Quintozene

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 86 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

This chemical is a combustible solid. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Poisonous gases are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

This pesticide is toxic to birds and mammals. Treated seed and granules on soil surface may be hazardous to terrestrial wildlife. Cover or collect any such materials spilled during loading.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Dampen spilled material with alcohol to avoid dust, then transfer material to a suitable container. Use absorbent dampened with alcohol to pick up remaining material. Wash surfaces well with soap and water. Seal all wasters in vapor-tight plastic for eventual disposal. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U185, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U185, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment wash waters or rinsate.

It has been observed that the product decomposes readily when burned with polyethylene. The cmpd is very stable in soil as would be expected on the basis of the polychlorinated aromatic structure. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Open burning, use as boiler fuel. Peer-review: Ensure adequate fuel supply. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them.

When handlers use closed systems or enclosed cabs in a manner that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides (40 CFR 170.240(d)(4,5), the handler PPE requirements may be reduced or modified as specified in the WPS.

Water-soluble packets when used correctly qualify as a closed mixing/loading system under the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides [40 CFR 170.240(d)(4)]. Mixers and loaders using water-soluble packets must : -- wear the personal protective equipment required in the PPE section of this labeling for mixers and loaders, and -- be provided and must have immediately available for use in an emergency, such as a broken package, spill, or equipment breakdown: chemical-resistant footwear, and the type of respirator as specified in the PPE section of this label.

User Safety Recommendations. "Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet. "Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. "Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials and bases. (NTP, 1992)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Store in a refrigerator or cool, dry place away from strong bases. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.1045.

Store in cool dry place.

1.5 [mg/m3]

36 [mg/m3]

220 [mg/m3]

0.5 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.5 mg/m

EPA assessed the benefits and costs associated with the use of PCNB and alternatives for the major uses of PCNB. ... The Agency has concluded that of the major use sites, only the use of PCNB to combat clubroot on cole crops has substantial benefits. PCNB appears to be the only available chemical treatment that is feasible for effective management of clubroot where the pathogen occurs in soil. ... the Agency additionally has identified only commercial production of flowering bulbs and seed treatments as uses with potentially high benefits from the use of PCNB. ... In Canada, PCNB is a candidate for reevaluation (akin to our reregistration). In 2000, the sole European registrant of PCNB, Uniroyal (now Chemtura), withdrew support for the fungicide following a determination by the European Commission that risk to non-target organisms could not be excluded by evaluation of the current data base.

The /EPA/ has determined that the uses of PCNB on turf, residential ornamentals, green beans, cotton, potatoes, dry beans and peas, garlic, peanuts, tomatoes, peppers, and ornamentals in commercial production (except for flowering bulbs) are not eligible for reregistration and must be deleted from product labels. Products labeled exclusively for one or more of these ineligible uses will not be eligible for reregistration. .../EPA/ has determined that PCNB products, unless labeled solely for use on sites listed as eligible for reregistration and otherwise as specified in /the Reregistration Elgibility Decision/ document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA.

This review report has been established as a result of the re-evaluation of quintozene, made in the context of the work programme for review of existing active substances provided for in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, with a view to the possible inclusion of this substance in Annex I to the Directive. ...Uniroyal Chemicals, the main notifier of the substance, formally withdrew its support for quintozene within the EU Peer Review Programme and, therefore, no engagements are made to produce the necessary supplementary data. Moreover the overall conclusion of this evaluation is that the information available is insufficient to satisfy the requirements set out in Annex II and Annex III Directive 91/414/EEC in particular with regard to the environmental fate and ecotoxicology of the substance and its main metabolite and with regard to certain data gaps concerning mammalian toxicology and residues. Based on the information available and the proposed conditions of use it was concluded that a risk of non-target organisms exposed to quintozene cannot be excluded and that there are concerns on the persistence of the active substance and on the safety of operators and consumers. In conclusion from the assessments made on the basis of the submitted information, no plant protection products containing the active substance concerned is expected to satisfy in general the requirements laid down in Article 5 (1) (a) and (b) of Council Directive 91/414/EEC.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may have effects on the liver. This may result in impaired functions.

A tolerance of 0.1 part per million is established for negligible residues of the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene in or on the raw agricultural commodity cotton, undelinted seed.

Tolerances with regional registration (refer to section 180.1(n)) are established for the combined residues of the fungicides pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and its metabolites pentachloroaniline (PCA) and methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide (MPCPS) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#3524]

While petitions for tolerances for negligible residues are pending and until action is completed on these petitions, interim tolerances are established for residues of the listed pesticide chemicals in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Substance: pentachloronitrobenzene; Uses: fungicide; Tolerence in parts per million: 1.0; Raw agricultural commodity: peanut.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter).

RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: If this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, puncture or hole develops, replace them at once.

Glove Type Model Number Thickness Bkthru Time

PVA Edmont 25-545 0.33 mm 240 min

Viton North F-091 0.24 mm 240 min

Unknown North Silvershield 0.10 mm 240 min (NTP, 1992)

End Use Products. PPE Requirements Established ... for Liquid, Dry Flowable, or Water Dispersible Granule formulations (excludes products labeled for seed treatment use). Mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirts and long pants, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant gloves, except for applicators using groundboom equipment, and chemical-resistant apron when involved in bulb soak applications. In addition, all 1) mixers and loaders, 2) applicators making applications to cole crops, 3) applicators performing bulb soak applications, and 4) applicators making applications in greenhouses must wear a NIOSH-approved respirator equipped with: -- a dust/mist filter with MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C or -- any N, R, P, or HE filter. /Do not use /the "N" type prefilter ... if the pesticide product contains, or is used with, oil.

End-Use Products. PPE Requirements Established ... for Wettable Powder formulations (excludes products labeled for seed treatment use). Wettable powder formulations must be packaged in water soluble packets. Mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirts and long pants, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant gloves except for applicators using groundboom equipment, chemical-resistant apron for all mixers and loaders and for all applicators involved in bulb soak applications. In addition, all 1) applicators making applications to cole crops, 2) applicators performing bulb soak applications, and 3) applicators making applications in greenhouses must wear a NIOSH-approved respirator with: -- a dust/mist filter with MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C or -- any N, R, P, or HE filter. .../Do not use/the "N" type prefilter ... if the pesticide product contains, or is used with, oil.

End-Use Products. PPE Requirements Established ...for Granular Formulations. Loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirts and long pants, shoes plus socks, In addition, all 1) loaders, 2) applicators making applications to cole crops, and 3) applicators making applications in greenhouses must wear a NIOSH-approved respirator equipped with: -- a dust/mist filter with MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C or -- any N, R, P, or HE filter. ... /Do not use/ the "N" type prefilter ... if the pesticide product contains, or is used with, oil.

End Use Products. PPE Requirements Established ... for Dust formulations labeled to treat seeds. All loaders, applicators, handlers involved in clean-up of the seed treatment area, and handlers calibrating, maintaining, repairing, or cleaning seed treatment equipment must wear: long-sleeved shirts and long pants, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant gloves, chemical-resistant apron when loading, or cleaning spills or equipment, a NIOSH-approved half-face, full-face or hood-style respirator with -- a dust/mist filtering cartridge (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C), or -- a canister approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-14G), or -- a cartridge or canister with any N*, R or P or He filter. A quarter-face cup-style dust/mist filtering respirator is not permitted. Persons drying or bagging treated seed, sewing or stacking bags containing treated seed, or operating a forklift within the seed treatment area are handlers and must wear: long-sleeved shirts and long pants, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant gloves, except when sewing bags of treated seed, a NIOSH-approved respirator with: -- a dust/mist filter with MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C or -- any N, R, P, or HE filter. A NIOSH-approved quarter-face cup-style dust/mist filtering respirator is one type of respirator which is permitted. ... /Do not use/ the "N" type prefilter ... if the pesticide product contains, or is used with, oil.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!

Avoid inhalation of dust.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Quintozene appears as crystalline pale yellow to white solid or powder with a musty moth ball odor. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Hence sinks in water.

Pale yellow crystals with a musty odor; [HSDB] Solid; Colorless when pure, the technical product is pale yellow; [ICSC] Colorless needles; [Aldrich MSDS]

PURE: COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TECHNICAL: PALE YELLOW CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Crystalline pale yellow to white solid or powder with a musty moth ball odor.

Pale yellow crystals

Colorless needles

Fine needles from alcohol, platelets from carbon disulfide

Cream crystals

Musty odor

622 °F at 760 mmHg (with some decomposition) (NTP, 1992)

328 °C at 760 mm Hg with some decomposition

295 °F (NTP, 1992)

Pale yellow crystals. 99% pure. MP: 142-145 °C /Technical grade/

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Practically insol in cold alc

Slightly soluble in alcohols; somewhat soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, chloroform

Solubility in various solvents. [Table#3529]

In water, 0.44 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.00004

1.718 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.718 at 25 °C/4 °C

1.7 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.00

1.718 @25 °C

10.2 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 10.2

0.013 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00005 [mmHg]

5X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.007

0.013 mmHg

log Kow = 4.22

STABLE IN SUNLIGHT

NON-CORROSIVE

139.56 Ų [M]+ [CCS Type: TW; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: GC-APCI+]

146.24 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: GC-APCI+]

MP OF TECHNICAL PRODUCT: 142-145 °C

Conversion factors: 1 mg/cu m = 0.08 ppm; 1 ppm = 12.3 mg/cu m

Stable to heat. Stable in acidic media, but hydrolyzed by alkalis. Some surface coloring after 10 hr exposure to sunlight.

Colorless to pale yellow to cream-colored crystalline solid of fine needles /Technical/

Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Aryl Halides

QUINTOZENE is hydrolyzed by alkalis. Is incompatible with strong oxidizing agnets. Also incompatible with strong bases. Corrosive to unlined metal containers (NTP, 1992).

Alkalies

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)

3 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: no data; 2) evidence in animals: limited. Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. /From table/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Quintozene (Pentachloronitrobenzene)

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 5: (1974) Some Organochlorine Pesticides

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Pentachloro-Nitrobenzene

TR-325: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pentachloronitrobenzene (CASRN 82-68-8) in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) (1987 )

03/26/86

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

No Evidence

The National Cancer Institute had conducted 2-year (diet) studies in B6C3F1 mice and Osborne-Mendel rats (See TR-61 reported in 1978). Survival among male mice was low, not all livers were examined from dosed female mice, and the size of the control group was considered to be small. For these reasons, the NCI decided to conduct additional 13-week and 2-year studies in B6C3F1 mice. Under the conditions of the NCI studies, pentachloronitrobenzene was not carcinogenic in either Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice.

Pentachloro-nitrobenzene

TR-061: Bioassay of Pentachloronitrobenzene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 82-68-8) (1978 )

01/18/78

It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay PCNB was not carcinogenic in either Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

PCNB, Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintozene)

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 1,400 mg/m3

LD50 Rat oral greater than 12000 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1700 mg/kg /Technical grade/

LD50 Rabbit oral 800 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 265-717 mg/kg/day

LC50 Rat dermal >5000 mg/kg

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and HgCl2, PCNB and CdCl2, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and HgCl2 were investigated for their acute oral toxicity in rats, individually and as combinations in various ratios of the organochlorine pesticides to the heavy metal chlorides. The toxicity of mixtures of low dosages of the pairs tested was higher than the sum of the toxicities produced by the individual doses. At increased dosages of the components in the combinations PCNB-HgCl2 and PCNB-CdCl2, the combined lethality tended towards the sums of the effects of the individual doses.

Acute administration of PCNB enhances susceptibility of rats to poisoning by carbon tetrachloride.

Gastrointestinal decontamination. If a large amount of the fungicide has been ingested in the last few hours, and if copious vomiting has not already occurred, it may be reasonable to consider GI decontamination. Activated charcoal can be used along with the addition of the cathartic sorbitol to the charcoal slurry. If sorbitol is given separately, it should be diluted with an equal volume of water before administration. No more than one dose of sorbitol is recommended and it should be used with caution in children and the elderly. If contact with the toxicant has been minimal (for example, oral contamination only, promptly flushed out of the mouth), administration of charcoal without a cathartic, followed by careful observation of the patient, probably represents optimal management. /Substituted benzenes/

Skin decontamination. Dermal contamination should be washed off with soap and water. Flush contamination from the eyes with copious amounts of water. If irritation persists, specialized medical care should be obtained. /Substituted benzenes/

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard ducks) female 3 months old oral >2000 mg/kg /Sample purity, 99%/

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasants) female 3 months old oral >2000 mg/kg /Sample purity, 99%/

LC50 Cyprinus carpio (carp) >10 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined//

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 10-15 days) diet >5000 ppm/8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /in mallard ducks or ring-necked pheasants given oral LD50 doses were/ ataxia, tenseness, jerkiness, jitteriness, hyperexcitability, slow and disoriented reactions, goose-stepping, ataxia, and sitting. After treatment, signs appeared as soon as 1 hr in mallards and 3 days in pheasants. Remission took up to 15 days in mallards and 7 days in pheasants.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ At its maximum solubility (1.2 mg/L water), there were no fatalities amongst golden orfe and rainbow trout over a period of 96 hours.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Shortly (3-6 hr) after exposure to either the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene the pool of reduced glutathione in Fusarium oxysporum ... and Rhizoctonia solani is drastically depleted, followed by a gradual increase in glutathione levels. A similar pattern regarding the effect of the above compounds on glutathione-S-transferase specific activity was observed in both fungi. There are no significant differences in either glutathione levels or glutathione-s-transferase specific activities in Fusarium oxysprum and Rhizoctonia solani, tolerant and sensitive to pentachloronitrobenzene, respectively.

2.70e+00

1.30e+01

1.20e-01

2.00e+02

1.50e-03

2.60e-01

3.00e-03

Volatile

2.70e+02

1.30e+03

1.20e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Pentachloronitrobenzene's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates pentachloronitrobenzene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase pentachloronitrobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 years. Particulate-phase pentachloronitrobenzene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Pentachloronitrobenzene does contain chromophores that absorb at wavelngths greater than 290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to be immobile based upon a Koc of 20,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. An average soil half-life of 468 days suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Results of river: sediment biodegradation studies on pentachloronitrobenzene reveal first-order rate constants that are not that much different than those in sterile water, first order biodegradation rate constant of 0.00456-0.00481/hr vs 0.00380 for a sterile sediment:water system, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 39 hours and 17 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 44 months if adsorption is considered. A BCF range of of 238 to 1,140 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Aqueous photolysis half-lives of 2.5 days and 26.8 hours at pH 5 have been reported. Occupational exposure to pentachloronitrobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pentachloronitrobenzene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to pentachloronitrobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

Pentachloronitrobenzene's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide(1) and in turf application(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pentachloronitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.44 mg/L(5). Pentachloronitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Soil half-lives ranging from 213 to 699 days(6) suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 20,000(2), indicates that pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.44 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 39 hours and 17 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 44 months if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCF values ranging from 238(8) to 1,140(9) suggesting the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). Aqueous photolysis half-lives of 2.5 days and 26.8 hours at pH 5 have been reported(10). Results of river: sediment biodegradation studies on pentachloronitrobenzene reveal first-order rate constants that are not that much different than those in sterile water, first order biodegradation rate constant of 0.00456-0.00481/hr vs 0.00380 for a sterile sediment:water system(11), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pentachloronitrobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pentachloronitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.2X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase pentachloronitrobenzene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Pentachloronitrobenzene does contain chromophores that absorb at wavelngths greater than 290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC/SLUDGE: After 5 days incubation with activated sludge as the seed and at an initial concentration of 50 ug/L, 7.0% of the pentachloronitrobenzene was mineralized to CO2(1). In an aerobic screening test using an activated sludge inoculum, a half-life of 4.3 days was measured for pentachloronitrobenzene at 100 ug/L(2). Less than 0.1% of the initial pentachloronitrobenzene in a 5 day aqueous screening test was biodegraded by an activated sludge inoculum(3).

AEROBIC/SOIL: A laboratory half-life ranging from 213-699 days with an average of 468 days was reported for pentachloronitrobenzene incubated in soil at two application rates, (10 and 60 kg/ha)(1). In field studies, where 22 different soils had been receiving pentachloronitrobenzene for 2-10 years, half-lives of 117-1,059 days were reported with an average half-life of 434 days(2). Reaction products of biodegradation included pentachloroaniline and pentachlorothioanisole(2). Pentachlorothioanisole is more abundant in moist soil (>5%) than under flooded (<5%) conditions(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene at 100 ppm in a fine sandy loam, a clay soil, and a peat muck showed about 20% biodegradation over 2 months for all soils(3). In flooded soils after 1 month of incubation, 27, 67, and 93% of the applied pentachloronitrobenzene was lost from Columbia fine sandy loam, Sacramento clay, and Staten peaty muck, respectively; sterile controls had a much lower rate of degradation(4). Aerobic degradation of pentachloronitrobenzene in a loose, moist plow layer of soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5 was reported to require from 18 weeks to 3 years to reach 90% degradation(4).

AEROBIC/SOIL: Radiolabeled pentachloronitrobenzene at 5 ppm in Matapeake silt loam was biodegraded in 60 days to 10.3% pentachloroaniline, 8.2% pentachlorothioanisole, and 14.3% to a compound of unknown origin (67.2% remained as pentachloronitrobenzene)(1). In soil treated with pentachloronitrobenzene and incubated at 30 °C, 40-58% of the pentachloronitrobenzene was degraded in 18 weeks; however, no mineralization occurred(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene residues decreased from 14.6 to 2.20 ppm in 6 months in a lettuce-growing area in Germany(3). In a study conducted in Japan, 2 kg pentachloronitrobenzene/ha was applied and mixed into the top 10 cm of soil (lithosole and gray lowland soil). After 1 month, 5% of the pentachloronitrobenzene had degraded in the top 5 cm; after 8.4 months, 100% had degraded(4). Soil samples from greenhouses in which pentachloronitrobenzene had been regularly used contained pentachloronitrobenzene, pentachloroaniline, pentachlorothioanisole, tetrachloronitrobenzene, tetrachloroaniline, tetrachlorothioanisole, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene (unspecified concns)(5).

AEROBIC/WATER: In a sediment:water system collected from the Davis Bayou, MS, a first order biodegradation rate constant of 0.00456-0.00481/hr was measured for pentachloronitrobenzene (half-life of 6-7 days); a rate constant of 0.00380 was measured for a sterile sediment:water system(1). In estuarine water alone, a first order biodegradation rate constant of 0.00554-0.00633/hr was measured for pentachloronitrobenzene (half-life of 5-6 days), with a rate constant of 0.00445/hr measured for a sterile water control(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was biodegraded in river water polluted with this compound; biodegradation ranged from 20 to 90% over 7 days(2). Pentachloroaniline and pentachloroanisole were reported as metabolites(2).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pentachloronitrobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.2X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A neutral hydrolysis rate constant of 2.8X10-5/hr was measured for pentachloronitrobenzene at 25 °C; a half-life of 2.8 years at pH 7 and 25 °C was calculated from this value(2). Sunlight had no pronounced effect on pentachloronitrobenzene upon exposure for progressively longer periods of time in solution, on thin layer plates, or on soil(3). Pentachloronitrobenzene dissolved in hexane or methanol did not degrade after 7 days of exposure to July sunlight in Davis, CA(4). Aqueous photolysis half-lives of 2.5 days and 26.8 hours at pH 5 have been reported; it is stable to soil photolysis(5). After 17 hours exposure to 290 nm light, 43.0% of the pentachloronitrobenzene on silica gel (40 ng pentachloronitrobenzene/g silica gel) was photomineralized to CO2(6).

Measured bioconcentration factors for pentachloronitrobenzene in fish are 238 (topmouth gudgeon, 14 day continuous flow test, compound present at 5-20 ppb)(1), 1,140 (golden orfe, 3 day static test)(2) and 114-261 (rainbow trout; compound concentration of 690 ng/L; flow-through test duration of 5-36 days)(3). BCF values for pentachloronitrobenzene in golden orfe were 430, 950, and 1,130; however, the toxicity limit was exceeded for the first two BCF values and only 70% of the initial radioactivity was recovered from the fish and water for the latter BCF, indicating that some of the pentachloronitrobenzene was lost(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Other BCF values for pentachloronitrobenzene were 14,000 and 22,000 (algae)(4), 4,508 (Chlorella fusca)(6) and 4,500 (activated sludge)(4).

A Koc of 21,877 was measured according to OECD TG 106 protocol using a Podsol and an Alfisol(1). A Koc of 19,000 has also been reported, test conditions not specified(2) According to a recommended classification scheme(3), these Koc values indicate that pentachloronitrobenzene will be immobile in soil, particularly those soils containing high concentrations of organic matter(SRC). Analyses of soil samples collected at the groundwater level from cultivated land treated frequently with pentachloronitrobenzene confirmed that this compound is not transported below a depth greater than plow layer(4). Evaporation and movement of pentachloronitrobenzene is strongly inhibited by higher organic matter content of soil(4).

In a small experimental pond in southern Germany, pentachloronitrobenzene did not leach significantly into the surrounding soil or through the pond sediments(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene conc. in the 0-5 cm sediment layer was 323 ppm and 29 ppm at 30 and 145 weeks, respectively, after pentachloronitrobenzene was added to the ponds(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was not detected in the 15-20 cm sediment layer until 145 weeks after application, at which time pentachloronitrobenzene conc. was 3 ppm. During the 145 week experiment, no pentachloronitrobenzene was detected (detection limit of 0.002 mg/kg) in the 20-25 cm sediment layer(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene did not move (avg Rf value = 0.00) in a soil thin-layer chromatography experiment using Hagerstown silty clay loam (2.50% organic matter, 39.5% clay, pH 6.8)(2). In a soil extraction experiment, about 75% of pentachloronitrobenzene was retained in natural soil after 3 extractions (2 days each) with excess water(3). Pentachloronitrobenzene, present in raw wastewater at a mean concentration of 60 ng/L, was detected in primary sedimentation effluent, secondary sedimentation effluent, primary sludge, activated sludge and final sludge samples at concentrations of 35, 14, 30, 30 and 20 ng/g, respectively, in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Thessaloniki, Greece(4).

The Henry's Law constant for pentachloronitrobenzene is estimated as 4.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.44 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 39 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 17 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 44 months if adsorption is considered(4). Pentachloronitrobenzene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Pentachloronitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUND WATER: Pentachloronitrobenzene was found in California well water at an unspecified concn(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was not detected in well water samples collected from eighteen wells in 3 counties in California from July 1994-1995(2) or in 34 wells from rural Ontario, Canada from 1979-1984 (detection limit= 0.001 ug/l)(3). One of 4 spill sites in rural Ontario, Canada contained unreported concentrations of pentachloronitrobenzene in well water sample(3). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in groundwater in California at a maximum concentration of 0.3 ug/l(4). Groundwater samples from Wisconsin contained pentachloronitrobenzene at unreported concentrations and frequencies(5). Groundwater in Idaho contained pentachloronitrobenzene from point source locations at a median concentration of 0.02 ppb and a maximum concentration of 0.22 ppb(6). 3 of 68 well samples in Missouri, collected from 1982-1990, contained pentachloronitrobenzene at concentrations ranging from 0.008-0.275 ug/l(7). Well samples from CA (459 wells, sampled 1984-88), ME (71 wells, sampled 1986-87), MN (649 wells, sampled 1985-90), MS (263 wells, sampled 1982-1990), OR (10 wells, 1985-87), and TX (188 wells, sampled 1987-88) did not contain measurable levels of pentachloronitrobenzene according to the Pesticides in Ground Water Database(7).

DRINKING WATER: Pentachloronitrobenzene was found in Cincinnati drinking water at an unspecified concn.(1).

SURFACE WATER: Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in river water passing through an intensively farmed area in Tsumagoi, Japan(1).

SURFACE WATER: Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected, not quantified in surface water samples from golf courses from throughout the US, sampled in 1996(1). Samples from the River Elbe, collected near Hamburg, Germany in 1992/1993 tested positive for pentachloronitrobenzene, at concentrations of (ng/L) 2.3 minimum, 5.9 maximum, 1992(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene concentrations from four sites along the Shinano River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, sampled from April 1996 through August 1996, ranged from 24 to 35, 22 to 26, 20, and 14-24 ng/L(3).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Pentachloronitrobenzne levels in rain water over the Axios River Basin, Greece were (ug/L) min - 0.002, max - 2.8, mean 0.72; the chemical occurred in 28% of a total of 205 rain events sampled in 1997-1998(1).

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U185, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U185, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment wash waters or rinsate.

It has been observed that the product decomposes readily when burned with polyethylene. The cmpd is very stable in soil as would be expected on the basis of the polychlorinated aromatic structure. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Open burning, use as boiler fuel. Peer-review: Ensure adequate fuel supply. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Label: "Class 9." DOT Hazard Class: 9. Packing Group: III.

Symbol: Xi, N; R: 43-50/53; S: (2)-13-24-37-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III