diisobutyl phthalate

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (1 of 744) of reports.

H360 (91.8%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (13.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (13.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H412 (14.5%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P273, P280, P318, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 744 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 744 reports by companies.

There are 25 notifications provided by 743 of 744 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P261, P271, P304+P340, P319, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water or foam amy cause frothing.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Spillage Disposal: Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Strict hygiene! Avoid exposure of (pregnant) women!

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures and away from oxidizers, mineral acids and bases. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants.

/Store/ separated from strong oxidants.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Eye protection. (USCG, 1999)

Use ventilation. Protective gloves. Wear safety spectacles.

NO open flames.

STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF (PREGNANT) WOMEN!

Use ventilation.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Di-isobutyl phthalate is an oily colorless liquid with a slight ester odor. Denser than water. Insoluble in water. Low toxicity.

Colorless viscous liquid; [ICSC]

COLOURLESS VISCOUS LIQUID.

563 to 568 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

296.5 °C; 159 °C at 4 mm Hg

296.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

-83 °F (NTP, 1992)

385 °F (NTP, 1992)

365 °F (185 °C) (Open cup)

185 °C o.c.

Insoluble (NTP, 1992)

Phthalate esters are soluble to various extents in many common organic solvents and oils, but have a relatively low solubility in water. /Phthalate esters/

Soluble in carbon tetrachloride

In water, 6.2 mg/L at 24 °C

0.0062 mg/mL at 24 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.0001

1.047 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0490 g/cu cm at 15 °C

1.04 g/cm³

9.59 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 9.6

0.00665 [mmHg]

4.76X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C /from experimentally derived coefficients/

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.01

log Kow = 4.11

810 °F (USCG, 1999)

810 °F (432 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

41 mPa.s at 20 °C

Index of refraction: 1.4900 at 25 °C/D

181.8 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID9022522]

Phthalate esters would be expected to have UV maxima in the 230 nm and 270 nm regions. /Phthalate esters/

... Resistance to migration from polymers, low temperature flexibility ... compatibility with polar polymers and additives over a wide range of compositions. /Phthalate esters/

Boiling point

Heat of sublimation

Vapor pressure

Viscosity

Phthalate

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Insoluble in water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

DI-ISOBUTYL PHTHALATE reacts with acids to liberate heat along with isobutyl alcohol and phthalic acid. May react sufficiently exothermically with strong oxidizing acids to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides. Can generate electrostatic charges in handling [Handling Chemicals Safely, 1980. p. 250].

Phthalate esters are endocrine disruptors. They decrease foetal testis testosterone production and reduce the expression of steroidogenic genes by decreasing mRNA expression. Some phthalates have also been shown to reduce the expression of insulin-like peptide 3 (insl3), an important hormone secreted by the Leydig cell necessary for development of the gubernacular ligament. Animal studies have shown that these effects disrupt reproductive development and can cause a number of malformations in affected young. (A2883)

Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Phthalate esters are endocrine disruptors. Animal studies have shown that they disrupt reproductive development and can cause a number of malformations in affected young, such as reduced anogenital distance (AGD), cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and reduced fertility. The combination of effects associated with phthalates is called 'phthalate syndrome’. (A2883)

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

Oral (L1903) ; inhalation (L1903) ; dermal (L1903)

Phthalate esters are endocrine disruptors and can cause a number of developmental malformations termed 'phthalate syndrome'. (A2883)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

LD50: 15000 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T13)

LD50: 10 g/kg (Dermal, Guinea pig) (T13)

LD50: 3749 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T13)

ID50 WI-38 cells 85 uM

LD50 Rat oral 15000 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 10400 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig dermal 10 g/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 3990 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

20 ug/insect DIBP applied topically on the ventral abdomen or by intrathoracic injection /to Musca domestica (housefly)/ did not exert appreciable toxicity. House flies were pretreated topically with DIBP (20 ug/insect), followed 30 min later by topical application of a non-toxic dose of chlorpyrifos (0.008 ug/insect, LD50=0.04 ug/insect) in order to test for a possible synergistic action. A mortality of 35% was observed within 24 hr.

10 white mice/group received ip application of 500 mg/kg DIBP, after 30 min ip injection of 60 mg/kg hexobarbital sodium. Control animals received vehicle instead of DIBP. The treatment of mice with DIBP prior to hexobarbital /sodium/ caused prolongation of sleeping time (control: 46 min; DIBP: 72 min). DIBP appeared to demonstrate CNS depression.

10 male ICR mice/group received ip application of DIBP on 3 consecutive days (1.921, 0.768, 0.384 mL/kg) and 50 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium ... . The pretreatment of mice with DIBP caused a dose-related significant reduction of sleeping time. ...

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Esters and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Provide a low-stimulus environment. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Treat frostbite by rapid rewarming ... . /Esters and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Esters and related compounds/

/ENDOCRINE MODULATION/ The phthalates that were estrogenic in the yeast screen /(butyl benzyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and diisiononyl phthalate)/ were also mitogenic on /estrogen-responsive/ human breast cancer cells. ...

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... /The/ genotoxic effects /of several phthalate esters. on human epithelia: human mucosal cells derived from biopsies harvested during surgery of the oropharynx and the inferior nasal turbinate, respectively/ were examined. The alkaline version of the microgel electrophoresis assay was used to detect single-strand breaks in the DNA following incubation with dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diisobutylphthalate (DiBP). DNA damage was induced by both DBP and DiBP in oropharyngeal and nasal mucosa, though the effect of DiBP was more pronounced than that of DBP. Nasal mucosa proved to be more sensitive than oropharyngeal epithelia. The results demonstrate genotoxic effects of phthalates on human mucosal cells of the upper aerodigestive tract, in contrast to earlier findings in animal models.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Genotoxicity tests for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) on human oropharyngeal mucosa in vitro were performed using the alkaline comet assay. Specimens (n = 50) were harvested from the surface of ectomized tonsils. ... DBP and DiBP caused significant DNA damage in human mucosal cells of the upper aerodigestive tract. The impact of DiBP was higher than that of DBP. ...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Phthalate ester toxicity in human cell cultures (human diploid cell strain WI-38) was determined. The ID50 (dose which causes 50% growth inhibition in tissue culture) for diisobutyl phthalate was 85 uM.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Comparative toxicity of phthalate esters to HeLa-S3 cells was studied by determining their effect on doubling time of the cells. The toxicity of the esters decreasing in order: diethyl phthalate, butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate, di-iso-butyl phthalate, ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, dibutyl phthalate, methyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, dimethyl phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Disobutyl phthalate given ip 4.50 g/kg to rabbits anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital had no effect on blood pressure. Iv dose of 100 mg/kg incr resp rate.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Effects of the repeated injections of DIBP (emulsion of 50 mg/kg) on blood pressure, respiration rate, ECG and EEC were recorded on anesthetized (33 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital) rabbits. A total volume of 650 mg/kg was injected through the cannulated external jugular vein directly into the ear. No changes in blood pressure or effects on the electrocardiogram (ECG) or electroencephalogram (EEG) were observed, no death or other significant change in the animal occurred. After the admin of a total dose of 100 mg/kg the respiration rate increased (114%), but returned toward normal over a period of about 5 min.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Exposed 6 rats for 8 hr in an atmosphere saturated with DIBP ... at 20 °C caused no lethality.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ DIBP was not irritating to rabbit skin. Irritation index: 0.25/8; redness: x = 0.11; edema: x = 0.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of November 12, 2012: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=84-69-5]

Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of 10 albino rats (5 males and 5 females) ingesting di-isobutyl phthalate via the diet at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 or 5% for 4 months. One female in the control group and one female in the 5% dose level group died during the treatment period. A decrease in body weight was observed in male rats at the 1% and 5% levels, and in female rats at the 5% level. Hematological observations at the high dose level included a slight decrease in the red blood cell count in the males, and a decrease in hemoglobin values in both males and females. Substantial decreases in testes weight in male rats and increases in liver weights in male and female rats were observed in the 5% dose group; however, the decrease in testes weight was not attributed to the effect of di-isobutyl phthalate. Pathological effects were not evident in sections of liver and kidneys taken from animals exposed at any dose level. Statistical analyses were not performed.

Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in 1 male and 1 female dog ingesting di-isobutyl phthalate at dietary levels of 0.1 cc/kg (male) and 2.0 cc/kg (female) for 2 months. The percentages of sugar and protein in urine samples collected at the end of the treatment period were reported to be within normal values when compared to urine samples collected prior to treatment in both animals. A slight decrease in red blood cell counts, and an increase in hemoglobin values were observed in blood samples taken from the male dog during and after treatment when compared to samples taken before treatment; all hematological values were normal in the female dog. On necropsy, the weight of the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, heart and spleen were reported to be within normal values in the male dog, however, the female dog exhibited increased liver weight. Histopathological observations in the male dog included local areas of hemorrhage in the lungs and atrophied testicles containing very few mature sperm, while no histopathological effects were observed in the female animal. The testicular effects observed in the male animal were not attributed to test article administration. Control experiments and statistical analyses were not performed.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) age 29 days, mean length 17.6 mm, mean weight 0.056 g; Conditions: flow through, 25.1 °C, pH 7.38, hardness 44.8 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 49.4 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L; Concentration: 0.9 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 0.73-1.10 mg/L) /99+% purity/

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) age 29 days, mean length 17.6 mm, mean weight 0.056 g; Conditions: flow through, 25.1 °C, pH 7.38, hardness 44.8 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 49.4 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L; Concentration: 0.73 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 0.73-1.10 mg/L); Effect: Affected fish lost schooling behavior, were hypoactive and underreactive to external stimuli, were darkly colored, and lost equilibrium prior to death. /99+% purity/

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (Orfe); Conditions: static, 20 °C; Concentration: 4.2 mg/L for 48 hr /Marlowet EF emulsifier added/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae); Concentration: 1 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: biomass /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/ /Purity 97.5% (peak area)/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) age 29 days, mean length 17.6 mm, mean weight 0.056 g; Conditions: flow through, 25.1 °C, pH 7.38, hardness 44.8 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 49.4 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L; Concentration: 0.9 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 0.73-1.10 mg/L) /99+% purity/

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) age 29 days, mean length 17.6 mm, mean weight 0.056 g; Conditions: flow through, 25.1 °C, pH 7.38, hardness 44.8 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 49.4 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L; Concentration: 0.73 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 0.73-1.10 mg/L); Effect: Affected fish lost schooling behavior, were hypoactive and underreactive to external stimuli, were darkly colored, and lost equilibrium prior to death. /99+% purity/

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (Orfe); Conditions: static, 20 °C; Concentration: 4.2 mg/L for 48 hr /Marlowet EF emulsifier added/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae); Concentration: 1 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: biomass /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/ /Purity 97.5% (peak area)/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effect of DIBP on reproduction rate in Daphnia magna (water flea) was examined in a 21 day experiment. NOEC = 1 mg/L; LOEC = 3 mg/L. An emulsifier was used for preparation of the stock.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Diisobutyl phthalate inhibited the growth of cells of the protozoa, tetrahymena pyriformis (strain W) completely at 50 ug/mL.

/PLANTS/ Radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings were exposed to 160 to 180 ng/cu dm with an air flow of 3.0 cu dm/min over 2 wk/ Chlorosis occured rapidly, and the radishes died within ca 14 days.

/PLANTS/ No visible adverse effects were observed /in Sinapis alba L. (Yellow mustard)/ by administration of 2.5 ug/sq cm onto the surface of the leaves /for 15 days/. /Purity >99.5%/

/PLANTS/ Electron transport reactions at concentrations between 10 to 1000 mmol/cu m DIBP were measured using thylakoid membranes from spinach chloroplasts. The effects on full chain electron transport (coupled PS1+PS2), uncoupled electron transport, and phtosystem 1 (PS1) activity were determined. Couple PS1+PS2: 80% inhibition at 100-1000 mmol/cu m, 50% inhibition (I50) at 42 mmol/cu m; uncoupled: 60% inhibition at 100 to 1000 mmol/cu m, 50% inhibition (I50) at 87 mmol/cu m; PS1 activity: up to 1000 mmol/cu m only 40% inhibition.

Diisobutyl phthalate's production and use as a plasticizer may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.76X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates diisobutyl phthalate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisobutyl phthalate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.2 days. Particulate-phase diisobutyl phthalate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Diisobutyl phthalate contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, diisobutyl phthalate is expected to have low mobility based upon a log Koc of 3.14. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Diisobutyl phthalate may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 98% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, diisobutyl phthalate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the log Koc. Diisobutyl phthalate was completely biodegraded during 6 day die-away tests using water from an urban river and polluted seawater, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 22 and 165 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 240 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process given estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 5 years and 190 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to diisobutyl phthalate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where diisobutyl phthalate is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to diisobutyl phthalate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing diisobutyl phthalate. (SRC)

Diisobutyl phthalate's production and use as a plasticizer(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a log Koc value of 3.14(2), indicates that diisobutyl phthalate is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of diisobutyl phthalate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 4.76X10-5 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 6.2 mg/L(4). Diisobutyl phthalate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 98% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(5) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a log Koc value of 3.14(2), indicates that diisobutyl phthalate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.76X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 6.2 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 22 and 165 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 240(SRC), from its log Kow of 4.11(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Diisobutyl phthalate was completely biodegraded during 6 day die-away tests using water from an urban river and polluted seawater(9), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diisobutyl phthalate, which has a vapor pressure of 4.76X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diisobutyl phthalate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase diisobutyl phthalate may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Diisobutyl phthalate contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Diisobutyl phthalate was completely biodegraded during 6 day die-away tests using water from an urban river and polluted seawater(1). In seawater, diisobutyl phthalate was degraded 15 and 35% after 7 and 14 days, respectively(1). Diisobutyl phthalate had a reported first-order biodegradation constant rate of 0.8/day with a half-life of 0.87 days in a river die-away test shaken at 25 °C(2). A removal efficiency of 65% was reported following analysis of the Kalby wastewater treatment plant in Lund, Sweden on October 21, 2002; influent and effluent concentrations were 0.04 and 0.01 ug/L, respectively(3). Diisobutyl phthalate reached 98% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(4).

ANAEROBIC: Diisobutyl phthalate was anaerobically biodegraded 0-30% in sewage sludge and swamp water over a 96 day incubation period and 0-30% in marine sediment over a 56 day incubation period(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of diisobutyl phthalate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 42 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 4.1 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 5 years and 190 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2). Diisobutyl phthalate contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 240 was calculated in fish for diisobutyl phthalate(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.11(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, bioconcentration studies on compounds which are structurally similar suggest that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression-derived equations due to the ability of aquatic organisms to readily metabolize this class of compounds(4).

A measured log Koc value of 3.14 (Koc 1,380) has been reported for diisobutyl phthalate in soil(1-2) and a measured Koc of 1,020 has been reported in suspended solids(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that diisobutyl phthalate is expected to have low mobility in soil. A log Koc value of 5.90 was measured in suspended sediment-seawater samples collected from False Creek Harbor, Van Couver, British Columbia, Canada(5).

The Henry's Law constant for diisobutyl phthalate is estimated as 2.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.76X10-5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 6.2 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that diisobutyl phthalate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 22 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 165 days(SRC). Diisobutyl phthalate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Diisobutyl phthalate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Diisobutyl phthalate was identified in the groundwater of Norman, OK at a concentration of 0.1 ug/L(1) and the groundwater near Barcelona, Spain at concentrations of 51-75 ng/L(2).

DRINKING WATER: Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in 9 drinking water supplies in England that were derived from both ground and surface sources(1). Diisobutyl phthalate was identified, not quantified, in the drinking water of Poplarville, MS, Cincinnati, OH, New Orleans, LA, and Philadelphia, PA(2). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in a drinking water plant in New Orleans, LA at a concentration of 0.59 ppb(3).

SURFACE WATER: Diisobutyl phthalate was identified, not quantified, in Lake Michigan(1), the Waal River, Netherlands(2) and the Glatt River in Switzerland(3). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in Lake Kiel Bight, Germany at concentrations of 10.6-45.5 parts per trillion at 1 m depth(4). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in the Mersey River, UK at concentrations of 0.34-1.1 ug/L(5). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in water samples collected from the Hoje River downstream from the sewage treatment plant at Lund, Sweden on October 21, 2002 at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.02 ug/L; it was detected upstream at 0.06 ug/L(6).

SEAWATER: Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in seawater samples collected from False Creek Harbor, Van Couver, British Columbia, Canada at a concentration ranging from 7-10 ng/L(1).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in the Antarctic snow at concentrations of 61-335 ng/L(1). Snow surface analysis were done on seven sites in the Antarctic in 1993/1994 season, results for diisobutyl phthalate are; Wood Bay at sea level (210 ng/L), Mt Melbourne at 200 meters above sea level (24 ng/L), Vegetation Island at 220 meters above sea level (532 ng/L), Mt Melbourne at 600 meters above sea level (108 ng/L), McCarthy Ridge at 790 meters above sea level (66 ng/L), Mt Melbourne at 1130 meters above sea level (140 ng/L) and Hercules Neve at 2960 meters above sea level (112 ng/L)(2). Subsurface snow samples at McCarthy Ridge analyzed for diisobutyl phthalate found concentrations of 180 ng/L at 1 meter deep, 66 ng/L at 2 meters deep and 125 ng/L at 3 meters deep(2). Subsurface snow samples taken at Hercules Neve gave diisobutyl phthalate results of 245 ng/L at 1 meter deep, 89 ng/L at 2 meters deep and 135 ng/L at 3 meters deep(2). Diisobutyl phthalate was identified in 7 of 8 snow samples taken from Mt Sonnblick in the Austrian Alps at concentrations ranging from 5-16 ug/L(3). Diisobutyl phthalate was identified at 8 of 10 snow sample sites; 0.14 ug/kg at Nellim (Lapland, Finland), 0.1 ug/kg at Muonio (Lapland, Finland), 1.15 ug/kg at Levi (Lapland, Finland), 0.07 ug/kg at Butovo (Moscow, Russia), 3.96 ug/kg at Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia), 0.69 ug/kg at Moscow (summer cottage region), 37.0 ug/kg at Shuch'e (Volga River, Russia) and 1.26 ug/kg at Baikal'sk (Lake Baikal, Siberia)(4).

Diisobutyl phthalate was identified, not quantified, in the effluent of 8 bleached kraft plants(1), stack emissions of a coal-burning steam plant in Ames, IA(2), effluent from advanced treatment works in Lake Tahoe, CA, Pomona, CA, Orange County, CA, Escondido, CA, Dallas, TX and Washington, DC(3) and the leachate of a municipal landfill in Barcelona, Spain(4). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected at concentrations of 35,000-187,000 ng/cu m in the flue gas after fluid bed combustion of 4 coal samples(5) and at concentrations of 6 and 140 g/cu m in the effluent of a waste gasification pilot plant(6). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected at concentrations of 0.32 and 1.74 ug/L in the leachate of a wastewater treatment plant in Orange County, CA(7). Diisobutyl phthalate was found in 4 domestic sewages at 148, 99, 346, and 99 ug/kg; 6 domestic sewages with storm runoff and small industrial effluent at 117, 130, 97, 311, 109, and 80 ug/L; 2 domestic sewage with storm runoff and large industrial effluent had 161 and 114 ug/kg of dibutyl phthalate(8). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in samples collected from the Kalby wastewater treatment plant in Lund, Sweden on October 21, 2002 at a concentration of 0.01 ug/L(9).

SEDIMENT: Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in sediment of the Mersey River, UK at concentrations of 33.2-93.8 ng/g(1) and in the sediment of the Chesapeake Bay at a concentration of 5.6 ppb(2). Sediment from the Rhine and Neckar Rivers in Germany (9 sites) contained 9-105 ppb of diisobutyl phthalate(3). Diisobutyl phthalate as detected in sediment in 7 of 7 sites in the German Bight area from Elbe River from samples taken in 1998(8). United Kingdom estuaries sampled May 1988 to Dec 1989 contained 0.11, 1.1, 0.15, <0.01, <0.01, 0.049, 0.12, and 0.11 mg/L of diisobutyl phthalate in the Tyne, Tees, Humber, Thames, Solent, Plymouth Sound, Dee and Mersey river sediments, respectively(9). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in sediment samples collected from False Creek Harbor, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at a concentration ranging from 8 ng/g dry weight(10).

SOIL: Diisobutyl phthalate was detected at a average concentrations of 144.2 (whole year), 64.8 (summer), and 186.3 (winter) ng/g in topsoil from the eastern part of JiangHan Plain, Central China, sampled in 2008. This is a humid climate region where the water cycle is very active(1). The compound was detected in 30 soil samples from urban areas in Beijing, China as follows (mg/kg dry weight): 0.149, minimum; 0.936 maximum; 0.311 mean(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Diisobutyl phthalate was identified in atmospheric aerosols in a suburban area of Japan(1). The average atmospheric concentration of diisobutyl phthalate in particulate and vapor-phase samples obtained over a three week sampling period in Antwerp, Belgium was 1.73 and 32.8 ng/cu m; with a distribution of particulate to vapor of 0.053(2). Earlier studies found 23-50 ng/cu m in particulate matter in Antwerp and 8.9-9.3 ng/cu m in Bolivia(3). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected at a concentration of 9.1 ng/cu m in Chacaltaya, Bolivia(4).

RURAL/REMOTE: Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in the particle phase in the Arctic atmosphere at a mean concentration of 22 pg/L; <5 pg/L minimum (detection limit), and 204 pg/L maximum; the detection frequency was 65%. Samples were collected in the summer of 2004(1).

Diisobutyl phthalate was identified as a volatile flavor component of a baked potato(1).

Mean concentrations of diisobutyl phthalate in food as a source of exposure among Europeans(1).[Table#5306]

Diisobutyl phthalate was found in aquatic organisms sampled in June to Sept 1999 from False Harbor, Vancouver, British Columbia. Reported concentrations were: green algae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) 1.67 ng/g lipid and brown algae (Nereocysitis luetkeana, Fucus gardneri) 1.72 ng/g lipid(1).

Diisobutyl phthalate concentrations in aquatic organisms June to Sept 1999 from False Harbor, Vancouver, British Columbia(1).[Table#5305]

Diisobutyl phthalate was not detected in 30 breast milk samples from women aged 25-35 years old, residing in Central Taiwan; sampling was conducted in December 2001 and November 2002(1).

Diisobutyl phthalate was found in 286 vacuum cleaner dust samples at 34 mg/kg in dust <63 um in size(1). Diisobutyl phthalate was detected in 6 of 6 residential and office dust samples at concentrations of 1.05-2.05 ug/g dust(1). Median concentrations in 75 indoor dust samples from 9 cities in China and 33 samples from Albany, NY were 17.2 (range 2.6-299) and 3.8 (range 0.7-34.4) ug/g dry weight, respectively; sampling was conducted from May to July 2010(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of diisobutyl phthalate is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 9,522 workers (380 of these were female) were potentially exposed to diisobutyl phthalate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to diisobutyl phthalate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where diisobutyl phthalate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to diisobutyl phthalate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing diisobutyl phthalate(SRC).

The percent of total exposure to diisobutyl phthalate contributed via inhalation of house dust by residents in 9 cities in China and in Albany, NY; sampling was conducted from May to July 2010(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.