in most commercial organic solvents and is more sol in aromatic than in aliphatic hydrocarbons /Strobane T-90/

Freely sol in aromatic hydrocarbons

READILY SOL IN ORG SOLVENTS INCL PETROLEUM OILS

3 mg/l water @ room temp

> 450 g/100 ml benzene

For more Solubility (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water: none

1.65 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.65 @ 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.65

1.65 @25 °C

14.3 (air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 14.3

0.4 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00000669 [mmHg]

6.69X10-6 mm Hg @ 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 53

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

TOXAPHENE is decomposed by sunlight and heat. This chemical is decomposed in the presence of alkali. It is corrosive to iron. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is non corrosive in the absence of moisture. (NTP, 1992)

Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause fires and explosions.

Emulsifiable concentrates of chlorinated camphene in xylene may decompose with liberation of much heat if allowed to come in contact with iron or aluminum above 70 °C (158 °F).

Strong oxidizers [Note: Slightly corrosive to metals under moist conditions].

Strong oxidizers [Note: Slightly corrosive to metals under moist conditions.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Toxaphene is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

Toxaphene

Pesticide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of toxaphene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of toxaphene. Overall evaluation: Toxaphene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors in mice and thyroid tumors in rats and is supported by mutagenicity in Salmonella. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Toxaphene: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 79: (2001) Some Thyrotropic Agents

TR-037: Bioassay of Toxaphene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 8001-35-2) (1979 )

08/31/78

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, toxaphene was carcinogenic in male and female B6C3F1 mice, causing increased incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas. The test results also suggest carcinogenicity of toxaphene for the thyroid of male and female Osborne-Mendel rats.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L107) ; inhalation (L107)

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness.

Redness.

Convulsions. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting.

nausea, confusion, agitation, tremor, convulsions, unconsciousness; dry, red skin; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

central nervous system, skin

[in animals: liver cancer]

Chemical: TOXAPHENE

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Organochlorine

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

Acceptable daily intake of toxaphene: 1.25 ug/kg.

Based upon a human body weight of 70 kg and daily water consumption of two liters ... the NAS /calculated/ no-adverse-effect level from water at 8.75 ug/l (assigning 20% of the total ADI to water) or 0.44 ug/l (assigning 1% of the total ADI to water.

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARDS) ORAL 70.7 MG/KG, 3-5 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 37.6-133 MG/KG) /PURITY 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/

LD50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (PHEASANTS) ORAL 40.0 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 20.0-80.0 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/

LD50 COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) ORAL 85.5 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 59.2-123 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/

LD50 TYMPANUCHUS PHASIANELLUS (SHARP-TAILED GROUSE) ORAL 19.9 MG/KG, 12-48 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 14.1-28.2 MG/KG) /PURITY 90% & 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.90e-01

2.10e+00

8.80e-03

3.80e-02

7.10e-02

3.00e+00

1.10e-02

4.60e-01

1.10e+00

3.20e-04

Volatile

1.70e+01

2.10e+02

8.80e-01

3.80e+00

5.40e+00

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms and birds. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in aquatic organisms.

Toxaphene is a complex mixture of at least 177 chlorinated bornanes containing 67-69% chlorine. Its production and use as an insecticide has resulted in its direct release to the environment. Since its ban by the EPA in 1983, existing stocks of toxaphene can only be used for emergency situations on corn, cotton and small grain for specific insect infestation; pineapples and bananas for specific insects in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands only; and scabies treatment of cattle and sheep. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.69X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C for the mixture and estimated values for a representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congener found in the toxaphene mixture of 6X10-6 and 3.6X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C, respectively, indicate that these compounds will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase toxaphene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-lives for this reaction in air for the representative hexachloro- and decachloro-congeners used above are estimated to be approximately 4.7 and 8.4 days, respectively. Particulate-phase toxaphene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Direct photolysis and hydrolysis have been reported to be insignificant environmental processes. If released to soil, toxaphene is expected to be immobile based upon Koc values of 2.1X10+5 and 1X10+6 for the mixture. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole for the mixture. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Studies in cotton demonstrated that evaporation is probably the major pathway of toxaphene dissipation from plant surfaces. Toxaphene is expected to be resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions but readily degraded via reductive dechlorination anaerobically. Half-lives in aerobic soil range from 1 to 11 yrs. Toxaphene was not degraded in aerobic soil after 6 weeks; under anaerobic conditions, >80% degradation was reported with loss of the more highly chlorinated congeners and increasing concns of the less chlorinated congeners. If released into water, toxaphene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon its Koc range. Adsorption to sediment and suspended solids may attenuate the effect of volatilization from water surfaces. Toxaphene is persistent under aerobic conditions; an oligotrophic lake was still toxic to fish 5 years following the application of toxaphene. In waters containing high concns of suspended material, toxaphene will be sorbed and settle to the sediment. In sediment, toxaphene is susceptible to anaerobic biodegradation. Three components of toxaphene added to anaerobic sediment were biodegraded by 48.4% to 48.9% in 30 days. Toxaphene has been shown to undergo degradation, even in sterile sediments, under anoxic conditions. BCF values ranging from 3,100 to 69,000 in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Occupational exposure to toxaphene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where toxaphene is still used for emergency situations. Another potential source of occupational exposure is through contact with this compound at hazardous waste sites containing toxaphene residues. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to toxaphene via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of fish from contaminated bodies of water. (SRC)

Toxaphene is not known to occur as a natural product.

The use of toxaphene in U.S. Agriculture has been recorded from 1966 to 1989. Records indicate that toxaphene use in 1966, 1971, 1976, 1982, and 1989 was 34,605,000, 37,464,000, 34,178,000, 6,596,000 and 0 lbs active ingredient/yr, respectively(1). Reregistration of toxaphene was revoked in 1983 by the EPA(2). However, existing stocks of toxaphene can still be used on corn, cotton and small grain for specific insect infestation(emergency use only); pineapples and bananas for specific insects in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands only; and scabies treatment of cattle and sheep(3). Approximately 85% of the toxaphene used in the U.S. was on cotton crops in the southern states from Texas eastward to Georgia(4). Approximately 1% or less was used in the Great Lakes basin. The rate of use in the basin (including Ontario) was approximately 1 million kg/yr in the early 1970s, and would have peaked around 1977(4). Cumulative world use of toxaphene during the period 1946 to 1974 exceeded 409,000 metric tons(5). Toxaphene and toxaphene-like preparations are still used in South America, Africa, Mexico, Romania, Hungary, the Federal Republic of Germany, Poland, and Russia(5). In the past, it has been used as a piscicide (fish toxicant) in lakes(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: THE STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT & DISTRIBUTION OF TOXAPHENE IN ANAEROBIC SALINE MARSH SOILS ALLOWED 4 CONCLUSIONS. TOXAPHENE ACCUMULATION IN SALINE MARSH SOILS WAS ONLY AT A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL WHERE SUBSTRATES WERE FREQUENTLY SUBJECTED TO TIDAL FLOODING BY CONTAMINATED WATER. AS THE DEPTH OF THE SOIL INCR, THE CONCN OF TOXAPHENE CONTAMINANT DECREASED. ORGANISMS LIVING IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE SOIL MAY BE SUBJECTED TO VARYING CONCENTRATIONS AS 50-FOLD RANGE. TOXAPHENE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN MARSH SOILS ARE FUNCTIONS OF BASIPETAL & ACROPETAL PLANT TRANSLOCATION, AS WELL AS LEACHING, DEGRADATION & PESTICIDE CONCN AT TIME OF DEPOSITION.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: ... THE PERSISTENCE OF TOXAPHENE IN SOIL IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALDRIN, DIELDRIN, DILAN, OR CHLORDANE. /INVESTIGATORS/ ... FOUND ... /45%/ IN SOIL 20 YR AFTER (SOIL) TREATMENT ... APPROX 22% OF TOXAPHENE WAS RECOVERED 10 YR AFTER APPLICATION ... TO SOIL; 90-95% OF TOXAPHENE ... RESIDUES WERE IN 30 CM LAYER. ... HALF-LIFE ... IN SOIL ... 10 YR ...

AQUATIC FATE: THREE NONPOINT SOURCE RUNOFF MODELS WERE TESTED AND COMPARED FOR THEIR ABILITIES TO PREDICT MOVEMENT OF TOXAPHENE FROM 15.6-HA WATERSHED IN MISSISSIPPI DELTA (USA) REGION AND A SMALLER WATERSHED IN SOUTHERN PIEDMONT. TESTING EXCERCISES INDICATED THAT ALL THREE MODELS ACCURATELY REPRODUCED FIELD DATA.

AQUATIC FATE: Seasonal variation in the degradation of pesticides, reflecting the changes in both biotic and abiotic factors, has ... been reported. Degradation of toxaphene was high during the summer temperatures, and it remained negligible during the freezing, winter conditions in Midway Lake, Saskatchewan.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

METABOLISM OF (14)C- AND (36)CL-LABELED TOXAPHENE WAS STUDIED UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC INCUBATION CONDITIONS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS, ENRICHED WITH BACTERIAL AND WASHED CELL CULTURES OF PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA. THE PRODUCTION OF WATER SOLUBLE METABOLITES AS THE MAJOR INDICATOR OF METABOLISM, SHOWED THAT THE AEROBIC ROUTE OF DEGRADATION WAS SIGNIFICANT IN ALL INCUBATION CONDITIONS, AND DEMONSTRATED THAT OXIDATIVE METABOLISM WAS IMPORTANT IN THE DEGRADATION.

Aerobic biodegradation does not occur readily for toxaphene components with more than 3 chlorine atoms(1). However, toxaphene degradation increases dramatically when the redox potential of the system drops to 0 to -0.1 Volts; during anaerobic biodegradation, reductive dechlorination for even the most chlorinated congeners, results in the formation of less chlorinated metabolites(8). Radiolabeled toxaphene was incubated in flooded soil; hepta- and penta- chlorinated congeners decreased in concn during the study period while concns of hexa- and tetra- chlorinated congeners increased(8). Only minimal quantities of radiolabeled carbon dioxide were detected(8) indicating that mineralization of toxaphene components proceeds very slowly under anaerobic conditions(SRC). Rates of reductive dechlorination were shown to be faster for the more highly-chlorinated congeners(2). The GC fingerprint of a toxaphene mixture extracted from a sandy, well-aerated South Carolina soil, exposed to toxaphene by rainfall was essentially the same as the original toxaphene mixture while toxaphene extracted from a reducing marsh sediment collected 100 m from the aerobic soil at the same time showed extensive degradation(3). After 6 months, no degradation was shown in a Nevada soil where toxaphene had been added at 10 mg/l(4). A half-life of 11 years was reported in a soil field study; 55% of the initially added toxaphene was still present after 15 years(5). A half-life of 1 year has been reported in a study using Texas soils (9). Toxaphene added to Crowley silt loam at 100 ppm was not degraded after 6 weeks under aerobic conditions; under anaerobic conditions, >80% degradation was reported with loss of the more highly chlorinated congeners and increasing concns of the less chlorinated congeners(6). 14C-Labeled toxaphene was added to Metapeak loam soil and incubated anaerobically; after 42 days, only 0.008 to 0.37% of the radiolabel was found as CO2 although an increase in hexa- and tetrachloro- congeners was reported with a decrease in heptachlorobornanes following the incubation period(7).

A deep and oligotrophic lake in Oregon (Davis Lake) was still toxic to fish 5 years following the application of toxaphene (2). The detoxification of lakes (in terms of allowing the reintroduction of fish) following the application of toxaphene has been published; in eutrophic lakes this is most likely due to the adsorption of toxic components of toxaphene to sediment and suspended particulate matter and thus their removal from the water(1). Three components of toxaphene, composing from 26.4% to 32.5% of typical commercial toxaphene mixtures, were incubated under anaerobic conditions in sediment for 30 days; 48.4% to 48.9% overall degradation was measured (3). Under aerobic conditions, only 13.6% degradation of these 3 components was observed during the same time period(3). 50% loss in 6 weeks due to biological transformation in anaerobic, flooded soils was reported while no transformation was found in aerobic sediments(4).

Toxaphene remained unchanged after two days at 65 °C in aqueous solution at pH 3.7 and 10.0(1); an estimated hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 5 to 8 is > 10 yr(2). Direct photolysis has been reported to be an insignificant environmental process(3,4) and screening studies indicated that photolysis of toxaphene under sunlight is a very slow process in pure water(1).

Toxaphene is a mixture of many congeners, each of which will react with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere at different rates. Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for the individual congeners or for the toxaphene mixture are not available; however, estimated values for a representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congener found in the toxaphene mixture of 3.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec and 1.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), respectively, were determined using a structure estimation method(1). These values correspond to atmospheric half-lives of approximately 4.7 and 8.4 days, respectively, at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Toxaphene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(3,4). Six pure polychlorinated bornanes (7 to 9 chlorine substitutions), isolated from technical toxaphene, were added to a loamy silt soil under sterilized anoxic conditions for 6 months. Degradation proceeded via reductive dechlorination; the final degradation products at the end of the 6-month study were hexachlorobornane compounds(5). Sediment taken from the Baruch Plantation, an estuary near Georgetown, South Carolina, was used to study the degradation of toxaphene(7). Toxaphene was quickly degraded over the 14-day experiment in both sterile and unsterile sediments and in sterile sand containing iron oxides but was not degraded in sterilized sand with distilled water(7). Neither the extent of degradation nor the breakdown products were determined in this study. However, other studies report that only non-sterile sediments are capable of degrading toxaphene(8). Rate constants ranging from 1.2 to 8.1X10+8 /mole sec were measured for the reaction of toxaphene with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution(6). Based on an average concn of hydroxyl radicals found in natural water (1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals), the half-life for this reaction ranges from 2.7 to 18.3 yrs(SRC).

BIOACCUMULATION DOES TAKE PLACE. ... REPORTED A MAX TOXAPHENE ACCUMULATION FROM WATER TO FISH OF 69,000 TIMES IN FATHEAD MINNOWS AND 50,000 TIMES IN CHANNEL CATFISH.

/It has been/ ... reported that the fry & juveniles of longnose killifish bioconcentrated toxaphene, respectively, from 19,300 to 33,300 & 23,700 to 60,000 in 28 days, whereas adults bioconcentrated toxaphene 4200 to 5300 times in 14 days.

When white leghorn chickens are fed 5, 50, or 100 ppm toxaphene in the diet, residues are detected in eggs. ... The concn of toxaphene in adipose tissue of 8 wk old Hubbard-Hubbard broiler chickens increases with increasing dietary intake. Bioaccumulation factor is about 5.

Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were reported for fish: 3100 to 33,300(1), 4247 (Gambusia)(2), 6460 (flowing water) and 5250 (microcosm conditions)(3). Measured BCF values for brook trout fry after a 150-day exposure was 15,000-20,000 while BCF values of 55,000-69,000 were reported in fathead minnows after a 98-day exposure(5). The BCF of toxaphene was studied at different developmental stages of the longnose killifish after 28 days of continuous exposure(5). BCFs in embryos/fry ranged from 13,800-33,000, BCFs in fry ranged from 19,300-33,300, BCFs in juveniles ranged from 23,700-60,000, while BCFs in adults ranged from 4,200-5,300(5). Other BCF values were reported for shrimp, 400-1200(1), Oedogonium (alga), 6902 and Physa (snail), 9600(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

Koc= 7200

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P123 and D015, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

BY DISSOLVING CHLORINATED CAMPHENE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AFTERBURNER & SCRUBBER (ALKALI).

Toxaphene (20% toxaphene dust, 80% inert ingredients) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 670-1030 °C with residence times of 2.4-8.3 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%. /Data from table/

Toxaphene (60% emulsifiable concentrate) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 620-1040 °C with a residence time of 2.2-6.7 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 411 90; Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)

49 411 88; Toxaphene, liquid

49 411 89; Toxaphene, other than liquid

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 21-25-37/38-40-50/53; S: (1/2)-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1