2,6-dimethylaniline

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (1 of 300) of reports.

H302+H312+H332 (24.3%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (98.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (98.3%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (98.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (36.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (98.3%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (99%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (98.7%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H411 (97.7%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 300 reports by companies from 23 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 300 reports by companies.

There are 22 notifications provided by 299 of 300 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, carbon dioxide, foam, powder.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Xylidines/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Xylidines, liquid or solid/

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. /Xylidines/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Established forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. /Xylidines/

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Xylidines, liquid or solid/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Xylidines, liquid or solid/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration; oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device. /Xylidines/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, acids, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, hypochlorites, halogens and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Xylidine must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as bromine, chlorine, or fluorine) since violent reactions occur. Contact with hypochlorite bleaches may form explosive chloroamines. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045. /Xylidines/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

50 ppm /Xylidine/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor), skin. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

Exposure at high levels could cause lowering of consciousness. Exposure at high levels could cause formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia. The substance may have effects on the liver. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots, heavy rubber gloves and protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. Above 91 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

2,6-xylidine appears as a liquid. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Slightly soluble in water. Used in pharmaceuticals, as dye intermediates and organic syntheses.

YELLOW LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Yellow liquid

Colorless to reddish-yellow, clear liquid

Pale yellow liquid

Characteristic odor

417 °F at 739 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

Boiling point: 214 °C at 739 mm Hg

47.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

196 °F (NTP, 1992)

91 °C (196 °F) - closed cup

less than 1 mg/mL at 75 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 8240 ppm at 25 °C

In water, 7000 mg/L at 20 °C

Very soluble in ethanol, ether

Soluble in oxygenated and aromatic solvents

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.7

0.984 (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9842 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.98

4.17 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.2 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.2

1 mmHg at 111.2 °F ; 5 mmHg at 162.7 °F; 100 mmHg at 295 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.125 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.02

log Kow = 1.84

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

761 °F (NTP, 1992)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

1.7 mPa.s (dynamic) at 50 °C

Enthalpy of vaporization: 59.2 kJ/mol at 286-326 K

Odor threshold in air= 1.00X10+12 molecules/cc /Xylidines/

Threshold for xylidine is 0.0240 mg/cu m /Xylidines/

Index of refraction: 1.5610 at 20 °C/D

pKa = 3.95 at 25 °C

Forms more or less sol salts with the strong mineral acids /Xylidine/

All /isomers/ except ortho-4-xylidine are liquids above 27 °C

Henry's Law constant = 2.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (estimated from vapor pressure and water solubility)

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Slightly soluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

2,6-XYLIDINE reacts with strong oxidizing agents [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 964]. Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Incompatible materials: Acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, oxidizing agents, chloroformates, halogens.

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers. Contact with hypochlorite salts and bleaches form explosive chloroamines. /Xylidines/

Attacks plastic and rubber.

Strong oxidizers, hypochlorite salts./Xylidine/

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2,6-Xylidine (2,6-DBA) is a yellow liquid. 2,6-DBA is an intermediate in manufacturing pesticides, dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, resins, fragrances, and other products. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Based on a Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study, which enrolled 581 incident bladder cancer cases and 604 population controls, hemoglobin adducts of 2,6-DBA were significantly and independently associated with increased bladder cancer risk among lifelong nonsmokers in Shanghai, China. The findings of that study in China, combined with with previous data in Los Angeles, California, strongly implicate arylamines as potential causal agents of human bladder cancer. ANIMAL STUDIES: 2,6-DBA was not a skin sensitizer at concentrations of 0, 5, 10 or 25% w/v in a mouse local lymphnode assay. Three rabbits were exposed to 0.1 mL 2,6-DBA; eyes were not washed out. The animals were observed for 8 days. Slight corneal opacity, iritis and chemosis were completely reversible within 8 days. Moderate conjunctivae redness was not fully reversible in 2/3 animals within 8 days. However, a clear trend over time for decreasing effect strength was observable, and in 1/3 animals the redness was completely reversible. Rats were exposed for 7 hours to a vapor saturated atmosphere (0.75 mg/L). 0/12 animals died after the 7 hour exposure. Salivation, apathy, closed eyes and slight secretion of the nose were reversible within one day. In male and female rats given 400-700 mg/kg by gavage daily for four weeks, however, decreased weight gain, lowered hemoglobin values and liver enlargement were observed, with increases in the levels of microsomal glucuronyltransferase in males and females and of aniline hydroxylase in females. Chronic dosing of male and female beagle dogs with oral doses of 50 mg/kg body weight 2,6-DBA for four weeks resulted in decreased body weight, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoproteinemia and, in contrast to rats, marked fatty degenerative changes in the liver. 2,6-DBA produced only weak positive genotoxicity results with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537. The oral administration of up to 350 mg/kg of 2,6-DBA did not result in the induction of micronuclei in bone marrow of male mice either at 24, 48 or 72 hours after dosing. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, 2,6-DBA produced chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. In 2-year feed studies, 2,6-DBA was clearly carcinogenic for male and female rats, causing significant increases in the incidences of adenomas and carcinomas of the nasal cavity. A rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare tumor of the nasal cavity, was observed in dosed rats of each sex. In addition, the increased incidences of subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas in male and female rats and the increased incidence of neoplastic nodules of the liver in female rats may have been related to the administration of 2,6-DBA.

Treatment of AS52 cells with N-OH-2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA) and 2,6-DMAP led to intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DNA strand breaks were observed in a dose-dependent manner in AS52 cells when treated with each of the N-OH-2,6-DMA and 2,6-DMAP. Comparative evaluation of the results indicates that the principal mechanism of mutagenic action is likely to be through redox cycling of intracellularly bound aminophenol/quinone imine structures to generate ROS rather than through formation of covalent DNA adducts. These considerations do not rule out DNA adduct formation by monocyclic nitrenium ions because it has been established that the free nitrenium ion derived from 2,6-DMA can form under aqueous conditions. (A15447)

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 2,6-dimethylaniline. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 2,6-dimethylaniline. Overall evaluation: 2,6-dimethylaniline is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 57: (1993) Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines

2,6-Xylidine

TR-278: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,6-Xylidine (2,6-Dimethylaniline) (CASRN 87-62-7) in Charles River CD Rats (Feed Studies) (1990 )

09/22/82

Clear Evidence

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, 2,6-xylidine was clearly carcinogenic for male and female Charles River CD rats, causing significant increases in the incidences of adenomas and carcinomas of the nasal cavity. A rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare tumor of the nasal cavity, was observed in dosed rats of each sex. In addition, the increased incidences of subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas in male and female rats and the increased incidence of neoplastic nodules of the liver in female rats may have been related to the administration of 2,6-xylidine.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

The substance can be absorbed into the body in hazardous amounts by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

LD50 Rat oral 840 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 707 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1230 mg/kg bw. /From table/

LD50 Rat oral 1050 mg/kg bw. /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate First Aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary. ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 L of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ... /Xylidines/

Initial medical examination: a complete history & physical examination. The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exam of the blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system should be stressed. ... Periodic medical exam ... should be repeated on an annual basis. /Xylidine/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure at high levels could cause lowering of consciousness. Exposure at high levels could cause formation of methemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated. ... The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anemia. The substance may have effects on the liver.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... Published papers on the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine in vitro have given inconsistent results. It has been proposed that the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine is dependent on its metabolism to a key metabolite dimethylphenyl N-hydroxylamine (DMHA), which would then be further converted to form a reactive nitrenium ion by phase 2 (mainly acetylation) metabolism. In order to study whether the inconsistent results could be explained by different systems having different potential for DMHA to be formed and to induce genotoxicity in vitro, we have tested 2,6-xylidine in conventional Ames bacteria, and strains engineered to overexpress acetyltransferase, in the presence of different concentrations of induced rat liver and human liver S9. All tests gave consistently negative results. The formation of DMHA by induced rat liver S9 and human S9 was clearly shown to occur, and to be concentration- and time-dependent. The potential inhibitory effects of the solvent DMSO were also studied, but it was clearly not responsible for the negative results with 2,6-xylidine. Thus, whatever is the mode of action of 2,6-xylidine carcinogenicity in rodents, it has proven impossible to detect mutagenic effects in Ames tests with numerous variations of metabolic conditions, or even using acetyltransferase overexpressing strains of bacteria.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... The Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study enrolled 581 incident bladder cancer cases and 604 population controls. Each participant was solicited for his/her history of tobacco use and other lifestyle factors and donation of blood and urine specimens. Red blood cell lysates were used to quantify both hemoglobin adducts of 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA). Urine samples were used to quantify total cotinine. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for bladder cancer were estimated using unconditional logistic regression methods. Among lifelong nonsmokers, ORs (95% CIs) of bladder cancer for low (below median of positive values) and high versus undetectable levels of 2,6-DMA hemoglobin adducts were 3.87 (1.39-10.75) and 6.90 (3.17-15.02), respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). Similarly, among lifelong nonsmokers, ORs (95% CIs) of bladder cancer for third and fourth versus first/second quartiles of 4-ABP hemoglobin adducts was 1.30 (0.76-2.22) and 2.29 (1.23-4.24), respectively (Ptrend = 0.009). The two associations were independent of each other. Hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA were significantly and independently associated with increased bladder cancer risk among lifelong nonsmokers in Shanghai, China. The findings of the present study in China with previous data in Los Angeles, California strongly implicate arylamines as potential causal agents of human bladder cancer.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ To cast light on whether the carcinogenic risk of 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA), a metabolite of xylazine, may increase by ingestion of edible tissues from domestic animals treated with xylazine, the following studies of xylazine and DMA were performed. In Experiment I, male F344 rats received a single oral administration of 150 mg/kg of xylazine hydrochloride. Rats showed symptoms suggesting loss of sensation and pain immediately after the treatment. These signs had disappeared after 3 hr, but the animals died of hydrothorax and pulmonary edema by 9 hr. The plasma concentration of xylazine was 2.88 +/- 0.95 ug/mL at 15 min, and then decreased to 0.10 +/- 0.01 ug/mL at 6 hr. The plasma level of DMA remained at 0.03 to 0.04 ug/mL during the measurement period. In Experiment II, male F344 rats were fed a diet containing 1000 ppm of xylazine hydrochloride, regarded as the maximum tolerated dose, for 4 weeks. No clear clinical signs were evident and the plasma levels of xylazine and DMA were at the detection limit (0.02 ug/mL) or less, although follicular cell hypertrophy of the thyroid was observed in all the treated animals. In Experiment III, male F344 rats were fed a diet containing 3000 ppm or 300 ppm of DMA for 4 weeks. Histological changes, such as atrophy of Bowman's gland and irregular arrangement of olfactory epithelial cells, were only observed in the olfactory epithelium of the 3000 ppm group. The plasma levels of DMA were 0.20 to 0.36 ug/mL in the 3000 ppm group, but under the detection limit in the 300 ppm group. These results suggest that the probability of nasal carcinogenic effects of DNA on consumers via ingestion of edible tissues from food-producing animals treated with xylazine is extremely low, since DMA levels in the blood of rats subjected to continuous administration of high doses of xylazine remained under the detection limit.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ All male rats administered 2,6-xylidine at /oral/ doses of 1.0 g/kg or less survived to the end of the 14 day observation period. Four of five male rats administered 1.47 g/kg died, and all males receiving doses of 2.15 or 3.16 g/kg died. All female rats given doses of 0.681 g/kg or less survived to the end of the 14-day observation period. At 1.47 and 2.15 g/kg, 4/5 female rats died. All female rats administered 3.16 g/kg died. The activity of animals given 0.215 g/kg was reduced, and prostration was observed at higher doses. Ptosis and a watery discharge from the eyes were seen at 3.16 g/kg. Bright red lungs and pale livers and kidneys were observed in rats that died. Other changes were judged to be the result postmortem degeneration.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ At /oral/ doses of 0.31 and 0.62 g/kg, all rats survived until the end of the studies. At 1.25 g/kg, all male rats and 3/5 female rats died within 2 days of dosing. At 2.50 g/kg, all rats died within 2 days of dosing. At 5.0 g/kg, all rats died within 1 day of dosing. All rats were inactive after receiving 2,6-xylidine. Dyspoea or shallow breathing occurred all rats administered 1.25 g/kg or more. Groups administered 0.62 g/kg or more had reddened renal medullae and groups administered 1.25 g/kg or more had reddened gastric mucosa and thick, oily, opaque yellow fluid in the stomach and intestines.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rats were exposed for 7 hr to a vapor saturated atmosphere (0.75 mg/L). 0/12 animals died after the 7 hr exposure. Salivation, apathy, closed eyes and slight secretion of the nose were reversible within one day. There was no finding at necropsy at the termination of the study. ... Inhalation of vapor saturated atmosphere of 2,6-Xylidine did not represent a severe health hazard.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of September 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-Term Carcinogenicity Studies", and "Genetic Toxicology Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-10185-x.html]

The 56 male and 56 female Charles River CD rats used in the 104 wk carcinogenesis studies were the offspring of animals fed diets containing 0, 300, 1,000, or 3,000 ppm 2,6-xylidine before breeding during pregnancy, and through the lactation period. The concentrations of 2,6-xylidine offered to animals in the 104 wk studies were the same as those given to their parents. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2 yr feed studies, 2,6-xylidine was clearly carcinogenic for male and female Charles River CD rats, causing significant increases in the incidences of adenomas and carcinomas of the nasal cavity. A rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare tumor of the nasal cavity, was observed in dosed rats of each sex. In addition, the increased incidences of subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas in male and female rats and the increased incidence of neoplastic nodules of the liver in female rats may have been related to the administration of 2,6-xylidine.

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish); Conditions: flow through; Concentration: 130000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Cyprinodontidae (Killifish, Topminnow Family); Conditions: flow through, 25 °C; Concentration: 125000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Cyprinodontidae (Killifish, Topminnow Family); Conditions: static, 25 °C; Concentration: 130400 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.

2,6-Xylidine's production and use as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of many products including pesticides, dyestuffs, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, synthetic resins, and fragrances may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 2,6-Xylidine is released in stack emissions from incinerators burning hazardous wastes and in tobacco smoke. 2,6-Xylidine can be released to the environment as degradation product of aniline-based pesticides and as a metabolite of certain drugs, particularly the xylide group of local anaesthetics such as lidocaine. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.13 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,6-xylidine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,6-xylidine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.4 hours. 2,6-Xylidine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2,6-xylidine is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 190. Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group suggesting that mobility may be lower in some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. As a liquid at standard temperature and pressure, 2,6-xylidine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Using OECD Guideline 301F, 2,6-xylidine reached 4, 8, 25, 38 and 69% of its theoretical BOD after 7, 13, 36, 42 and 70 days, respectively. These results indicated that 2,6-xylidine was not readily biodegradable according to OECD criteria; however, it is biodegradable after extended adaptation. Soil degradation studies have observed 2,6-xylidine to dissipate within 3 days or undergo 8.4% mineralization to CO2 in 6 weeks. If released into water, 2,6-xylidine is expected to adsorb moderately to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, 2,6-xylidine may bind more strongly to some sediments. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 16 and 120 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 8 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Photooxidation may have some environmental importance on surface waters exposed to sunlight. Occupational exposure to 2,6-xylidine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,6-xylidine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and internally within the body through the metabolism of certain drugs, particularly the xylide group of local anaesthetics such as lidocaine. (SRC)

2,6-Xylidine is one of many amino compounds occurring in Latakia tobacco leaves(1,2).

2,6-Xylidine's production and use as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of many prodcuts including pesticides, dyestuffs, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, synthetic resins, and fragrances(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2,6-Xylidine is released in stack emissions from incinerators burning hazardous wastes(3). It has been detected in tobacco smoke(4). 2,6-Xylidine can be released to the environment as degradation product of aniline-based pesticides and as a metabolite of certain drugs, particularly the xylide group of local anaesthetics such as lidocaine(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 190(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,6-xylidine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be lower in some soils(SRC). One soil adsorption study observed 66% of applied 2,6-xylidine to become adsorbed within 24 hr(3). Volatilization of 2,6-xylidine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.13 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 8240 mg/L(6). As a liquid at standard temperature and pressure, 2,6-xylidine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). Using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test), 2,6-xylidine (at 100 mg/L) reached 4, 8, 25, 38 and 69% of its theoretical BOD after 7, 13, 36, 42 and 70 days, respectively. These results indicated that 2,6-xylidine was not readily biodegradable according to OECD criteria; however, it is biodegradable after extended adaptation(7). Soil degradation studies have observed 2,6-xylidine to dissipate within 3 days(8) or undergo 8.4% mineralization to CO2 in 6 weeks(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 190(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,6-xylidine is expected to adsorb moderately to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3), 2,6-xylidine may bind more strongly to some sediments. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.13 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 8240 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 16 and 120 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 8(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.84(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test), 2,6-xylidine (at 100 mg/L) reached 4, 8, 25, 38 and 69% of its theoretical BOD after 7, 13, 36, 42 and 70 days, respectively. These results indicated that 2,6-xylidine was not readily biodegradable according to OECD criteria; however, it is biodegradable after extended adaptation(9). 2,6-Xylidine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups to hydrolyze(4). 2,6-Xylidine is an aromatic amine and as a class, aromatic amines in surface waters exposed to sunlight react with photo-oxidants (such as hydroxyl radicals, peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen) with a half-life on the order of 30 days(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,6-xylidine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.13 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,6-xylidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.6X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2,6-Xylidine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: A Warburg respirometer study utilizing an activated sludge seed and 6 hr of incubation resulted in a 2,6-xylidine depletion of 33-37% at a concentration of 20 ppm(1). In a 6 week soil degradation study using (14)C-labelled 2,6-xylidine, 8.4% of applied radioactivity was recovered via CO2 evolution in non-autoclaved soil while 0% CO2 evolution occurred in autoclaved soil(2). In a soil degradation study conducted in glass vessels using Chernozem soil, 2,6-xylidine (at 500 mg/L) was degraded after 3 days of incubation with >90% recovered in transformation products(3). Using OECD Guideline 301F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test), 2,6-xylidine (at 100 mg/L) reached 4, 8, 25, 38 and 69% of its theoretical BOD after 7, 13, 36, 42 and 70 days. respectively(4); these results indicated that 2,6-xylidine was not readily biodegradable according to OECD criteria, however, it is biodegradable after extended adaptation(4). In another OECD Guideline 301F study, 2,6-xylidine (at 100 mg/L) showed no bidegradation after 33 day(4). Using OECD Guideline 302B (Inherent biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/EMPA Test) and an industrial activated sludge seed, 83% of initial 2,6-xylidine was removed from the aqueous test system after 11 days, however, the substance was mainly removed via volatilization(4). 2,6-Xylidine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,6-xylidine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.6X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,6-Xylidine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups to hydrolyze(2). 2,6-Xylidine is an aromatic amine and as a class, aromatic amines in surface waters exposed to sunlight react with photo-oxidants (such as hydroxyl radicals, peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen) with a half-life on the order of 30 days(3). 2,6-Xylidine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4,5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF value of 8 was calculated for 2,6-xylidine in fish(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.84(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2,6-xylidine can be estimated to be 190(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,6-xylidine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be lower in some soils(SRC). In a short term soil adsorption study using 14C-labelled 2,6-xylidine, 66% of the applied radioactivity was bound to the soil (3.4% organic matter, 36.6% sand, 28.2% silt, 35.2% clay) after 24 hrs(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,6-xylidine is estimated as 2.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.13 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8240 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,6-xylidine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 16 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 120 days(SRC). 2,6-Xylidine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,6-Xylidine has a vapor pressure of 0.13 mm Hg(3) and exists as a liquid at environmentally standard temperature and pressure; therefore, 2,6-xylidine may volatilize from dry soil(SRC). It has been reported that contamination of the air will be reached slowly on evaporation of 2,6-xylidine at 20 °C(4).

GROUNDWATER: 2,6-Xylidine was identified in a sample from a shallow aquifer contaminated by coal-tar wastes. The site, in St Louis Park, MN, had been used as a waste disposai site by a coal-tar distillation and wood-preserving facility from 1918 through 1972(1).

2,6-Xylidine was detected (concentration not reported) in the wastewater effluent from a chemical facility in St. Louis, MO in Dec 1974(1). 2,6-Xylidine was detected in the stack effluents from an incinerator burning hazardous wastes(2). In composite samples collected in Toronto, Canada in 1996 and 1997, 2,6-xylidine was detected at concentrations of 811 and 118 ppb in primary sewage treatment plant influent and industrial wastewater(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Outdoor air samples collected in Brindisi, Italy contained trace levels of 2,6-xylidine (<0.5 ng/cu m, read from a graph)(1).

INDOOR: 2,6-Xylidine concentrations in indoor air in offices with smokers were on the order of 1 ng/cu m(1).

2,6-Xylidene was detected not quantified in tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum; Solanaceae)(1).

EXPERIMENTAL: 2,6-Xylidine was detected in the milk of dairy cows that were given the topical anaesthetic drug lidocaine; however, it was concluded that a withdrawal time of 7 days guaranteed the absence of detectable levels of lidocaine and its metabolites which included 2,6-xylidine(1).

2,6-Xylidine has been detected in tobacco smoke(1,2). 2,6-Xylidine was detected at concentrations of 0.87-0.95% in the technical grade of the fungicide metalaxyl(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4354 workers (729 these are female) are potentially exposed to 2,6-xylidine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2,6-xylidine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,6-xylidine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and internally within the body through the metabolism of certain drugs, particularly the xylide group of local anaesthetics such as lidocaine(SRC).

2,6-Xylidine is reported to occur in blood and urine as a metabolite of the sedation medicine Xylazine(1). 2,6-Xylidine has been detected in the hemoglobin of lifelong nonsmokers in Shanghai, China(2). A 2,6-xylidine concentration of 1.6 ppb was detected in a human breast milk sample collected from a donor who received 36 mg of lidocaine during dental work(3).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration; oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device. /Xylidines/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Xylidines; Xylidines, solid; Xylidines, liquid/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Xylidines; Xylidines, solid; Xylidines, liquid/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Xylidines; Xylidines, solid; Xylidines, liquid/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Xylidines; Xylidines, solid; Xylidines, liquid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,6-XYLIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1711; Xylidines, liquid

UN 3452; Xylidines, solid

IMO 6.1; Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Xylidines, liquid and xylidines solid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines solid/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Xylidines, liquid and xylidines solid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines solid/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 20/21/22-37/38-40-51/53; S: (2)-23-25-36/37-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II