Demeton

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Demeton is readily absorbed through the skin. Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised.

Note: Demeton is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Demeton Exposure: Acute exposure to demeton may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may occur, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Psychosis may occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to demeton may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as demeton-resistant plastic sheeting and disposable bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to demeton.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to demeton.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of demeton is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of demeton may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Flammable Liquid, n.o.s.) Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Move containers from fire area. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, foam, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam, dry powder.

Dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective on fire.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use foam, dry chemical. or carbon dioxide. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Compound may volatilize & form toxic fumes. Vapor of solvent /xylene/ is heavier than air & may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition & flash back.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Absorb with paper towels. Place in a plastic bag. Burn in an open pan with help of flammable solvent or in a furnace.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pong, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for SYSTOX (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material & disposing in secured sanitary landfill.

The thiono- and thiolo-isomers of this mixture are 50% hydrolyzed in 75 min and 0.85 min respectively at 20 °C and pH 13. At pH 9 and 70 °C, the half-life of demeton is 1.25 hr, but at pH 1-5 it is over 11 hr. ...Recommendable methods: Hydrolysis... . Not recommendable method: Evaporation. Peer-review: Extremely toxic. Handle with great care - full protective clothing including skin protection. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Special aircraft should preferably be used for spraying or dusting toxic organophosphorus pesticides. ... Aerial spraying or dusting gives rise to clouds which spread over larger surfaces than clouds produced by ground application. Aerial spraying should therefore be carried out on windless days only. Residential areas, water supply sources, etc must be avoided. ... When aircraft approaches, signalmen /guiding the aircraft/ should leave the windward side. ... The local population should be informed about the site & time of aerial pesticide treatment. Access of unauthorized persons & especially children to the area to be treated must be ... forbidden. Warning signs should be placed at the limits of the area. Ground spraying must be carried out with compressed-air spraying equipment towed by tractors with closed cabs. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Small packages of pesticides are preferable for individual application in order to limit the quantities to be weighed & metered. A special vessel with long stirring rod for dilution & suspension of the poison must be available in order to reduce manual handling to a minimum. The strict observance of hygiene rules--no smoking & no food intake during work. Thorough washing with soap after work, changing protective clothing before going home--is of utmost importance. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Containers ... should be cleaned with a suspension of bleaching powder in water or with other alkaline soln after soaking for 24 hr and then be rinsed with hot water. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SYSTOX (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Spills may be cleaned up by absorbing the material in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. General precautions for organophosphorous pesticides are as follows. Keep unnecessary people away; stay upwind. Shut off ignition sources; no flares, smoking, or flames in hazard area. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Take up spills with noncombustible absorbent material. For large spills, dike far ahead. (EPA, 1998)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.15 [mg/m3]

2.0 [mg/m3]

20 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³

TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin]

0.1 [mg/m3]

10 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

10.0 [mg/m3]

10 mg/cu m

10 mg/m³

10 mg/m3

See: 8065483

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m, skin. /inhalable fraction and vapor/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cholinesterase activity in red blood cells; Sampling Time: discretionary; BEI: 70% of individual's baseline. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticides/

0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [1998]

skin absorption (H)

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in cardiac disorders, convulsions, cyanosis and respiratory failure. Cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure could cause death. Medical observation is indicated. The effects may be delayed.

Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

Where tolerances are established for residues of both O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate and demeton (a mixture of O,O-diethyl O-(and S-) [2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorothioates) on the same raw agricultural commodity, the total amount of such pesticides shall not yield more residue than that permitted by the larger of the two tolerances, calculated as demeton.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolites, calculated as demeton, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#774]

Tolerances with regional registrations. Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in §180.1(n), are established for the combined residues of O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolites, calculated as demeton, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Asparagus, 0.1 ppm.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Demeton:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Take precautions with respect to its easy absorption (protective clothing) & high volatility (respiratory protection). In other respects, as for other cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphates ... .

Organic vapor respirator in confined areas; rubber or latex gloves; splash goggles; rubber boots

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for SYSTOX (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Demeton is an oily liquid with an amber color and an odor of sulfur. Used as an agricultural insecticide. (EPA, 1998)

Amber, oily liquid with a sulfur-like odor. [insecticide]; [NIOSH] Colorless liquid; [ICSC]

COLOURLESS LIQUID.

Amber, oily liquid with a sulfur-like odor.

Amber, oily liquid with a sulfur-like odor. [insecticide]

Amber, oily liquid ...

Technical grade demeton has a pronounced mercaptan-like odor

.... Sulfur-like odor

273 °F at 2 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

134 °C at 2 mm Hg

at 0.27kPa: 134 °C

decomposes

Decomposes

-13 °F (EPA, 1998)

113 °F solution in combustible solvent (EPA, 1998)

113 °F (Closed cup)

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Sol in propylene glycol, ethanol, toluene and similar hydrocarbons

In water, 6.66X10+2 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water: poor

1.183 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1183 at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.1

1.1183 @ 20°C

Heavier than air (EPA, 1998) (Relative to Air)

heavier than air

0.00026 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

0.0003 [mmHg]

3.4X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C:

0.0003 mmHg

DECOMP @ ELEVATED TEMP IN AIR

Slowly hydrolyzed by acids, rapidly hydrolyzed by alkalis; oxidizing agents likewise cause transformation to the sulfoxide & sulfone.

867 °F (USCG, 1999)

867 °F /Xylene solvent/

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /phosphorous and sulfur oxides/.

Noncorrosive

Index of refraction: 1.4875 at 20 °C/D

DENSE, OILY, BROWN LIQUID WITH PUNGENT, UNPLEASANT SMELL /COMMERCIAL GRADE/

Light yellow oil /technical/

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Sulfides, Organic

DEMETON may release sulfur oxides and phosphoric acid. Solvent carrier vapors may travel on ground to ignition source. Avoid strong oxidizers. Avoid mixtures with water or polar solvents, in which sulfur is lost to oxygen, air and light, which cause hydrolysis, alkaline mixtures and oxidizing agents. [EPA, 1998].

Strong oxidizers, alkalis, water.

Strong oxidizers, alkalis, water

4 x 10 ^-5 mg/kg-day

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Convulsions. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Vomiting. Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; miosis, ache eyes, rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), headache; chest tightness, wheezing, laryngeal spasm, salivation, cyanosis; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; localized sweating; muscle fasciculation, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), paralysis; dizziness, confusion, ataxia; convulsions, coma; low blood pressure; cardiac irreg

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, blood cholinesterase

Chemical: DEMETON

Other Poison - Organophosphate

0.005 mg/kg/day (Withdrawn) /From table/

IRIS Current

LCLo (cat) = 15 mg/m3/4hr

LD50 CAPRA HIRCUS ORAL 8.0-18.0 MG/KG, MALES /92% PURE/

LD50 Rat female oral 3 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Rat male oral 6 mg/kg /From table/

LC50 Rat (male) inhalation 175 mg/cu m/1 hr /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for SYSTOX (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

When demeton and parathion were in the same diet at levels necessary for cholinesterase inhibition, the effects were additive.

... ADDITION /OF ARAMITE/ TO DEMETON DELAYS ONSET OF DEMETON RESISTANCE /IN PANONYCHUS CITRI (CITRUS RED MITE)/ TO WHICH THIS SPECIES IS NORMALLY LIABLE.

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway control may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously and consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer atropine. Correct hypoxia before giving atropine ... . Administer pralidoxime chloride (2 PAM). USE UNDER DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDERS ONLY ... . Treat seizures with adequate atropinization and correction of hypoxia. In rare cases diazepam or lorazepam may be necessary ... . Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/

Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access is difficult to obtain. ... Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. ... The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for SYSTOX (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. Contraindications for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to demeton at potentially hazardous levels: A complete history and physical examination. ... Examination of the respiratory system, nervous system, cardiovascular system and attention to the cholinesterase levels in the blood should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorder. The cholinesterase activity in the serum and erythrocytes should be determined by using medically acceptable biochemical tests prior to any new period of exposure. ... The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis, with the exception of the cholinesterase determination which should be performed quarterly or at any time overexposure is suspected or signs or symptoms of toxicity occur.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Eighteen different doses of demeton were evaluated in men who were given oral doses of demeton that began at 0.75 mg per day for 30 days. Doses of 4.5 to 6.375 mg/day (equivalent to about 0.06 to 0.09 mg/kg/day assuming a 70-kg body weight) produced average inhibition of plasma cholinesterase that was indistinguishable from normal variation. Doses of 6.75 mg/day (0.10 mg/kg/day) produced an average temporary inhibition of plasma cholinesterase, and a dose of 7.124 mg/day (0.10 mg/kg/day) produced an average of 40% inhibition by day 25. This dose was also associated with an average 16% inhibition of RBC cholinesterase inhibition. However, one of five test subjects had a marked decrease in plasma and RBC cholinesterase activities of 59% and 29%, respectively, after 24 days when given 4.125 mg/day (equivalent to 0.06 mg/kg/day). No clinical signs were observed or reported at any exposure level.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/Twelve of fourteen agricultural workers exposed to about 1 mg/cu m demeton reportedly had lowered cholinesterase levels (sic) but displayed no clinical evidence of poisoning (sic) ... Air concentrations of up to 6 mg/cu m were reportedly without clinical effect, although they were associated with reduced serum cholinesterase activity.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms of acute demeton poisoning in man are weakness, slight nausea and dizziness, headache, vomiting. The next stage is somnolence, general apathy and visual disorders. Bradycardia, hypotension, dullness of heart sounds, salivation, soreness in the abdominal region and diarrhea have been observed. In cases of light poisoning the symptoms disappear after 5 to 7 days ... More serious cases are characterized by pronounced weakness, pain in the temporal region, vomiting, depression amd somnolence. Subsequent symptoms are twitching of the face and muscles of the extremities, sharp contraction and then dilation of the pupils, sweating. Speech becomes monotonous and respiration shallow.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ After inhalation of demeton, breathing and eye effects are the first to appear. These include tightness of the chest, wheezing, a bluish discoloration of the skin, small pupils, aching in and behind the eyes, blurring of vision, tearing, runny nose, headache, and watering of the mouth. After swallowing demeton, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea may appear within two hours. After skin absorption, sweating and twitching in the area of absorption may occur usually within 15 minutes to four hours.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SYSTOX (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ At a concn of 3 mg/cu m, 17 rats were exposed to demeton for 2 hr /via inhalation/ each day for up to 12 days. No signs of illness resulted during the first day of exposure. During the second day of exposure, tremors became apparent; during the third day, lacrimation was noted and tremors were more severe, and during the fourth day, 10 of the 17 rats died. Death in this poisoning is initiated by bronchiolarconstriction, paralysis of respiratory muscles, and possibly a local cardiotoxic action of demeton.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The dermal LD50s are ... nearly equivalent to its acute oral toxicity. However, formulation impacts the dermal toxicity of demeton. An equal volume of emulsifier changed the LD50 from less than 24 to 620 mg/kg, whereas dilution of the mixture to the strength used for spraying greatly increased the toxicity, so that a lethal dose was about 5 mg/kg.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rats exposed to 3 mg/cu m demeton for only 1 hour/day experienced no signs of intoxication after two days; mild tremors after 4 days; marked tremors, lacrimation, and 5% mortality (1/20) after 6 days; and 37% mortality (7/19) after 12 days.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rabbits were fed demeton sprayed greens for 30-100 days. Ingestion of 1.5 (mg demeton/kg bw/day reduced cholinesterase activity (55% of normal) with 4/6 deaths by 30 days. Ingestion of 2.3 mg/kg bw/day reduced plasma cholinesterase (70% of normal) and 3/6 deaths by 30 days. At 0.15 mg/kg bw/day for 98 days, no fatalities or reduced cholinesterase levels occurred. Symptoms preceding death included respiratory distress, frothing at nose and mouth, marked diarrhea, muscular paralysis, coma and mild asphyxial convulsions. Gastric intubation of 0.4, 0.66, 0.9 or 1.89 mg demeton/kg bw/day in rats for 90 days caused intoxication (hyperexcitability and tremors) at the two higher doses after 21 days. In a 16 week study, female rats were fed demeton 0 ,10, 20 and 50 mg/kg diet. Females at the highest dose were severely poisoned but recovered after three to four weeks despite continued intake. Blood and brain cholinesterase were 7.1 and 8.2% of normal respectively. Rats fed 20 mg/kg diet showed levels of brain and blood cholinesterase 15% of normal but otherwise appeared unaffected. Brain and blood cholinesterase levels were 90% of normal at 1 mg/kg diet (0.05 mg/kg b.w./day) in an 11 week study.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SYSTOX (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Persons with a history of reduced pulmonary function, convulsive disorders, or recent exposure to anticholinesterase agents would be expected to be at increased risk from exposure.

Contraindications for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

LC50 Coturnix japonica 275 ppm in 5-day diets (95% confidence limit 228-327 ppm), age 12 days. /Purity 96%/

LC50 Phasianus colchicus 665 ppm in 5-day diets (95% confidence limit 527-773 ppm), age 10 days. /Purity 96%/

LC50 Anas platyrhynchos 598 ppm in 5-day diets (95% confidence limit 488-733 ppm), age 10 days. /Purity 96%/

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS ORAL 7.19 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 5.19-9.97 MG/KG), 3 MO OLD MALES /99% PURE/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SYSTOX (60 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /from acute oral admin to ducks/: polydipsia, weakness, goose-stepping ataxia, lacrimation, salivation, tremors, tachypnea, dyspnea, prostration, convulsions with miosis and apnea, tetany or opisthotonos. Signs appeared as soon as 6 min after treatment and mortalities usually occurred in 1 to 3 hr.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The calculated percutaneous LD50 for 10-mo-old mallard drakes ... after 24 hr dermal foot exposure is 24.0 (confidence limit 6.00 to 96.0) mg/kg. Signs observed after percutaneous treatment included ... running and falling, hyporeactivity, myasthenia, slowness, ataxia, asthenia, and sitting. Signs appeared as soon as 1 hr and mortalities usually occurred from 5 to 20.5 hr after initiation of treatment; however, 1 mortality occurred between 6 and 7 days after treatment. Mild dermal irritation occurred after percutaneous exposure to demeton. Dead mallards exhibited penile extrusion.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Ducklings hatched from eggs innoculated with demeton at the rate of 0.01 mg/egg on day 13 of incubation had partial to complete loss of voluntary control of one or both hind legs. Some were excitable and ataxic. The difficulties gradually disappeared about 1 week after hatching, but the growth of treated ducklings remained retarded. Histological examination of the skeletal muscles revealed areas of degenerative change and other areas of marked regenerative activity.

2.50e+00

3.30e+01

4.20e-01

2.00e+02

Volatile

7.60e+00

9.80e+01

1.30e+00

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds, bees and mammals. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Systox is an insecticide composed of two organophosphate isomers, demeton-S (also called isosystox) and demeton-O. Systox's former production and use as an insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.4X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates systox will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase systox will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 to 5 hours. Particulate-phase systox will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Systox has weak absorption bands greater than 290 nm, suggesting that photolysis in the atmosphere is possible. If released to soil, systox is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 70 and 387 measured in an unspecified soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Systox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces given its vapor pressure. Demeton-S (isosystox) was photolyzed 69, 74, and 24% when incorporated into 3 different soils and irradiated in natural sunlight for 8 days, suggesting direct or indirect photolysis may be an important fate process for systox on soil surfaces. If released into water, systox is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon the estimated Henry's Law constant. At 30 °C, the hydrolysis half-life of systox was 4.2 and 8.5 hours at pH 9 and 8, respectively. However, the hydrolysis half-life for isosystox increased to 347 days at pH 5.7 and 15 °C. An estimated BCF of 16 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Since systox is no longer registered for use in the United States, occupational exposure and exposure to the general population is expected to be low or non-existent. (SRC)

Systox's former production and use as an insecticide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 70 measured in soil for demeton-S(isosystox)and a Koc value of 387 measured in soil for demeton-O(2), indicates that systox is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of systox from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole (SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3.4X10-4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 666 mg/L(4). Volatilization from dry soil is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure(3). Demeton-S (isosystox) was photolyzed 69, 74, and 24% when incorporated into 3 different soils and irradiated in natural sunlight for 8 days(5), suggesting direct or indirect photolysis may be an important fate process for systox on soil surfaces(SRC). The half-life of demeton-S-methyl in soil was reported as 26 days(6), suggesting that systox will also biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 70 measured in soil for demeton-S(isosytox)and a Koc value of 387 measured in soil for demeton-O(2), indicates that systox is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole (SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3.4X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 666 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 16(SRC), from its water solubility(5) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of systox at pH 9 and 8 at 30 °C was 4.2 and 8.5 hours, respectively(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), systox, which has a vapor pressure of 3.4X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phase. Vapor-phase systox is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals. The half-life for this reaction in air is estimated as 3 to 5 hours from its rate constant of 8X10-11 cm/molec-sec (isosytox) and 1.33X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec (demeton-O)(SRC), derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase systox may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Demeton-S (isosystox) was photodegraded when applied to soil surfaces and exposed to natural sunlight(4), suggesting photolysis of systox in the atmosphere is possible(SRC).

AEROBIC: The half-life of demeton-S-methyl in soil was reported as 26 days(1), suggesting that systox will also biodegrade(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of demeton-S (isosystox)and demeton-O with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 8X10-11 and 1.33X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec, respectively(SRC), using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 5 hours (demeton-S) and 3 hours (demeton-O) at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-life of demeton-S (isosystox) was reported as 53 days at pH 5.7 and 27 °C, with 1,2-bis(ethylthio)ethane identified as its major hydrolysis byproduct(2). The half-life increased to 347 days at 15 °C(2). Demeton-S (isosystox) was photolyzed 69, 74, and 24% when incorporated into 3 different soils and irradiated in natural sunlight for 8 days(3), suggesting direct or indirect photolysis may be an important fate process for systox(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of systox at pH 9 and 8 at 30 °C was 4.2 and 8.5 hours, respectively(4).

An estimated BCF of 16 was calculated in fish for systox(SRC), using a water solubility of 666 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc value for demeton-S (isosystox) and demeton-O, were reported as 70 and 387, respectively, in an unspecified soil(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggests that systox is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for systox is estimated as 1.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3.4X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 666 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that isosystox is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(3). Isosystox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

Systox was identified, not quantified, in unspecified food items during the FDA monitoring program in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002(1).

Since systox (demeton) is no longer registered for use in the United States, occupational exposure and exposure to the general population is expected to be low or non-existent. (SRC)

During aerial spraying of wheat & cotton, the concn of demeton in the air breathed by agricultural workers approached 1 mg/cu m.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material & disposing in secured sanitary landfill.

The thiono- and thiolo-isomers of this mixture are 50% hydrolyzed in 75 min and 0.85 min respectively at 20 °C and pH 13. At pH 9 and 70 °C, the half-life of demeton is 1.25 hr, but at pH 1-5 it is over 11 hr. ...Recommendable methods: Hydrolysis... . Not recommendable method: Evaporation. Peer-review: Extremely toxic. Handle with great care - full protective clothing including skin protection. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

IMO 6.1; Organophosphorous pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid,toxic,flammable, flashpoint not less than23 °C; Organophosphorous pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides,liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for SYSTOX (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 216 74; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 75; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 105 44; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 105 45; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 216 76; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 77; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, other than liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 27/28-50; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I