Phthalic Anhydride

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.4% (14 of 3919) of reports.

H302 (99.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (99.6%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (99.6%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (99.6%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334 (99.6%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H335 (99.3%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3919 reports by companies from 37 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 14 of 3919 reports by companies.

There are 36 notifications provided by 3905 of 3919 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE: CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus, face shield and protective gloves. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into plastic or glass containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.

Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container & burn in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this is not practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) & atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Liquid containing phthalic anhydride should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material for disposal in a secure sanitary landfill.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U190, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Offer surpls and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

Phthalic anhydride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for phthalic acid: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Phthalic acid/

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents, strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Ventilation along the floor. Dry. Well closed. Store only in original container.

Chemical stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Separated from combustible ... substances ... food and feedstuffs ... Ventilation along the floor ... Well closed.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, alkalies, oxidizing materials, reducing agents, and moisture.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.005 [mg/m3]

260 [mg/m3]

1600 [mg/m3]

1 ppm (6 mg/m³)

TWA 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm)

12.0 [mg/m3]

2 ppm (12 mg/m³)

TWA 12 mg/m3 (2 ppm) See Appendix G

60 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

60.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: It has been reported that exposure of rats and rabbits to 10,000 mg/m3 for 4 hours/day for several days produced a 25% fatality rate [Malten and Zielhuis 1964]. Human data: It has been reported that an exposure of 30 mg/m3 is associated with conjunctivitis, while 25 mg/m3 is associated with signs of mucous membrane irritation [Baader 1955]. It has been stated that phthalic anhydride has similar toxic effects (i.e., irritation of the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory system) as maleic anhydride, but has reduced potency [ACGIH 1991].

60 mg/cu m

60 mg/m³

60 mg/m3

See: 85449

0.002 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor (Surface Level = 0.05 mg/cm2)

0.005 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm, dermal sensitization, respiratory sensitization.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.002 mg/m

0.002 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2016]

0.005 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2016]

sensitization of respiratory tract (SA)

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Phthalic anhydride appears as a colorless to white lustrous solid in the form of needles with a mild distinctive odor. Moderately toxic by inhalation or ingestion and a skin irritant. Melting point 64 °F Flash point 305 °F. Forms a corrosive solution when mixed with water. Used in the manufacture of materials such as artificial resins.

Large Crystals; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid; Dry Powder; CBI; Large Crystals

White solid (flake) or a clear, colorless, mobile liquid (molten) with a characteristic, acrid odor; [NIOSH]

WHITE LUSTROUS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

A colorless to white lustrous solid in the form of needles with a mild distinctive odor.

White solid (flake) or a clear, colorless, mobile liquid (molten) with a characteristic, acrid odor.

White, lustrous needles

Colorless needles; monoclinic or rhombic prisms

White needles from alcohol and benzene

White solid (flake) or a clear colorless liquid (molten)

Characteristic, acrid odor

563 °F at 760 mmHg (sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

285.3 °C

Sublimes below the boiling point

284 °C (sublimes)

295 °C @760 [mm Hg]

267.4 °F (NTP, 1992)

131.4 °C

267.4 °F

130.8 °C

305 °F (NTP, 1992)

305 °F (152 °C) (Closed cup)

329 °F (Open cup); 305 °F (Closed cup)

152 °C c.c.

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

In water, 6,000 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 6,200 mg/L at 26 °C; 5,964 mg/L at room temperature

In water, 6,200 to 6,400 mg/L at 20-25 °C

In water, 16,400 mg/L including rapid hydrolysis to phthalic acid

For more Solubility (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/l at 20 °C: 6 (reaction)

1.2 at 275 °F 1.53 at 20 °C (solid) (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.20 (molten); 1.53 (flake)

1.53 g/cm³

1.53 at 68 °F

1.527 @ 4°C

1.53 (Flake) 1.20 (Molten)

5.1 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.6 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.1

Reacts, usually slowly with water to form phthalic acid and heat [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. The phthalic acid is somewhat soluble in water.

Anhydrides

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE reacts exothermically with water. The reactions are sometimes slow, but can become violent when local heating accelerates their rate. Acids accelerate the reaction with water. Incompatible with acids, strong oxidizing agents, alcohols, amines, and bases. Undergoes exothmeric nitration with fuming nitric acid-sulfuric acid and may give mixtures of the potentially explosive phthaloyl nitrates or nitrites or their nitro derivatives [Chem. & Ind. 20:790. 1972]. Phthalic anhydride reacts violently with CuO at elevated temperatures [Park, Chang-Man, Richard J. Sheehan. "Phthalic Acids and Other Benzenepolycarboxylic Acids" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005]. Mixtures of phthalic anhydride and anhydrous CO2 explode violently if heated [Leaflet No. 5, Inst. of Chem., London, 1940].

Strong oxidizers, water [Note: Converted to phthalic acid in hot water].

Incompatible materials: Strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents.

The exothermic nitration of phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride by a fuming nitric acid-sulfuric acid mixture may give mixtures of the potentially explosive phthaloyl nitrates or nitrites or their nitro derivatives. Formation of these cmpd may be avoided if nitrating mixture is extensively diluted with sulfuric acid and if a small (1.5 mole equiv) /amount/ of nitric acid is present.

Attempts to follow a published method for nitrating phthalic anhydride in sulfuric acid at 80 to 100 °C with fuming nitric acid caused an eruptive decomposition to occur after 2 hr delay. The hazard can be eliminated by use of a smaller excess of nitrating acid at 55 to 65 °C. Acyl nitrates were suggested as a possible cause of the delayed eruption ...

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, water [Note: Converted to phthalic acid in hot water.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Phthalic anhydride presents in many forms including a colorless liquid or needles, white needles, and white flakes. It has a mild, characteristic acrid odor. Phthalic anhydride is an important intermediate in the chemical industry. The major subsequent product groups are alkyd resins, plasticizers, hardener for resins, polyesters, pigments, chlorinated products, pharmaceutical intermediates, insecticides, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, and laboratory reagent. It is also widely used in the production of as an anti-scorching agent, a rubber hardener, and as a light- and heat-stabilizer of polyolefins. Phthalic anhydride containing materials are used in coatings applications for home appliances, automobiles, medical devices and furniture. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: For humans, phthalic anhydride in the form of vapor, fume or dust is a primary irritant to mucous membranes and the upper respiratory tract. Workers exposed to mixtures of phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride developed conjunctivitis, bloody nasal discharge, atrophy of the nasal mucosa, hoarseness, cough, occasional bloody sputum, bronchitis, and emphysema. Several cases of bronchial asthma resulted; skin sensitization with occasional urticaria and eczematous response were also documented. Clinical sensitization of phthalic anhydride occurred in a worker who developed symptoms of rhinorrhea, lacrimation, and wheezing after chronic exposure. Positive skin tests, provocative bronchial challenges, and a high serum titer of specific IgE to phthalic anhydride corroborated his clinical hypersensitivity. Bronchial provocation studies showed immediate airway obstruction. Sensitized people can have serological reactivity of phthalic anhydride, both immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), but IgE appears to discriminate cases of asthma from workers without asthma better than IgG, because the prevalence of IgG is high in exposed workers. ANIMAL STUDIES: Phthalic anhydride caused severe skin irritation in rabbits following 24 hr exposure. Phthalic anhydride was also irritating to rabbit eyes in the Draize test. Phthalic acid caused statistically significant increases in Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in dermally sensitized and intratracheally challenged mice, compared with the control. Guinea pigs exposed to and challenged with 5.0 mg/cu m phthalic anhydride dust had significant numbers of hemorrhagic lung foci; and animals with the greatest number of foci had high IgG antibody activity to phthalic anhydride. Cats given 68 mg phthalic anhydride/kg body weight for 90 days developed meteorism (tympanites) and diarrhea, and some excitation of the NS without other signs of intoxication. Rabbits given 20 mg/kg body weight for 3 months developed leukocytosis and increased aldolase activity. On gross pathology examination there was moderate parenchymatous dystrophy of the liver cells with slight perivascular lymphoid infiltration. In some studies, exposure to high doses of phthalic anhydride can be fatal. Four mice exposed to sublimation of phthalic anhydride 10 mg/L, 4 hr/day for 14 days exhibited slightly reduced breathing. One mouse died after the second day while a second one was found dead after the last day on test. Oral doses in rats (starting at 20 mg/kg/day) were doubled weekly; 0.89 g/kg was reached by ninth wk. Rats that died at high dosage had severe nephrosis, with destruction of tubular epithelium. Surviving animals had gastric ulceration. Phthalic acid did not show evidence of carcinogenicity in male and female mice fed 16,346 or 32,692 ppm (males) and 12,019 or 24,038 ppm (females) for 2 years. Phthalic anhydride was significantly teratogenic to mice: Branched ribs, fused vertebrae and cleft palate were the most common defects. In regards to genotoxicity, phthalic anhydride was negative in Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 with or without rat and hamster liver S-9 metabolic activation. There was a genotoxic effect found with phthalic anhydride in vitro at extremely high, cytotoxic concentrations, and only in the absence of a metabolic activation system which is not expected to be relevant under in vivo conditions, where phthalic anhydride is rapidly hydrolyzed to the non-genotoxic phthalic acid. Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to higher doses (6, 8, 10 mM) for 3 hours in the presence or absence of S9; cells were then washed, further incubated and harvested at 20 hours from the beginning of the treatment. Phthalic anhydride caused a decrease in pH when added to culture medium and was immediately neutralized with NaOH. Effects were observed in the main study only without S9 and only at the highest compound concentration which was very toxic (remaining cell counts 29 %) and gave precipitate. Chromosome aberration rate increased to 18.5 % at the highest dose compared with a control of 3%.

Phthalic anhydride

Respiratory

2 mg/kg-day

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

TR-159: Bioassay of Phthalic Anhydride for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 85-44-9) (1979 )

12/13/78

No Evidence

It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, phthalic anhydride was not carcinogenic for F344 rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sex.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Wheezing. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Corneal damage.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; conjunctivitis; nasal ulcer bleeding; bronchitis, bronchial asthma; dermatitis; In Animals: liver, kidney damage

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

HEAST Current

IRIS Current

Proposed maximum exposure limits: phthalic anhydride 4mg/ cu m (8h TWA), 12mg/ cu m (15min reference period); trimellitic anhydride 0.04mg/ cu m (8h TWA), 0.12mg/ cu m (15min reference period); maleic anhydride 1mg/cu m (8h TWA), 3mg/ cu m (15min reference period).

LD50 Rat oral 800-1600 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1530 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 4020 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation >210 mg/L/1 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

First aid: Inhalation - Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention. Skin - Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention. Eyes - First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. Ingestion - Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give plenty of water to drink. Refer for medical attention.

The symptoms of asthma often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical observation are therefore essential. Anyone who has shown symptoms of asthma due to this substance should avoid all further contact with this substance.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Skin contact is to be avoided under all circumstances. ... employment examinations are Necessary to ensure that persons with bronchial asthma, eczema, or other allergic diseases are not exposed to phthalic anhydride.

History of dermatologic or pulmonary allergy. Periodic examination. /From table/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Different sensitization reactions (asthma, rhinitis, dermatitis) /induced by phthalic anhydride/ have been described in humans.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract ... Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation exposure may cause asthma ... The symptoms of asthma often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical observation are therefore essential. Anyone who has shown symptoms of asthma due to this substance should avoid all further contact with this substance.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ACUTE ... SYMPTOMS: Inhalation--cough, sore throat, wheezing. Skin--redness, pain. Eyes--redness, pain. Ingestion--abdominal pain.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Exposed people in factories ... occasional bloody sputum ... emphysema ... Some lowering of blood pressure and minor signs of CNS excitation were reported ... Eczematous responses were noted and, in some instances, urticaria. ... Some signs of mucous membrane irritation were noted at 25 mg/cu m.

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (orfe); Conditions: static; Concentration: 313 mg/L for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 41400 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 0 to 109100 ug/L) for 96 hr; Effect: population, biomass /active ingredient/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 78530 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 0 to 1353330 ug/L) for 96 hr; Effect: population, biomass /active ingredient/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 147 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 60 to 350 ug/L) for 96 hr; Effect: population, biomass /active ingredient/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.30e+05

1.60e+06

2.10e+01

8.80e+01

3.90e+04

6.00e+00

8.50e+00

2.00e+00

2.00e-02

Volatile

3.80e+05

4.90e+06

6.30e+01

2.60e+02

1.20e+05

Phthalic anhydride's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of plasticizers, polyester resins, alkyd resins, pigments, dyes, agricultural, pharmaceutical and other commercial chemicals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Phthalic anhydride is released directly to the atmosphere in fly ash from incinerator emissions, diesel exhaust, oak smoke and pyrolysis products. Phthalic anhydride may be formed in the ambient atmosphere via photolysis of o-tolualdehyde. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.17X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates phthalic anhydride will exist primarily as a vapor in the atmosphere. However, monitoring data and photoreactor studies have found that phthalic anhydride can exist in ambient air in the particulate phase. Vapor-phase phthalic anhydride will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 21 days. Particulate-phase phthalic anydride will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Phthalic anhydride absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, phthalic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. However, phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C which suggests that leaching may not be an important fate process. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole and the compound's hydrolysis rate. Phthalic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Available biodegradation test results indicate that phthalic anhydride is readily biodegradable. However, biodegradation test results may be reflective of biodegradation of phthalic acid which is the hydrolysis product of phthalic anhydride. If released into water, phthalic anhydride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant fate process in water with half-lives ranging from 25 minutes to less than one minute at 25 °C depending on pH buffering agents and pH. Potential volatilization, adsorption to sediments, and bioconcentration will be attenuated due to hydrolysis. Occupational exposure to phthalic anhydride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where phthalic anhydride is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to phthalic anhydride via inhalation of ambient air and cigarette smoke and ingestion of food. (SRC)

Phthalic anhydride's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of plasticizers, polyester resins, alkyd resins, pigments, dyes, agricultural, pharmaceutical and other commercial chemicals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Phthalic anhydride is released directly to the atmosphere in fly ash from incinerator emissions, diesel exhaust, oak smoke and pyrolysis products(1). Photoreactor studies have demonstrated that phthalic anhydride may be formed in the ambient atmosphere via photolysis of o-tolualdehyde which occurs in air from automobile exhaust or photooxidation of o-xylene(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phthalic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(3,4) which suggests that leaching may not be an important fate process(SRC). Volatilization of phthalic anhydride from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 5.17X10-4 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 6000 mg/L(6). Hydrolysis in moist soil will also attenuate volatilization(SRC). Phthalic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure. Based on the available experimental biodegradation test results, phthalic anhydride can be classified as readily biodegradable(3). However, biodegradation test results may be reflective of biodegradation of phthalic acid which is the hydrolysis product of phthalic anhydride(3,4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phthalic anhydride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.17X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 6000 mg/L(5). Phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(6,7). Phthalic acid is the hydrolysis product(6). Hydrolysis half-lives may drop to one minute or less depending on buffering agents in the water and pH(6-8). According to a classification scheme(9), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.60(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Any potential volatilization or bioconcentration will be attenuated by hydrolysis(SRC). Based on the available experimental biodegradation test results, phthalic anhydride can be classified as readily biodegradable(6). However, biodegradation test results may be reflective of biodegradation of phthalic acid which is the hydrolysis product of phthalic anhydride(6,7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phthalic anhydride, which has a vapor pressure of 5.17X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist primarily as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. However, monitoring data(3) and photoreactor studies(4) have found that phthalic anhydride can exist in ambient air in particulate phase. Vapor-phase phthalic anhydride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 21 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(5). Particulate-phase phthalic anhydride may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Phthalic anhydride absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Based on the available experimental biodegradation test results, phthalic anhydride can be classified as readily biodegradable(1). However, phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(1,2), and biodegradation test results may be reflective of biodegradation of phthalic acid which is the hydrolysis product of phthalic anhydride(1,2). Phthalic anhydride, present at 100 mg/L, reached 85.2% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3); it was noted that the phthalic anhydride had been hydrolyzed to phthalic acid(3). Using OECD Method 301D (closed bottle test) and a domestic sewage inoculum, phthalic anhydride reached 71% of theoretical BOD after 30 days(1). Phthalic anhydride was reported to have a 5 day theoretical oxygen demand of 73.46% using 0.5 ppm concentration with a sewage inoculum(4). Theoretical BOD was reported to be 44-78% as a result of incubation of 1-4 ppm with sewage inoculum(5). Reported degradation of an initial concentration of 2 ppm phthalic anhydride was approximately 22% after incubation with sewage (standard dilution method) and 18% (seawater dilution method) for 5 days(6). Mineralization of 33% of an initial concentration of 9 ppm phthalic anhyride incubated with activated sludge for 24 hrs was reported based on chemical oxygen demand(7). Phthalic anhydride degradation using an acclimated activated sludge gave a 33% chemical oxygen demand and 88% total organic carbon in 24 hours(8).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phthalic anhydride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 21 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming phthalic acid(2). The hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C has been determined to range from nearly 25 minutes to less than one minute depending upon buffering agents, pH and other conditions(2-5). In water only, the first-order hydrolysis rate constant at 25.1 °C was 0.000429/sec(5); this corresponds to a half-life of 24.8 minutes(SRC). Buffering agents (to control pH) can accelerate the hydrolysis reaction(4). In phosphate buffer and N-methyl imidazole buffer at 25 °C, the hydrolysis half-lives were 30.5 seconds (at pH 7.24) and 61 seconds (at pH 6.8) respectively(2,4). At pH 0-6 and 25 °C, hydrolysis half-life was about 70 seconds in buffered solutions(3,4). At pH 8.9, the hydrolysis half-life fell to 2.4 seconds in carbonate buffered water(3,4). Approximated hydrolysis half-lives of 1.5 minutes and 2.7 minutes were calculated(SRC) using other reported rate constants of 7.9X10-3/sec(6) and 4.3X10-3/sec(7), respectively. Phthalic anhydride absorbs light >290 nm(8) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct sunlight photolysis(SRC). Direct photolysis tests in aqueous solutions exposed to sunlight suggest that phthalic anhydride may be photodegraded by sunlight, but aqueous hydrolysis to phthalic acid occurs before photolysis with the phthalic acid polymerizing to polyphenol due to photolysis(9).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for phthalic anhydride(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.60(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Phthalic anhydride did not bioconcentrate in Gambusia (mosquito fish)(4). Phthalic anhydride has a reported BCF of 4,053 in Oedogonium (alga) but did not bioconcentrate in Daphnia (water flea) or Physa (snail)(4). Phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(1,5) which suggests that bioconcentration in fish may not be an important fate process(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of phthalic anhydride can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that phthalic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(3,4) which suggests that leaching may not be an important fate process(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for phthalic anhydride is estimated as 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.17X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 6000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that phthalic anhydride is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). In addition, phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming phthalic acid(4); the hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C has been reported to vary from 30 minutes or less depending on pH and other conditions(4,5). Phthalic anhydride's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Phthalic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure.

DRINKING WATER: Phthalic anhydride was identified, not quantified in 1 of 14 treated waters, included treated water from rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater (one positive sample was a treated groundwater after distribution; phthalic anhydride was not reported present in the sources treated groundwater)(1). Phthalic anhydride was identified, not quantified in drinking water in the US(2) and in unidentified drinking water(3). Phthalic anhydride was identified, not quantified, in drinking water concentrates(4). Phthalic anhydride was detected, not quantified in samples from 10 sites on the Ohio, Potomac and Mississippi Rivers. Only 10% of samples tested positive for phthalic anhydride and these were all located in Cincinnati, OH(5). However, there is no study which unambiguously demonstrates that phthalic anhydride may occur in drinking water as phthalic anhydride may be formed as an artifact during gas chromatographic analysis(6).

SURFACE WATER: Phthalic anhydride was detected in 17.6% of 85 samples taken from streams in 30 states from 1999 to 2000(1). However, there is no study which unambiguously demonstrates that phthalic anhydride may occur in environmental waters as phthalic anhydride may be formed as an artifact during gas chromatographic analysis(2).

Phthalic anhydride was identified, not quantified, in advanced waste treatment concentrates(1), fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator(2) and effluents from two unspecified chemical plants(3). Identified industrial point sources include industrial plants which oxidize xylenes and naphthalene for phthalic anhydride production; gross estimate of discharge 5,000 tons/yr; waste treatment and disposal sources: incineration of industrial refuse and water sludges and slurries from plastic products and other manufacturing processes; leaches from municipal and industrial wastes containing plastics(4). Phthalic anhydride was identified in diesel exhaust(5) and emissions from polyurethane products(6). Phthalic anhydride had 183 occurrences in the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) analytical results data base for samples from hazardous waste sites(7).

SOIL: Phthalate anhydride was found in a soil bore sample at 1.0 and 1.4 ug/g from a hazardous waste dump near the Nervion River in northern Spain(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Phthalic anhydride was identified, not quantified, in urban air particles collected over 18 months from St. Louis, MO(1). Phthalic anhydride was detected from one location in more than 10 samples at median concentrations of <6.2 ug/cu m in 1983 in the northeastern United States(2). Analysis of air particles (PM2.5) collected from ambient air in Quabbin (Massachusetts), Rochester (NY) and Kenmore Square Boston (Massachusetts) detected phthalic anhydride at all locations(3); concentrations in the particles from the three sites were 48, 27 and 41 ng/mg respectively(3); concentrations in the air from the three sites were 130, 92 and 230 pg/cu m respectively(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Phthalic anhydride was detected at concentrations of 0.017-0.115 mg/cu dm in the ambient air near an enterprise industrial area(1).

Phthalic anhydride was identified, not quanitified, in isolated volatile components of Idaho Russet Burbank Potatoes(1). It is a microcomponent of foods(2).

Phthalic anhydride is a component of tobacco(1).

Phthalic anhydride is a component of tobacco and tobacco smoke(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 18 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be reporting information on chemical production and exposed in their respective industrial use in the United States manufacturing, processing, or use of Phthalic Anhydride (CAS 85-44-9), may be as low as <10 workers up to the range of 100-499 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U190, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Offer surpls and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

Phthalic anhydride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for phthalic acid: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Phthalic acid/

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2214; Phthalic anhydride with more than 0.05% maleic anhydride

IMO 8; Phthalic anhydride with more than 0.05% of maleic anhydride

49 342 23; Phthalic anhydride, solid molten or with more than 0.05% of maleic anhydride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.