Alpha-Naphthylthiourea

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P318, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 45 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P301+P316, P308+P316, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of ANTU Exposure: Acute exposure to ANTU may result in skin irritation, vomiting, difficult breathing, noisy breathing, pulmonary edema or effusion, low body temperature, and seizures. Antithyroid activity and hyperglycemia may be observed after chronic sublethal exposure.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ANTU may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ANTU.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ANTU.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of ANTU is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

Stay upwind, and out of low areas. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Naphthylthiourea/

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Ventilate area of spill. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in appropriate container and burn in safe place (such as fume hood). Large quantities may be reclaimed ... If not practical, dissolve in flammable solvent ... and atomize in ... combustion chamber ...

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P072, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

Incinerate in a furnace equipped with an alkaline scrubber. Recommendable methods: Incineration & landfill. ... (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Do not eat or smoke in area where ANTU is being handled, processed, or stored.

Individuals who handle ANTU should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before smoking or eating.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ALPHA-NAPHTHYLTHIOUREA (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Avoid inhalation and skin contact. Do not touch spilled material, stay upwind, keep out of low areas, deny entry. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, silver nitrate and food and feedstuffs.

Separated from strong oxidants, silver nitrate, food and feedstuffs.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.60 [mg/m3]

10 [mg/m3]

100 [mg/m3]

TWA 0.3 mg/m3

0.3 [mg/m3]

100 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for ANTU. However, based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Stolman 1969] and animals [Gosselin et al. 1984; Perkow 1971/76], the original IDLH for ANTU (100 mg/m3) is not being revised at this time.

100 mg/cu m

100 mg/m3

See: 86884

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.3 mg/cu m, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.3 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

GUIDELINE: Australia (ceiling) 0.3 mg/cu m (1978); Federal Republic of Germany (TWA) 0.3 mg/cu m (1979); The Netherlands (ceiling) 0.3 mg/cu m (1978).

REGULATION: Belgium (ceiling) 0.3 mg/cu m (1978); Finland (ceiling) 0.3 mg/cu m (1975); Romania (average) 0.2 mg/cu m, (maximum) 0.6 mg/cu m (1975); Switzerland (TWA) 0.3 mg/cu m (1978); USSR 0.1 mg/cu m (Maximum) (1977); Yugoslavia (ceiling) 0.3 mg/cu m (1971).

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

Exposure could cause lung oedema. Medical observation is indicated.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for ANTU:

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Antu appears as white crystal or powder; technical product is gray powder. Has no odor but a bitter taste. Used primarily as a rodenticide for control of adult Norway rats. Not produced commercially in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)

Naphthylthiourea appears as a crystalline solid or a solid dissolved in a liquid. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Contact may slightly irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be slightly toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

White crystalline or gray, odorless powder. [rodenticide]

WHITE ODOURLESS CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Prisms from alcohol

Colorless ... solid

White, crystalline or gray powder

Odorless

Bitter taste

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

400 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Decomposes

388 °F (EPA, 1998)

May burn but will not ignite readily (EPA, 1998)

0.06 % (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 600 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in acetone = 2.43 g/100 mL; in triethylene glycol = 8.6 g/100 mL; fairly soluble in hot alcohol

Slightly soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone

Very slightly soluble in most organic solvents

Solubility in water: none

Specific Gravity (water= 1): Greater than 1

>1 g/cm³

6.99 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

0 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.000001 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.65

1.66 (calculated)

Stable on exposure to air and to sunlight.

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Hazardous decomposition products include: sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide.

When heated to decomp ...it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides./

Noncombustible solid; decomposes

Usually grey powder /commercial preparation/

Blue-grey powder /Technical grade/

Stable on exposure to air and to sunlight

Pesticides -> Rodenticides

Slightly soluble in water.

Insoluble in water.

Amides and Imides

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Sulfides, Organic

ANTU is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers, silver nitrate (NIOSH, 2024).

An organosulfide and an amide. Organosulfides are incompatible with acids, diazo and azo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates, aldehydes, alkali metals, nitrides, hydrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reactions with these materials generate heat and in many cases hydrogen gas. Many of these compounds may liberate hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition or reaction with an acid. Organic amides/imides react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water). Imides are less basic yet and in fact react with strong bases to form salts. That is, they can react as acids. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions.

Strong oxidizers, silver nitrate.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

Strong oxidizers, silver nitrate

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Alpha-Naphthyl thiourea (ANTU) is a white, crystalline, or gray odorless powder with a bitter taste. It was first used as a rodenticide for the control of adult Norway rats. It was widely used in the 1940s but has subsequently been replaced by other compounds in most countries including the U.S. It is not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: ANTU is well absorbed by skin contact and inhalation. Oral ingestion may result in vomiting, shortness of breath, bluish discoloration of the skin, pulmonary edema or liver injury. Repeat exposures can injure the thyroid and adrenals, producing hypothyroidism. ANIMAL STUDIES: Oral feeding of ANTU to rats at 10 mg/kg body weight increased the blood glucose levels by 100% after 22 hours. Acute exposure also caused elevated plasma activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and increased the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LD5) isoenzyme, suggesting that the liver is one of the targets in poisoning in ANTU-treated rats. Toxic symptoms observed in laboratory animals given repeated doses of alpha-naphthyl thiourea include impaired weight gain and deformities of the legs and feet; inhibition of hair growth and defective hair pigmentation; thyroid hyperplasia and hypercholesterolemia; and fatty degeneration of the liver and bile-duct proliferation. Other effects that have been reported are inhibition of pulmonary aniline hydroxylase activity, increased pulmonary aminopyrine demethylase activity and inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPases in erythrocyte membranes and kidney microsomes. Microsomes from rat liver and lung release atomic sulfur from alpha-naphthyl thiourea. Pulmonary toxicity may result, at least in part, from binding of atomic sulfur to tissue macromolecules in susceptable species. ANTU is mutagenic when metabolized by liver microsomal fractions from rats treated with either Aroclor 1254 or phenobarbital. It also transforms hamster embryo cells in an in vitro carcinogenesis bioassay.

EVALUATION: The available data were inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity of 1-naphthylthiourea to exptl animals. No data on humans were avail. The avail data are insufficient to evaluate the carcinogenicity of 1-naphthylthiourea to humans.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

1-Naphthylthiourea (ANTU)

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 30: (1983) Miscellaneous Pesticides

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion

Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Laboured breathing.

After ingestion of large doses: vomiting, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cyanosis, coarse pulmonary rales; liver damage

respiratory system, blood, liver

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LD50 Rat (Norway wild, adult) ip 6.20-8.10 mg/kg

LD50 Chicken ig 4250 mg/kg

LD50 Chicken ip 2500 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit ip or ig >400 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ALPHA-NAPHTHYLTHIOUREA (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acute lung injury is an inflammatory syndrome that increases the permeability of the blood-gas barrier, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Despite intensive research, treatment options remain limited. /This study/ investigated the protective efficacy of tezosentan, a novel, dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in an experimental model of alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU)-induced acute lung injury in rats. ANTU was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Tezosentan was injected 30 minutes before ANTU was subcutaneously (s.c.) injected at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg, 60 minutes before ANTU was injected at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg (i.p.), and 90 minutes before ANTU at a dose of 10 mg/kg (i.p.). Four hours later, the lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) ratio and pleural effusion (PE) were measured. When injected 30 minutes before ANTU at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg (s.c.), tezosentan had no effect on lung pathology. When injected 60 minutes before ANTU at doses of 2, 10, or 30 mg/kg (i.p.) or 90 minutes before ANTU (10 mg/kg, i.p.), tezosentan significantly decreased the PE/BW ratio and had a prophylactic effect on PE formation at all doses. Therefore, tezosentan may attenuate lung injury. Furthermore, its acute and inhibitory effects on fluid accumulation were more effective in the pleural cavity than in the interstitial compartment in this experimental model.

This study was designed to investigate the possible participation of morphine in pulmonary edema induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU), which is a well-known noxious chemical agent in the lung. Injection of ANTU (15 mg/kg i.p.) produced pulmonary edema as indicated by an increase in lung weight/body weight ratio and pleural effusion reaching a maximum within 4 hr in rat. Administration of morphine prior to ANTU significantly inhibited to pulmonary edema with a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect of morphine is prevented by peripheral opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone methiodide. ANTU-treated rats were shown positive by inducible nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemical staining. There was no staining in the control group. On the other hand, the degree of staining was markedly reduced in tissue sections by morphine. These results suggest that previous administration of subcutaneous morphine has preventive effect on ANTU-induced pulmonary inflammatory reaction and its effect mediated via peripheral opioid receptors. Application of naloxone with ANTU has no effect on the lung parameters indicating that endogenous opioids do not modulate ANTU-induced damage.

Iodine or iodide given to animals 6 hours prior to ANTU affords significant protection, but neither is effective after exposure.

... Pretreatment of mice with 4-ipomeanol produced tolerance to alpha-naphthylthiourea. ... /Dose not specified/.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for ALPHA-NAPHTHYLTHIOUREA (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Treatment includes gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal, supportive care, and monitoring of electrolytes and glucose. Pulmonary edema may be delayed up to 72 hours. Patients ingesting more than 5 mg/kg body weight should be admitted for observation.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR). Adequate hydration must be maintained to prevent renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria unless signs of cerebral or pulmonary edema are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Naphthalene and related compounds/

Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions such as individuals with chronic respiratory disease or liver disease, which might place the employee at an increased risk from ANTU exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Oral ingestion/ may cause vomiting, shortness of breath, and bluish discoloration of the skin.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ There are no reports of human poisonings with ANTU. However, several cases involving a combination of chloralose and ANTU were reported in France; symptoms included motor agitation and coma, both caracteristic of chloralose poisonings, and pulmonary effects, due to ANTU, but all patients recovered. Suggestions that the presence of an impurity in ANTU, beta-naphthylamine, may increase risk of bladder cancer, remain unsubstantionated.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Large overdoses present with lassitude, anorexia, abdominal pain, hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnea, and rales. Motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, and CNS disorders have /all/ been reported. Acute inhalation of dust produces coughing, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, tracheitis and pneumonitis. Dermal contact can cause skin and mucous membrane irritation.

/CASE REPORTS/ The rodenticide ANTU (alpha-naphthylthiourea) was used in the United Kingdom mainly in the late 1940's and early 1950's. The product then contained up to 0.2% of beta-naphthylamine as an impurity, and it was finally withdrawn in 1967 as a suspected carcinogen. Fourteen cases of urothelial tumors among rodent /exterminators/ exposed to ANTU are reported: in one district 4/27 staff were affected, and in another area 2/10. ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALPHA-NAPHTHYLTHIOUREA (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Oxidation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) results in the production of modified LDLs. Oxidation of LDL cholesterol plays a role on the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. This study was designed to investigate the possible participation of the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein in the lung edema induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU), which is a well-known noxious chemical agent on the lung endothelium. When ANTU injected intraperitoneally into rats (15 mg kg(-1)), it produced lung edema as indicated by an increase in lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) ratio and pleural effusion (PE) reaching a maximum within 4 hr. A significant lung edema was observed 4 hr after intraperitoneally injection of alpha-naphthylthiourea when compared with olive oil-injected control rats. On microscopic examination of alpha-naphthylthiourea-treated rats were shown to have severe lung injury, while no change was observed in olive oil-treated control rats. While there were no staining in control lungs, positive oxidized low-density lipoproteins immune-fluorescent staining were observed in lung edema group. Our study showed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) accumulated in ANTU-induced lung damage. This is the first study in which accumulation of oxLDL molecules in the intact lung tissue were shown by fluorescent immune-staining method in experimental lung edema. The potential role of oxLDL in this pathology are still under investigation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...Female Wistar-rats were administered orally 10 mg/kg ANTU. ... Activities of ouabain insensitive and ouabain sensitive ATPases of treated rats were decreased by 44 and 60%, respectively, in erythrocyte membrane, and by 44 and 43%, respectively, in kidney microsomes. No significant increases in liver microsomes occurred. Liver mitochondrial ATPases were 4.4 and 3.7 umol/Pi/mg protein/hr for 2,4-dinitrophenol activated system 3.1 and 2.3 umol/Pi/mg protein/hr for magnesium activated system, and 3.7 and 3.3 umol/Pi/mg protein/hr for calcium activated system for controls and treated animals, respectively. ANTU had no effect on kidney microsomes at 4 hours in vitro, but decreased with time and by 20 hours ouabain sensitive and insensitive ATPases were decreased by 45 and 57%, respectively. In-vitro, ANTU inhibited ATPases about the same as diisopropylfluoro-phosphatase.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Administration of alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) / 0.5 mg of thiourea/kg body weight in saline (0.15 M, 0.3 mL) IP daily for 3 days and experiments were carried out 24 to 48 hr after the final injection/ to rats causes damage to pulmonary endothelial cells and possibly mesothelial lining cells that together may account for the massive pleural effusion characteristic of thiourea toxicity. Using (35)S-thiourea as a model compound, the extent of binding of (35)S to lung proteins correlated well with the extent of edema, suggesting that the extent of binding of thiourea metabolites is a measure of lung toxicity. ANTU and phenylthiourea (PTU) compete for (35)S binding to lung slices, suggesting that these toxins may act in a similar way. Binding of (35)S in lung slices from resistant rats is much less than in controls, and resistance cannot be explained by differences in either whole body metabolism or redistribution of thiourea in vivo. Lung glutathione levels (in vitro and in vivo) in normal and resistant rats following thiourea administration were essentially the same. However, at doses of thiourea that cause pleural effusion, there was an increase in total lung glutathione.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In guinea pigs, 140 mg/kg administered ip increased pulmonary aminopyrine demethylase activity at 4 hr but decreased to 51% at 24 hr; aniline hydroxylase activity was 78% at 4 hr and 53% at 24 hr; no changes occurred in lung/body wt ratios or lung non-protein sulfhydryl levels.

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhychos (Mallard duck) 10 day old; dietary 3,400 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 2378-4362 ppm)

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) 10 day old; dietary 8,200 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence interal: 5,563-12,087 ppm)

alpha-Naphthylthiourea's production and use as a laboratory reagent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use in the US as a rodenticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates alpha-naphthylthiourea will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-naphthylthiourea will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.6 hours. Particulate-phase alpha-naphthylthiourea will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. alpha-Naphthylthiourea contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, alpha-naphthylthiourea is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3600. The estimated pKa of alpha-naphthylthiourea is 9.47, indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization of the neutral form from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.5X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization of the ionic form from moist soil is not expected because the anions do not volatilize. alpha-Naphthylthiourea is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, alpha-naphthylthiourea is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant and pKa. An estimated BCF of 5.7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis half-life is estimated to be 361 days. Occupational exposure to alpha-naphthylthiourea may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-naphthylthiourea is produced or used. General population exposure should be low or non-existent since alpha-naphthylthiourea is no longer used in the US. (SRC)

alpha-Naphthylthiourea is not known to occur as a natural product.

alpha-Naphthylthiourea's production and use as a laboratory reagent and chemical intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in the US as a rodenticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3600(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that alpha-naphthylthiourea is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of alpha-naphthylthiourea is estimated as 9.47(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of neutral alpha-naphthylthiourea from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.5X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). The ionic form of alpha-naphthylthiourea is not expected to volatilize because ions do not volatilize. alpha-Naphthylthiourea is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2014).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3600(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that alpha-naphthylthiourea is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). An estimated pKa of 9.47(3) indicates alpha-naphthylthiourea will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization of the ionic form from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral form from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.5X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). The hydrolysis half-life for alpha-naphthylthiourea is 361 days based on a measured hydrolysis rate constant of 2.2X10-8 L/mol sec at pH 7 and 25 °C(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 5.7(SRC), from a log Kow of 1.65(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2014).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), alpha-naphthylthiourea, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-6 Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-naphthylthiourea is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase alpha-naphthylthiourea may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). alpha-Naphthylthiourea contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-life for alpha-naphthylthiourea is 361 days based on a measured hydrolysis rate constant of 2.2X10-8 L/mol sec at pH 7 and 25 °C(2). alpha-Naphthylthiourea contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 5.7 was calculated in fish for alpha-naphthylthiourea(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.65(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of alpha-naphthylthiourea can be estimated to be 3600(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that alpha-naphthylthiourea is expected to have slight mobility in soil. The pKa of alpha-naphthylthiourea is estimated as 9.47(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for alpha-naphthylthiourea is estimated as 8.5X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that neutral alpha-naphthylthiourea is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). An estimated pKa of 9.47(3) indicates alpha-naphthylthiourea will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization of the ionic form from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). alpha-Naphthylthiourea is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1).

alpha-Naphthylthiourea was not detected (detection limit not reported) in wheat, barley or oat grain samples from Ciudad Real, Spain(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1450 workers were potentially exposed to alpha-naphthylthiourea in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to alpha-naphthylthiourea may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-naphthylthiourea is produced or used. General population exposure should be low or non-existent since alpha-naphthylthiourea is no longer used in the US(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P072, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

Incinerate in a furnace equipped with an alkaline scrubber. Recommendable methods: Incineration & landfill. ... (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Naphthylthiourea/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Naphthylthiourea/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Naphthylthiourea/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Naphthylthiourea/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ALPHA-NAPHTHYLTHIOUREA (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1651; Naphthylthiourea

IMO 6.1; Naphthylthiourea

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+; R: 28-40; S: (1/2)-25-36/37-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II