acenaphthene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 2.4% (3 of 127) of reports.

H319 (83.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H400 (89.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (90.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 127 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 127 reports by companies.

There are 9 notifications provided by 124 of 127 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P273, P319, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Not Classified

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Foam, dry chemical, and carbon dioxide. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

/During firefighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. ... May be isolated using bentonite lined dam.

IARC describes laboratory decontamination and destruction methods for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in this publication. When dealing with compounds other than those listed, the efficiency of the methods should first be verified. Acenaphthene is not listed, but the methods may be applicable for the decontamination of its residues on glassware and petri dishes, for the clean-up of spills of liquid wastes, and for the clean-up of spills of the pure cmpd in solid state. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

... In surface waters, one-third of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is bound to larger suspended particles, another one-third is bound to finely dispersed particles, and the remaining one-third is present in dissolved form. The particle-bound portion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be removed by sedimentation, flocculation, and filtration processes. The remaining /material/ dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually requires oxidation for partial removal and/or transformation. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration or permanganate oxidation.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential for fire or explosion hazard.

3.6 [mg/m3]

40 [mg/m3]

240 [mg/m3]

NIOSH considers coal tar pitch volatiles to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Acenaphthene appears as white needles. Melting point 93.6 °C. Soluble in hot alcohol. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. May irritate skin and mucous membranes. Emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition. Derived from coal tar and used to make dyes, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, and plastics.

White needles; [CAMEO]

WHITE-TO-BEIGE CRYSTALS.

White needles

Orthorhombic bipyramidal needles from alcohol

534 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

277.5 °C

277.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

203 °F (NTP, 1992)

125.0 °C (257.0 °F) - closed cup

135 °C o.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 3.90 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 3.57-3.93 mg/L at 22.2 to 25.04 °C (range of 7 values)

1 gram dissolves in 31 mL alcohol, 56 mL methanol, 25 ml propanol, 2.5 mL chloroform, 5 mL benzene or toluene

3.2 g/100 mL glacial acetic acid

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.0004

1.024 at 210 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.222 g/cu cm at 20 °C

1.2 g/cm³

1.2 @25 °C

5.32 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.32 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.3

0.001 to 0.01 mmHg at 68 °F ; 5 mmHg at 238.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00215 [mmHg]

0.0022 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 0.3

0.0016 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 3.92

Henry's Law constant = 1.84X10-4 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

>450 °C

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating vapors.

-4.033X10+7 J/kg

3.48X10+5 J/kg at 40 °C

Odor detection in air, 8.0X10-2 ppm (chemically pure)

Threshhold odor concn in water at room temp: 0.08 ppm (range 0.02 to 0.22 ppm)

Odor low 0.5048 mg/cu m, odor high 0.5048 mg/cu m.

Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

ACENAPHTHENE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Incompatible with ozone and chlorinating agents. Forms crystalline complexes with desoxycholic acid (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, ozone, chlorinating agents.

Incompatibilities: Ozone and strong oxidizing egents, including perchlorates, chlorine, fluorine, and bromine.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acenaphthene is a solid. It is used as an intermediate for manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acenaphthene is oxidized by human P450s 2A6 and 2A13 and other P450s to form several mono- and dioxygenated products. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acenaphthene at 2 g/kg body weight administered orally to seven young rats daily for 32 days caused loss of body weight and changes in peripheral blood, increased aminotransferase levels in blood serum, and produced mild morphological damage to both the liver and kidney. 100 rats were exposed for 5-months to acenaphthene at a level of 12 mg/cu m for four hours a day, six days per week. Toxic effects on the blood, lung, and glandular constituents were observed. The bronchial epithelium showed hyperplasia and metaplasia, which may have been symptoms of the pneumonia that killed a large number of animals. No signs of malignancy appeared during the 8-month post-exposure observation period. Acenaphthene at 0.10 % accelerated the liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized male rats. An acenaphthene-containing aromatic subfraction was isolated from shale-derived crude oil and tested for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA98. No increases in mutation frequency were observed with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Treatment of Allium cepa root meristem cells with acenaphthene vapor for 12-96 hr caused anomalies leading to random development of the cells. It caused disorientation of microtubules, in Allium cepa and Phleoeum pratense, resulting in altered cellular expansion. A set of embryo-larval bioassays were conducted with the fathead minnow. The no effect levels when compared to the controls was 0.226 mg/L acenaphthene.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

Acenaphthene

6 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 92: (2010) Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. (L10)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. (A10)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

2 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

ATSDR Final

LD50: 600 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat)

LD50 Rats i.p. 600 mg/kg

There is no known antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L10)

Pretreatment of rats with 20 mg/kg ip dose of acenaphthene prolonged by up to 50% the duration of paralysis induced with 90 mg/kg zoxazolamine 24 hr later.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR). Adequate hydration must be maintained to prevent renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria unless signs of cerebral or pulmonary edema are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash with soap immediately. When this chemical has been swallowed, get immediate medical attention. ... If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure and transfer promptly to a medical facility.

Recommended medical surveillance: The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, bladder, and kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders, for premalignant and malignant lesions, and evidence of hyperpigmentation or photosensitivity. Urinalysis: ... A urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ on centrifuged sediment, as well as a test for red blood cells. Urinary cytology: ... Employees having 5 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age or older should have a urinary cytology examination. Sputum cytology: ... Employees having 10 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age or older should have a sputum cytology examination. 14" x 17" chest roentgenogram: ... Surveillance of the lungs is indicated. FVC and FEV (1 sec): Coal tar pitch volatiles are reported to cause an excess of bronchitis. Periodic surveillance is indicated. A complete blood count: Due to the possibility of benzene exposure associated with coal tar pitch volatiles, a complete blood count is considered necessary to search for leukemia and aplastic anemia. The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis, and semi-annually for employees 45 years of age or older or with 10 or more years' exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Acenaphthene at 2 g/kg body weight administered orally in olive oil to seven young rats (sex not specified) daily for 32 days caused loss of body weight and changes in peripheral blood, increased aminotransferase levels in blood serum, and produced mild morphological damage to both the liver and kidney. ... The morphological damage to the kidney and the liver was greater when acenaphthene was administered in a subacute manner than when an acute dose was given. After 32 days of treatment the animals showed mild bronchitis and localized inflammation of the peribronchial tissue.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ 100 rats were exposed for 5-months to acenaphthene at a level of 12 + or - 1.5 mg/cu m for four hours a day, six days per week. Toxic effects on the blood, lung, and glandular constituents were observed. The bronchial epithelium showed hyperplasia and metaplasia, which may have been symptoms of the pneumonia that killed a large number of animals. No signs of malignancy appeared during the 8-month post-exposure observation period.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives and heterocyclic agents administered s.c. daily for the first 7 days or as dietary supplements was ascertained on the extent of liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized male rats over a period of 10 days. The monoalkylbenzenes proved ineffective by injection except for ethylbenzene and possibly n-propylbenzene and the introduction of the double or triple bond in the side-chain as exemplified by styrene and phenylacetylene, led to little change over the respective controls. A number of noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons accelerated the regenerative process but much higher s.c. dosages were required as compared to the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. As tested by the dietary route, the optimum effect among the phenylmethanes was reached with diphenylmethane, toluene, tri- and tetraphenylmethanes and the Sn analog, tin tetraphenyl being inactive. With the diets, carcinogens as BP or DBA at 0.10% were without effect whereas acenaphthene or fluoranthene at this level accelerated the regeneration. Although diets supplemented with anthracene or octahydroanthracene led to little change in liver increment, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, anthraquinone and anthrone comprised liver stimulants, an activity which did not extend to phenanthraquinone. Aniline and triphenylamine did not alter the control increment but diphenylamine was active as was also the case with o- and m-terphenyls, the p-isomer being ineffective. Although naphthalene lacked activity by either route, 1- and 2-phenylnaphthalenes proved stimulatory by injection and 1- and 2-naphthylamines, by diet. Among other derivatives, phenyl sulfide and its sulfoxide and sulfone were quite stimulatory in addition to heterocyclic S compound as benzothiophene, phenothiazine, phenoxathiin and thianthrene but not thianaphthene at the dietary levels screened. Several series were conducted with intact rats under the above conditions; ethyl-benzene and phenathrene injected s.c. at high levels did not alter the control dry- or wet liver-body weight ratios.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Acenaphthene induced polyploidy in Chara globularis and chromosome fragmentation in Nitella flagelliformis. Other chromosome changes such as clumping of metaphase, bridges, erosion and laggard formation were noted in both species. Cytomixis was found in Chara globularis.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Genetic Toxicology Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-83329.html]

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of September 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 1,700 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) weight 0.32-1.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 21-23 °C, pH 6.5-7.9, hardness 32-48 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 28-34 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 0.3-9.7 mg/L; Concentration: 7200 ug/L for 24 hr />/= 80% purity/

LC50; Species: Mysidopsis bahia (mysid shrimp); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 970 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 2,230 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 1,700 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) weight 0.32-1.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 21-23 °C, pH 6.5-7.9, hardness 32-48 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 28-34 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 0.3-9.7 mg/L; Concentration: 7200 ug/L for 24 hr />/= 80% purity/

LC50; Species: Mysidopsis bahia (mysid shrimp); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 970 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 2,230 ug/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute and life cycle toxicities of acenaphthene and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) were evaluated using the parthenogenic Diptera larva, Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus /midge/, of the family Chironomidae. Static 48 hr acute toxicity tests employed third instar larvae, and the flow-through 20-day life cycle tests were initiated with eggs. No acute lethal effect was observed in the saturated concentration (2.1 mg/L) of acenaphthene in water, and the median lethal concentration of 2,4,6-TCP was approximately 40 mg/L. In the life cycle toxicity test with acenaphthene, hatchability of the midge was affected by 50% at an exposure concentration of approximately 0.17 mg/L. The median effective concentration for larval, pupal, and adult development was found between 0.06 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively, and these were significantly lower than the effective concentration for hatching success. With regard to 2,4,6-TCP toxicity, the median effective concentration for midge hatchability was 4.23 mg/L. The larval development, pupal formation and adult emergence, however, were impeded at 1.60, 1.46, and 1.33 mg/L, respectively. Each level was noticeably lower than the median effective concentration for hatchability. The concentrations for each compound that interfered with the development to fourth instar, pupa, and adult were not significantly different. These results indicate that larval developments after hatching were the most sensitive stages and affected the success of midge growth.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Six laboratories conducted toxicity experiments according to a supplied protocol using acenaphthene and isophorone. Test organisms were fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos which were raised until 28 days post hatch. All fish were weighed and compared with the controls. Results ranged between 0.049 mg/L and 0.42 mg/L for the low solubility acenaphthene and between 1.35 mg/L and 45.4 mg/L for a more soluble isophorone.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxicity tests were conducted for acenapthene using one or more of the following species: fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), snails (Aplexa hynorum), or chironomids (Tanytarsus dissimilis). The acute tests gave values that ranged from 580 ug/L for brown trout to 1720 ug/L for channel catfish.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow-through 96 hr and early life stage toxicity tests were conducted with acenapthene and isophorone using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) as test animals. The 96 hr median lethal concentrations were 608 ug/L for acenapthene and 145 mg/L and 255 mg/L for isophorone, depending on fish age. No-effect concentrations from early life stage exposures were 413 ug acenaphthene and 14 mg isophorone/L.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.60e+03

4.50e+04

5.30e+02

5.00e-01

5.50e+00

6.00e-02

Volatile

1.10e+04

1.40e+05

1.60e+03

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Acenaphthene's production and use as a chemical intermediate for a variety of products including dyes, pigments, fluorescent whiteners, pesticides and plastic additives may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It is a member of a group of chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are emitted in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines and in emissions from the burning of oil, coal and wood. Environmental emission sources include municipal waste incineration, tobacco smoke, wastewater treatment effluents and use of creosote wood preservatives. Acenaphthene occurs in petroleum and coal tar. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.0022 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acenaphthene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. However, gas/particle partitioning studies in chambers and outdoor monitoring have shown that acenaphthene can exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase acenaphthene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and with night-time nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 3.9 and 1.9 hours, respectively. Particulate-phase acenaphthene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Acenaphthene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, acenaphthene is expected to have slight to no mobility based upon a Koc range of 2510 to 2.14X10+5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.84X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Acenaphthene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The biodegradation half-life of acenaphthene in soil has been reported to range from less than 10 days to over 100 days. The presence of acclimated microbes appears to be an important factor in the degradation rate. In addition, acenaphthene has been shown to biodegrade readily in acclimated soil at low concentrations (5 mg/kg), but not at high concentrations (500 mg/kg), perhaps due to toxicity to the microbes. The photolysis of acenaphthene, sorbed on surfaces of needles of a spruce tree, had a half-life of 45 hours under sunlight irradation. If released into water, acenaphthene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Acenaphthene was shown to biodegrade readily using acclimated groundwater aquifer inoculum, but very slowly using unacclimated or sterilized materials. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.6 hours and 6.7 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. A BCF range of 254-1270 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. PAHs may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as some fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to acenaphthene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acenaphthene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acenaphthene via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing acenaphthene. (SRC)

Acenaphthene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), occurs in petroleum and coal tar(1). Sources of PAH release (including acenaphthene) also include forest fires and volcanoes(2,3).

Acenaphthene is one of many polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances. PAHs generally occur as complex mixtures, for example as part of combustion products such as soot, not as single compounds. PAHs usually occur naturally. They can also be found in substances such as crude oil and coal. They are found throughout the environment in the air, water, and soil(1). /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

Acenaphthene's production and use as a chemical intermediate for a variety of products including dyes, pigments, fluorescent whiteners, pesticides and plastic additives(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Acenaphthene is emitted in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines and in emissions from the burning of oil, coal and wood(2). Environmental emission sources include municipal waste incineration(3), wastewater treatment effluents(4) and use of creosote wood preservatives(5). Acenaphthene is emitted in tobacco smoke(6).

Acenaphthene occurs in petroleum bottoms(1). It is a constituent in asphalt ans is found in soots generated by the combustion of aromatic fuels doped with pyridine. Manufacturing sources include petroleum refining, shale oil processing, and coal tar distillation(2).

Acenaphthene occurs in coal tar produced during the high-temperature carbonization or coking of coal.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 2510 to 2.14X10+5 in soil(2,3), indicates that acenaphthene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acenaphthene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.84X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Acenaphthene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.0022 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). The biodegradation half-life of acenaphthene in soil has been reported to range from less than 10 days(6) to over 100 days(7). The presence of acclimated microbes appears to be an important factor in the degradation rate(8). In addition, acenaphthene has been shown to biodegrade readily in acclimated soil at low concentrations (5 mg/kg), but not at high concentrations (500 mg/kg), perhaps due to toxicity to the microbes(9). Acenaphthene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(10) and is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(11). The photolysis of acenaphthene, sorbed on surfaces of needles of a spruce tree, had a half-life of 45 hours under sunlight irradiation(12).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 2510 to 2.14X10+5(2,3) indicates that acenaphthene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.84X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.6 hours and 6.7 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is on the order of 1 to 10 months if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an observed BCF range of 254-1270(8) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including acenaphthene, may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as some fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(9). The presence of acclimated microbes appears to be an important factor in the degradation rate in water(10). Acenaphthene was shown to biodegrade readily using acclimated groundwater aquifer inoculum, but very slowly using unacclimated or sterilized materials(10). The biotransformation half-lives for 2 mg/L of acenaphthene in pond and lake water with decreasing amounts of suspended solids range from 20 hours to 24.8 days for zero suspended solids(11). Acenaphthene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Acenaphthene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(12) and is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis at water surfaces exposed to sunlight(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acenaphthene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.0022 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. However, gas/particle partitioning studies in chambers and outdoor monitoring have shown that acenaphthene can exist in both the vapor and particulate phases(3). Vapor-phase acenaphthene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Vapor-phase acenaphthene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with night-time nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.16X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Particulate-phase acenaphthene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Acenaphthene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Acclimated mixed cultures in mineral salt media were able to degrade 50% of a crude oil containing acenaphthene within 48 hr(1). Grab samples of groundwater aquifer soil that had acclimated to creosote wastes containing acenaphthene were able to degrade acenaphthene at concentration between 0.02 and 0.12 ppm under aerobic conditions at 25 °C for a 56 day period at an average rate of 130% per week(2); an average loss of 5.0% per week was observed for autoclaved controls(2). Unacclimated material from the same aquifer degraded acenaphthene at an average rate of 6.6% per week; however, autoclaved controls lost acenaphthene at an overall rate of 9.2% per week(2). The biotransformation half-life for 2 mg/L of acenaphthene in hard water with zero suspended solids was 24.8 days(3). The half-lives for 2 mg/L of acenaphthene in hard water with suspended solid concentration of 52, 403 and 601 mg/L from Roselawn Pond, Denton, TX were 3.52, 4.03 and 2.23 days, respectively(3). The half-lives for 2 mg/L of acenaphthene in hard water with suspended solid concentrations of 83, 397 and 591 mg/L from Pat Mayseake, Paris, TX were 4.91, 1.20 and 0.83 days, respectively(3); all half-lives were corrected for abiotic losses by controls(3). Acenaphthene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4).

AEROBIC: 5% and 0% of an initial concentration of 400 ug/g acenaphthene remained after 240 days in an unacclimated agricultural sandy loam soil incubated at 10 and 20 °C, respectively(1); corresponding half-lives were estimated to be less than 60 and 10 days(1). Under aerobic conditions, acenaphthene at a concentration of 1 mg/L was degraded to non-detectable levels in 10 days using a mineral salts solution inoculated with 1 g of soil(2). At a concentration of 5 mg/kg of average-humus, lightly grained chernozem soil and at 20 °C, acenaphthene degraded in 24 hr(3); however, acenaphthene did not degrade in soil at a concentration of 500 mg/kg(3). In 76 days, 1296 mg/kg of acenaphthene in a mixture of oil sludge degraded to 375 mg/kg in a derby soil column with nitrogen and phosphorous additions(4). In 83 days, 3013 mg/kg of acenaphthene in a wood preserving sludge degraded to 2066 mg/kg in a Derby soil column with nitrogen and phosphorous additions(4). The succeeding first order rate constants are 0.0163 and 0.0045 day-1 which correspond to half-lives of 42.5 and 102.4 days, respectively(4).

AEROBIC: A pilot plant study was conducted to evaluate the fate and behavior of 22 toxic organic compounds, including acenaphthene, in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Two parallel 0.1 l/s (1.5-g/m) treatment sequences were operated: a control and an experimental sequence spiked with the 22 compounds being investigated. The organic compounds studied, spiked at a normal concentration of 50 ug/L each, were typically removed to the 95-98% level. Many were partitioned to the primary and return activated sludges. For acenaphthene, 48% of spiked acenaphthene was recovered with 41% in the primary sludge and 3% in the activated sludge effluent(1).

ANAEROBIC: Under anaerobic conditions, acenaphthene at a concentration of 1 mg/L was not degraded in a mineral salts solution inoculated with 1 g of soil incubated over 70 days(1). The anaerobic biodegradation of acenaphthene in two soils was investigated under various conditions(1). In soil tests at 20-40 °C, acenaphthene had half-lives on the order of 30-99 days. In one specific test protocol (non-acclimated soil), acenaphthene (and fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene) did not degrade much faster in non-sterile versus sterile control soils over a 90-day incubation. However, when consortia-treated river sediments from a polluted river were added, percentage of remaining acenaphthene dropped from 91-92% to 23-44%, suggesting an importance of acclimated microbes(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acenaphthene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 9.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acenaphthene with ozone has been measured as 1.79X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 64 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acenaphthene with night-time nitrate radicals is 4.16X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(3). Acenaphthene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Acenaphthene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the direct photolysis of acenaphthene in a Pyrex beaker of distilled water maintained at 20 °C and exposed to a 100W mercury lamp for 96 hours was measured to be 0.230 per hour, which corresponds to a half-life of about 3 hours(6). Photolytic half-lives of acenaphthene absorb onto silica gel, alumina and fly ash were 2.0, 2.2 and 44 hours, respectively; when placed in a Pyrex photoreactor and exposed to a 450W medium pressure mercury lamp, which had an irradiance of 17.6 W/sq m between the spectral region of 300 to 410 nm(7). Acenaphthene absorbed onto coal fly ash was stabilized against photo-oxidation(8). The photolysis of acenaphthene, sorbed on surfaces of needles of a spruce tree, had a half-life of 45 hours under sunlight irradiation(9).

After a 28 day exposure to an average water concentration of 8.94 ug/L, the log BCF of acenaphthene in the tissue of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) was 2.59 (BCF of 389(1,2). A BCF range of 254-1270 was measured in fish for acenaphthene(SRC), using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over an 8-week period to 0.003-0.03 mg/L(3). According to a classification scheme(4), the BCF range suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). PAHs may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(4). Some marine organisms have no detectable aryl hydrocarbons hydroxylase enzyme systems, namely: phytoplankton, certain zooplankton, mussels (Mytilus edulis), scallops (Placopecten sp), and snails (Litternia littorea)(5). Those organisms which lack a metabolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(5).

Acenaphthene has a reported experimental log Koc value of 3.59 (Koc of 3890) in soil(1). Desorption-sorption tests using 11 soils found a log Koc range of 3.40-5.33 (Koc of 2510-2.14X10+5)(2). The log Koc of acenaphthene in 16 historically contaminated sediments ranged from 2.97 to 5.87 (Koc of 933 to 7.4X10+5 with a median of 4.39 (Koc of 2.45X10+4)(3). According to a classification scheme(4), the Koc range in soil suggests that acenaphthene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for acenaphthene has been measured as 1.84X10-4 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acenaphthene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 9.6 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.7 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is on the order of 1 to 10 months if adsorption is considered(3). Acenaphthene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acenaphthene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.0022 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). However, it has been reported that the lower molecular weight PAHs, including acenaphthene, may volatilize from soil(5).

GROUNDWATER: Acenaphthene was detected in a coal tar contaminated aquifer in St Louis Park, MN(1) at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 72 mg/kg sediment(2). Stored wastes from a former pine-tar manufacturing site in Gainesville, FL contaminated surrounding ground waters with concentration of acenaphthene ranging from 3 to 170 ug/L(3). Wood preserving chemicals at Pensacola, FL are responsible for an acenaphthene concentration of 0.76 mg/L at ground water depth of 6 m(4). Groundwater samples from nearby the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp disposal site at Love Canal, NY contained acenaphthene(5). Acenaphthene was found in ground water contaminated by the waste lagoon of a wood creosote impregnation plant in East, TX(6). One of 7 ground water samples from nearby the "Valley of Drums", KY contained acenaphthene at a concentration of 12 ug/L(7). Water from a contaminated well in Ames, Iowa contained acenaphthene at a level of 1.7 ppm(8). Acenaphthene was identified in the ground water leachate from the Waterloo and Northbay landfills, Ontario, Canada at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 ug/L(9). Acenaphthene was detected in 17 of 46 water samples collected from monitoring wells near gas stations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at concentrations of <0.01-0.170 ug/L(10).

DRINKING WATER: Two of five samples of Nordic (Finland, Norway, Sweden) tap water contained acenaphthene at concentration of 7.4 to 14.0 ng/L(1). Acenaphthene was listed as a contaminant found in drinking water(2,3) for a survey of US cities including Pomona, Escondido, Lake Tahoe and Orange Co, CA and Dallas, Washington, DC, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Miami, New Orleans, Ottumwa, IA, and Seattle(4). For a survey of drinking water supplies in the UK, acenaphthene was detected in the treated water at 2 of 14 water treatment facilities(5). Drinking water sources sampled in Jiangsu Province, China in October 2010 contained acenaphthene concentrations of 0.1-2.2 ng/L(6). In 2002, one of three drinking water sources in Jiangsu Province, China was found to contain acenaphthene (0.0025 ug/L)(7).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration or permanganate oxidation.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACENAPHTHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III