pindone

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P273, P301+P316, P319, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 67 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P319, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires involving this compound should be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL. 2. FOR SMALL QUANTITES, SWEEP ONTO PAPER OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL, PLACE IN APPROPRIATE CONTAINER & BURN IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). 2. LARGE QUANTITIES MAY BE RECLAIMED; HOWEVER, IF THIS IS NOT PRACTICAL, DISSOLVE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALC) & ATOMIZE IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. BY MAKING PACKAGES OF PIVAL IN PAPER OR OTHER FLAMMABLE MATERIAL & BURNING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. 2. BY DISSOLVING PIVAL IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Incineration: Dissolve it in a flammable solvent and spray into the fire chamber.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

IN EMERGENCIES DURING MFR OR USE WHEN THERE MAY BE DANGER OF HEAVY EXPOSURE, SUITABLE RESP PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE WORN TO PREVENT DUST FROM ENTERING MOUTH. PERSONAL HYGIENE ... PRACTICED TO ENSURE THAT FOOD EATEN BY PEOPLE ... DOES NOT BECOME CONTAMINATED. /COUMARIN & INDANDIONE DERIV/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs.

0.1 mg/m³

TWA 0.1 mg/m3

0.1 [mg/m3]

100 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for pindone. Therefore, the revised IDLH for pindone is 100 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Gosselin et al. 1984] and animals [Gaines 1960; Klimmer 1971; Perkow 1971/1976] and an analogy to warfarin [ACGIH 1971] which has a revised IDLH of 100 mg/m3.

100 mg/cu m

100 mg/m³

100 mg/m3

See: 83261

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.1 mg/m

0.1 mg/m³ [1992]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in haemorrhage. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Pindone:

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 0.5 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 5) Any dust and mist respirator.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 1 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 10) Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators/(Assigned protection factor = 10) Any supplied-air respirator.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 2.5 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode/(Assigned protection factor = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 5 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PINDONE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 0.5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 5) Any quarter-mask respirator.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Up to 1 mg/m3 :

(APF = 10) Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter (including N95, R95, and P95 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

Up to 2.5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode

(APF = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter.

Up to 5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters. 

Pindone appears as yellow solid or powder. (NTP, 1992)

Bright-yellow powder with almost no odor. [rodenticide]; [NIOSH]

YELLOW CRYSTALS.

Bright-yellow powder with almost no odor.

Bright-yellow powder with almost no odor. [rodenticide]

Yellow crystals

Bright yellow crystals from ethanol

Bright yellow powder

Yellow-brown cystalline solid

Almost no odor.

TASTELESS

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

180 °C @ 1 MM HG

decomposes

Decomposes

227.3 to 230.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

108.5-110.5 °C

108-110 °C

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, ACETONE, AQ ALKALI SOLN

Readily soluble in aq alkali or ammonia to give bright yellow salts

Soluble in most organic solvents

In water, 18 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water at 25 °C: none

(77 °F): 0.002%

1.06 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

1.06 g/cm³

Very low (NIOSH, 2024)

1 mm Hg @ 180 °C

Vapor pressure at 25 °C: negligible

Very low

Very stable. ...Compatible with other rodenticides.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Bright yellow crystals; sol in water; mp: 205-210 °C /Sodium salt/

Fusion temperature

Melting temperature

Phase transition

Transition enthalpy

Pesticides -> Rodenticides, Anticoagulant

Insoluble in water.

Ketones, such as PINDONE, are reactive with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). The amount of heat may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion of the ketone. Ketones react with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. Ketones are incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides. They react violently with aldehydes, HNO3, HNO3 + H2O2, and HClO4.

None reported

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion

Spontaneous bleeding from various sites.

epistaxis (nosebleed), excess bleeding from minor cuts, bruises; smoky urine, black tarry stools; abdominal, back pain

Blood prothrombin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

LD50 Rat oral 10.3 mg/kg

LD50 Dog oral is 75 mg/kg

LD50 Rat (Norway, Sprague-Dawley; male) oral 1.21 mg/kg bw/day/5 days (95% confidence limit 0.70-2.11) /from table/

LD50 Rat (Norway, Sprague-Dawley; female) oral 1.60 mg/kg bw/day/5 days (95% confidence limit 0.83-3.08) /from table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PINDONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

FACTORS THAT MAY ENHANCE TOXICITY OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES INCL...PRESENCE OF DRUGS (PHENYLBUTAZONE, OXYPHENBUTAZONE, DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN, SALICYLATES) THAT DISPLACE ANTICOAGULANT FROM PLASMA ALBUMIN...ADMIN OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH), STEROIDS, OR THYROXIN, WHICH MAY INCR RECEPTOR SITE AFFINITY FOR ANTICOAGULANT... /ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES/

IS SYNERGISTIC WITH ALLETHRIN & PYRETHRIN.

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/

The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/

Hypoprothrombinemia may be treated with vitamin K1 or parenteral injections of aquamephyton or similar products 20-40 mg, repeatable every four hours until the prothrombin time returns to normal.

Vitamin K1. ... For suicidal ingestions with large amounts taken, if there is uncertainty about the amount of bait ingested or the general health of the patient, phytonadione (vitamin K1) given orally protects against the anticoagulant effect of these rodenticides, with essentially no risk to the patient. In accidental ingestions with healthy children involving only a taste or single swallow, no medical treatment is required, but children should be observed for bleeding and bruising. If a larger amount may have been ingested, prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored at 24 and 48 hours, with phytonadione therapy initiated for elevated PT or clinical signs of bleeding. CAUTION: Phytonadione, specificaly, is required. Neither vitamin K3 (menadione, Hykinone) nor vitamin K4 (menadiol) is an antidote for these anticoagulants. /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Gastrointestinal decontamination. If large amounts of anticoagulant have been ingested within several hours prior to treatment, consider gastric decontamination procedures ... . /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Determine prothrombin time. If anticoagulant has been ingested any time in the preceding 15 days, determination of the prothrombin time (PT) provides a basis for judging the severity of poisoning. Patients who ingest large amounts, particularly of the superwarfarin compounds, will likely have a very prolonged period of decreased prothrombin activity. Patients may need to be treated for as long as 3 or 4 months. If the PT is significantly lengthened, give Aquamephyton intramuscularly. ... /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Caution: Adverse reactions, some fatal, have occurred from intravenous phytonadione injections, even when recommended dosage limits and injection rates were observed. For this reason, the intravenous route should be used only in cases of severe poisoning. Flushing, dizziness, hypotension, dyspnea, and cyanosis have characterized adverse reactions. Antidotal therapy in cases of severe bleeding should be supplemented with transfusion of fresh blood or plasma. Use of fresh blood or plasma represents the most rapidly effective method of stopping hemorrhage due to these anticoagulants, but the effect may not endure. Therefore, the transfusions should be given along with phytonadione therapy. Determine prothrombin time (PT) and hemoglobin concentrations every 6-12 hours to assess effectiveness of antihemorrhagic measures. When normal blood coagulation is restored, it may be advisable to drain large hemotomata. Ferrous sulfate therapy may be appropriate in the recuperative period to rebuild lost erythrocyte mass. /Coumarins and Indandiones/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute clinical effects depend on the site of hemorrhage & include hemoptysis, hematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal or back pain (retroperitoneal hemorrhage), hemarthrosis, epistaxis, cerebrovascular accidents, & multiple ecchymotic lesions. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The usual mode of death is gastrointestinal hemorrhage. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Indandione deriv/ ... can produce hemorrhagic accidents if they are absorbed in large or repeated quantities, or by persons with natural or acquired sensitivity. /indandione deriv/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ If accidental ingestion occurs, the symptoms and signs are anticipated to be similar to those caused by warfarin, which may include hematuria, spontaneous hematomas on the arms and legs, epistaxis, bleeding from the lips, punctate hemorrhages from mucous membranes, abdominal and back pain, vomiting, blood in the feces, petechial rash, and abnormal blood findings, such as increased prothrombin time and blood plasma, blood in urine and feces, and hypochromic and microcytic anemia.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PINDONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Single intraperitoneal injections in rats demonstrated pindone to be more toxic than warfarin, but it is less toxic than warfarin after multiple daily doses.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Pival is a vitamin K antagonist, inhibiting prothrombin formation, resulting in hemorrhages. In rats, ingestion of a single large dose causes death due to multiple internal hemorrhages.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ When tested in rats (single intraperitoneal injections), pindone proved to be more toxic than warfarin, but it is apparently less potent than warfarin by multiple daily doses.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The critical rodenticidal dosage of pindone ... for house mice is 4.3 mg/kg.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PINDONE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Persons with bleeding disorders or who are taking anticoagulants should be protected from exposure.

LC50 Mallard duck oral 250 mg/kg/8 days

LC50 Bobwhite quail oral 1,560 mg/kg/8 days

LC50 Bluegill sunfish 1.6 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Rainbow trout 0.21 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The sensitivity of a number of avian species to the rabbit poison pindone was investigated using increase of prothrombin time (PT) as an index of poisoning. Daily dose levels of pindone were 0.25 mg kg-1 for eagles, 4.0 mg kg-1 for magpies and 5.0 mg kg-1 for pigeons, parrots and ducks. Considerable species variation in response was observed, and within each species there was considerable individual variation in response to pindone. The PTs of magpies and ducks increased to approximately twice baseline levels. Significant elevations (4- to 7-fold) occurred in parrots, pigeons and eagles. Clinical symptoms were observed in only one species, the wedge-tailed eagle. Results of our dosing trials indicate that all species tested are theoretically at risk of pindone poisoning, although the risk to some species is minimized by factors such as population size, food availability and bait placement.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... It is important to note that rodenticides and other vertebrate pesticides, such as ... pindone, are widely used in Australia to control introduced mammalian pests. Unintentional exposure of native marsupial fauna to these compounds may result in detrimental effects and pose a threat to some species and populations. ...Possum /are/ less susceptible than eutherians /to/ pindone. /from table/

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds and mammals. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Pindone's former production and use as an insecticide and rodenticide may have resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates pindone will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pindone will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. Particulate-phase pindone will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, pindone is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 900. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, pindone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 120 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since pindone is no longer produced or used. (SRC)

LC50 Mallard duck oral 250 mg/kg/8 days

LC50 Bobwhite quail oral 1,560 mg/kg/8 days

LC50 Bluegill sunfish 1.6 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Rainbow trout 0.21 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The sensitivity of a number of avian species to the rabbit poison pindone was investigated using increase of prothrombin time (PT) as an index of poisoning. Daily dose levels of pindone were 0.25 mg kg-1 for eagles, 4.0 mg kg-1 for magpies and 5.0 mg kg-1 for pigeons, parrots and ducks. Considerable species variation in response was observed, and within each species there was considerable individual variation in response to pindone. The PTs of magpies and ducks increased to approximately twice baseline levels. Significant elevations (4- to 7-fold) occurred in parrots, pigeons and eagles. Clinical symptoms were observed in only one species, the wedge-tailed eagle. Results of our dosing trials indicate that all species tested are theoretically at risk of pindone poisoning, although the risk to some species is minimized by factors such as population size, food availability and bait placement.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... It is important to note that rodenticides and other vertebrate pesticides, such as ... pindone, are widely used in Australia to control introduced mammalian pests. Unintentional exposure of native marsupial fauna to these compounds may result in detrimental effects and pose a threat to some species and populations. ...Possum /are/ less susceptible than eutherians /to/ pindone. /from table/

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds and mammals. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Pindone's former production and use as an insecticide and rodenticide may have resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates pindone will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pindone will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. Particulate-phase pindone will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, pindone is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 900. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, pindone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 120 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since pindone is no longer produced or used. (SRC)

Pindone's former production and use first as an insecticide and rodenticide(1) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). The USEPA has ruled that all uses of pindone and its sodium salts are ineligible for reregistration as the manufacturer did not submit required data to continue this product's registration(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 900(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 18 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pindone is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pindone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Pindone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 900(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 18 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pindone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 120(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pindone, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pindone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase pindone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pindone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1).

An estimated BCF of 120 was calculated for pindone(SRC), using a water solubility of 18 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of pindone is estimated as 900(SRC), using a water solubility of 18 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that pindone is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for Pindone is estimated as 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that pindone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Pindone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6,855 workers (1,432 of these were female) may have been potentially exposed to pindone in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since pindone is no longer produced or used(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. BY MAKING PACKAGES OF PIVAL IN PAPER OR OTHER FLAMMABLE MATERIAL & BURNING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. 2. BY DISSOLVING PIVAL IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Incineration: Dissolve it in a flammable solvent and spray into the fire chamber.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 25-48/25-50/53; S: (1/2)-37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III