1-nitronaphthalene

H228 (79.3%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H301 (98.3%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (20.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (20.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (20.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (20.7%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H411 (34.5%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 58 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING METAL PIGMENTS OR PASTES (E.G. "ALUMINUM PASTE"): Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see ERG Guide 170.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Water of foam may cause frothing.

To fight fire use carbon dioxide, dry chem or water spray.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metal Pigments or Pastes (e.g. "Aluminum Paste")

· Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

MAX ALLOWABLE CONCN: 25 MG/CU M FOR ALPHA-NITRONAPHTHALENE.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Nitronaphthalene appears as a yellow crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and denser than water. May irritate skin and eyes. Readily ignitable and may be difficult to extinguish once ignited. Used to make dyes and other chemicals.

Yellow odorless solid; [HSDB] Light yellow crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

Pale yellow needles

Yellow needles, recrystallized from ethanol

Odorless

579 °F at 760 mmHg (sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

304 °C (sublime)

BP: 180 °C @ 14 mm Hg

142.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

327 °F (NTP, 1992)

164 °C; 327 °F (closed cup)

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in alc; freely sol in chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide

Very sol in benzene and pyridine

In water, 9.18 mg/l @ 25 °C

1.332 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.332 @ 20 °C

5.96 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

0.00048 [mmHg]

4.8X10-4 mm Hg @ 25 °C

log Kow= 3.19

Henry's Law constant = 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Gives dark red soln with concn sulfuric acid

Heat of fusion: 25.44 cal/g= 106.44 J/g= 18,432 J/mol

Enthalpy of formation: 10.2 kcal/mole

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 5.40X10-12 cu cm/molecule sec @ 25 °C

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Angular frequency

Boiling point

Chemical shift

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

External quantum efficiency

Formula unit

Fusion temperature

Heat of sublimation

Lineshape

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Highly Flammable

Explosive

NITRONAPHTHALENE is incompatible with oxidizing agents and strong reducing agents. Mixtures with tetranitromethane are highly explosive and sensitive. Sulfuric acid and nitric acid mixtures of this compound undergo runaway reactions and detonate when the temperature is raised to 140 °F. (NTP, 1992)

/Mixture of tetranitromethane/ ... with ... 1-nitronaphthalene ... /was/ found to be high /explosive/ ... of high sensitivity and detonation ... /velocity/.

Towards the end of nitration of mononitronaphthalene to trinitronaphthalene, a drain valve became blocked with tarry solid. Raising the temp to 60 °C to melt the obstruction led to separation of more solid, failure of the agitator, then a runaway reaction and detonation.

Explosive reaction with nitric acid and sulfuric acid above 60 °C.

1-Nitronaphthalene and its reactive products specifically targets the airway epithelium. Its toxicity is synergized by prior long-term ozone exposure. 1-NN appears to specifically target peroxiredoxin 6 and biliverdin reductase as well as the N-terminal region of calreticulin.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of 1-nitronaphthalene. No data were available from studies in humans on the carcinogenicity of 1-nitronaphthalene. Overall evaluation: 1-Nitronaphthalene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

1-Nitronaphthalene

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 46: (1989) Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes

TR-064: Bioassay of 1-Nitronaphthalene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 86-57-7) (1978 )

01/18/78

No Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay 1-nitronaphthalene was not demonstrated to be carcinogenic in Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Health effects: May cause eye, skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract irritation. Chronic exposure may cause cancer (based on animal studies).

Inhalation

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

LD50 Rat oral 150 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 86 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Start an IV with lactated Ringer's. Adequate hydration must be maintained to prevent renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria unless signs of cerebral or pulmonary edema are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Naphthalene and related compounds/

Maintain an open air way and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and seizures if they occur. Treat hemolysis and resulting hemoglobinuria if they occur by intravenous hydration and urinary alkalinization. There is no specific antidote. Administer activated charcoal if available. Do not induce vomiting, because of the risk of lethargy and seizures. Do not administer milk, fats or oils, which may enhance absorption

NAPHTHALENE toxicosis caused by vapor inhalation can usually be managed simply by removing the individual to fresh air. Skin contamination should be removed promptly by washing with soap and water. Eye contamination should be removed by flushing with copious amounts of clear water. Irritation may be severe, and if it persists, should receive medical attention. SRP: /It may be helpful to empty stomach and administer dose of activated charcoal/ Examine the plasma for evidence of hemolysis: a reddish-brown tinge. Examine the blood smear for "ghosts" and Heinz bodies. If /hemolysis is/ present, monitor red blood cell count and hematocrit for anemia, urine for protein, and cells. Measure direct- and indirect-reacting bilirubin in the plasma. Monitor fluid balance and blood electrolytes. If possible, monitor urinary excretion of naphthol to assess severity of poisoning and clinical progress. If hemolysis is clinically significnt, administer intravenous fluids to accelerate urinary excretion of the naphthol metabolite and protect the kidney from products of hemolysis. Use Ringer's-lactate or sodium bicarbonate to keep urine pH above 7.5. Consider use of mannitol, or furosemide, to promote diuresis. If urine flow declines, intravenous infusions must be carefully monitored to avoid fluid overload. Institute hemodialysis. Consider charcoal hemoperfusion in tandem to extract naphthalene and end-products. If anemia is severe, blood transfusions may be needed. Hydrocortisone may be of some benefit if significant hemolysis is present. /Fumigant poisoning/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute health hazard of aromatic nitrocompounds is cyanosis and chronic manifestation is anemia ... /Nitrocompounds, aromatic/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Nitronaphthalene vapors have been thought to cause special type of keratitis. However, it is not entirely certain that nitronaphthalene is responsible ... /nitronaphthalene/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to naphthalene, 1-methyl-, 2-methyl-, 1-nitro- and 2-nitronaphthalene by intraperitoneal injection of peanut oil solutions over a dose range of 0.5-3.0 mmol/kg bw. Treated mice were killed at times from 6 hours to 14 days post-treatment. Tissues were analyzed for cytotoxic effects by optical and electron microscopy, and for cell proliferation by autoradiography following in vitro labeling of lung slices with 3H-thymidine. The naphthalene derivatives varied widely in their cytotoxic effects. The most toxic was 1-nitronaphthalene with no mice surviving doses >1 mmol/kg. ...In all cases the first evidence of cytotoxic effects was seen in the Clara cells of the bronchiolar epithelium, and, at the highest doses, toxic effects were found in the adjacent ciliated cells. Changes could be detected at the ultrastructural level at all doses, and within 6 hours after treatment. Only slight effects were seen in other cell types. Increased cell proliferation following chemical treatment was seen only in the bronchiolar epithelium, among cells tentatively identified as Clara cells or their precursors. Cytotoxic effects of naphthalene and its 1- and 2-methyl derivatives were confined to the lung, with minimal evidence of toxicity in the liver and kidney. The mononitronaphthalenes both produce small areas of centrizonal necrosis in the liver, but no discernible effects in the kidney.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 1-nitronaphthalene (25, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) was injected i.p. into male Sprague-Dawley rats and cytotoxicity characterized 24 hr later by high-resolution histopathology along a defined airway path extending from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. At 25 mg/kg, only nonciliated cells in minor daughter airways were swollen and necrotic. At 50 mg/kg there was near complete loss of nonciliated cells in most bronchioles, minor daughter airways, and tracheas. Marked damage to ciliated cells was observed at doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg. Denudation of the basement membrane was common in the trachea. We conclude for 1-nitronaphthalene cytotoxicity in the lung that: nonciliated cells of the distal bronchioles are not the only target; the threshold for injury in nonciliated cells is lower than that for ciliated cells; the response is airway selective; the response is dose-related.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The studies presented here describe morphological changes in the lung and liver at several time intervals following a single injection of 1-nitronaphthalene (100 mg/kg, i.p.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. ... Within 4 hr of treatment, all 1-nitronaphthalene treated animals exhibited respiratory distress characterized by labored breathing, severe gasping and chromodacryorrhea. The primary ultrastructural alteration were hydropic changes in the non-ciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells of the distal-most bronchioles of the lung. These were apparent as early as 1 hr after 1-nitronaphthalene injection, while adjacent ciliated cells showed no alterations. Over a 24 hr period, the bronchioles showed progressive ultrastructural changes leading to necrosis and exfoliation of both ciliated and Clara cells. Interstitial pneumonitis and edema were observed in all animals treated with 1-nitronaphthalene, and was usually associated with bronchioles containing necrotic epithelium. In the liver, ultrastructural changes were observed in the centrilobular hepatocytes at 8 hr and consisted of cytomegaly, loss of continuous inner membrane and reduced matrix density of the mitochondria. At 48 hr, cellular damage to centrilobular hepatocytes was severe and nearly all mitochondria were damaged. Elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin were detected in the serum of animals treated with 1-nitronaphthalene at 8-48 hr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects of naphthalene (91203) (NA) and its derivatives on pulmonary tissues were investigated in female Wistar-rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 0.5 millimoles per kilogram (mmol/kg) 1-nitronaphthalene (86577) (NN), 2-nitronaphthalene (581895) (2NN), 1-methylnaphthalene (90120) (1MN), or 2-methylnaphthalene (91576) (2MN), or 3mmol/kg NA. Animals were euthanized 24 hours later and histopathological analyses of pulmonary tissues were conducted. The median lethal dose of NN was found to be 150mg/kg. Piloerection and respiratory distress were induced in animals treated with 0.5mmol/kg NN within 4 hours. By 24 hours, weight loss was evident and animals were panting. Pulmonary lesions at this time were restricted to the bronchiolar epithelium. Surviving respiratory epithelium was overlaid with a raft of debris consisting of small amounts of fibrin, many damaged epithelial cells, and a few macrophages.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-NITRONAPHTHALENE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=86-57-7]

A bioassay of technical grade 1-nitronaphthalene for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. /The cmpd/ was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. The high and low time weighted avg concentrations used ... were, respectively, 0.18 and 0.06% for rats and 0.12 and 0.06% for mice. After a 78 wk period of cmpd administration, the rats were observed for an additional period of up to 31 wk and the mice for an additional period of up to 20 wk. For rats 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls for low dose groups and 25 of each sex for the high dose groups. For mice 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls for each dosed group. Under the conditions of this bioassay 1-nitronaphthalene was not demonstrated to be carcinogenic in Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Negative.

LC50 Pimephales promelas 9 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

1-Nitronaphthalene's production and use in deblooming petroleum oils to remove fluorescence and in the manufacture of dyes and intermediates may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Nitronaphthalene is also released to the environment as an emission of diesel fuel combustion. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-nitronaphthalene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nitronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. Particulate-phase 1-nitronaphthalene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Gas-phase photolysis is the major degradation pathway for 1-nitronaphthalene as indicated by a measured photolysis half-life of 0.5 hrs. If released to soil, 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,295. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. A mineralization rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks in flooded soil suggests that anaerobic biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. If released into water, 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 27 and 204 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 57 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1-nitronaphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nitronaphthalene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-nitronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

1-Nitronaphthalene's production and use in deblooming petroleum oils (agent added to mask fluorescence(2)) and in the manufacture of dyes and intermediates(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1-Nitronaphthalene is also released to the environment as an emission of diesel fuel combustion(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,295(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.19(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-nitronaphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1-Nitronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg(5). A mineralization rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks in flooded soil(6) suggests that anaerobic biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,295(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.19(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 27 and 204 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 57(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A mineralization rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks in flooded soil(7) suggests that anaerobic biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-nitronaphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nitronaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase 1-nitronaphthalene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Gas-phase photolysis is the major degradation pathway for 1-nitronaphthalene as indicated by a measured photolysis half-life of 0.5 hrs(4).

ANAEROBIC: Biodegradation of 1-nitronaphthalene added to a flooded soil at a concn of 50 ug/g resulted in a mineralization of 20 ug/g over 250 days, with an initial rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-nitronaphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1-Nitronaphthalene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Gas-phase photolysis is the major degradation pathway for 1-nitronaphthalene as indicated by a measured photolysis half-life of 0.5 hrs(3).

An estimated BCF of 57 was calculated for 1-nitronaphthalene(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.19(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of 1-nitronaphthalene is estimated as 1,295(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.19(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). A Koc value of 1,047 was calculated from measured Kf value of 82.1 derived using a clayey loam containing 28% sand, 33% silt sand, 39% clay, 1.6% organic carbon, 3.96% organic matter, and pH 7.27(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these estimated Koc values suggest that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

LC50 Pimephales promelas 9 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

1-Nitronaphthalene's production and use in deblooming petroleum oils to remove fluorescence and in the manufacture of dyes and intermediates may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Nitronaphthalene is also released to the environment as an emission of diesel fuel combustion. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-nitronaphthalene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nitronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. Particulate-phase 1-nitronaphthalene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Gas-phase photolysis is the major degradation pathway for 1-nitronaphthalene as indicated by a measured photolysis half-life of 0.5 hrs. If released to soil, 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,295. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. A mineralization rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks in flooded soil suggests that anaerobic biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. If released into water, 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 27 and 204 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 57 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1-nitronaphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nitronaphthalene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-nitronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

1-Nitronaphthalene's production and use in deblooming petroleum oils (agent added to mask fluorescence(2)) and in the manufacture of dyes and intermediates(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1-Nitronaphthalene is also released to the environment as an emission of diesel fuel combustion(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,295(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.19(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-nitronaphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1-Nitronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg(5). A mineralization rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks in flooded soil(6) suggests that anaerobic biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,295(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.19(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 27 and 204 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 57(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A mineralization rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks in flooded soil(7) suggests that anaerobic biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-nitronaphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nitronaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase 1-nitronaphthalene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Gas-phase photolysis is the major degradation pathway for 1-nitronaphthalene as indicated by a measured photolysis half-life of 0.5 hrs(4).

ANAEROBIC: Biodegradation of 1-nitronaphthalene added to a flooded soil at a concn of 50 ug/g resulted in a mineralization of 20 ug/g over 250 days, with an initial rate of 0.21 ug/g day-1 after a lag of 4-5 weeks(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-nitronaphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1-Nitronaphthalene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Gas-phase photolysis is the major degradation pathway for 1-nitronaphthalene as indicated by a measured photolysis half-life of 0.5 hrs(3).

An estimated BCF of 57 was calculated for 1-nitronaphthalene(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.19(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of 1-nitronaphthalene is estimated as 1,295(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.19(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). A Koc value of 1,047 was calculated from measured Kf value of 82.1 derived using a clayey loam containing 28% sand, 33% silt sand, 39% clay, 1.6% organic carbon, 3.96% organic matter, and pH 7.27(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these estimated Koc values suggest that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-nitronaphthalene is 1.76X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-nitronaphthalene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 27 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 204 days(SRC). 1-Nitronaphthalene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Nitronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4.8X10-4 mm Hg(3).

1-Nitronaphthalene was emitted from diesel fueled vehicles at concn of 0.77 and 0.47 ug/g particulate matter for a high engine load of 100% at moderate speed of 1200 rpm and for a low engine load of 75% at high speed of 1800 rpm, respectively(1). The compound has been detected in emissions from unvented kerosene space heaters at rates of 8.0, 33, and 3 ng/kJ from two radiant and one maltuned convective space heaters, respectively(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 1-Nitronaphthalene was detected in the ambient air of 2 sites in Singapore at concn of 0.34 and 0.51 ug/ 1000 cu m(1). In Aug 1986, 1-nitronaphthalene was detected in the day and night-time atmospheres of Glendora, CA at average concn of 2.5 and 3.9 ng/cu m(2). 1-Nitronaphthalene was also detected in the air of St. Louis, MO(3). On Feb 25, 1986, the ambient air concn of 1-nitronaphthalene was 3.0 ng/cu m for Torrance, CA(4). 1-Nitronaphthalene was also detected in the air of Southern CA at concn of 1.6, 0.53, 0.12, 0.01 and 2.3 ng/cu m(5). 1-Nitronaphthalene (vapor) was detected in the city atmosphere of central Birmingham, UK at concns 0.089 ng/cu m, mean, 0.033-0.207 ng/cu m, range in samples collected from Nov, 1995 - Feb, 1996(6). The samples were collected at a rooftop location(6). Concentrations in Deer Park, TX air (suburb of Houston) sampled over a 12 month period (8/90 to 8/91) were 403 (summer), 751 (fall), 113 (winter) and 102 pg/cu m (spring), combined vapor and particulate phase concns(7).

SOURCE DOMINATED: 1-Nitronaphthalene (vapor) was detected in the Queensway road tunnel, Birmingham, UK at concentrations of 1.59 ng/cu m, mean and a range of 0.56-1.22 ng/cu m in samples collected from Nov, 1995 - Feb, 1996(1).

Occupational exposure to 1-nitronaphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-nitronaphthalene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-nitronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Health: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Protection Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-NITRONAPHTHALENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2538; Nitronaphthalene

IMO 4.1; Nitronaphthalene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Solid