2,6-Dichlorophenol

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.4% (1 of 72) of reports.

H314 (69.4%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411 (33.3%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 72 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 72 reports by companies.

There are 9 notifications provided by 71 of 72 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. /Trichlorophenol/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner/ to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Trichlorophenol/

Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Trichlorophenol/

Activated carbon is a good method for removing chlorophenols from water. Competitive adsorption occurs between chlorophenols & humic substances present in nearly all municipal water supplies. This competition decr the capacity of carbon for chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U082, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Chemical Treatability of 2,6-Dichlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Industrial Wastewater; Influent Concentration: 64 ppm; Results of Study: 99% reduction in 5 days (subjected to continuous aeration).

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and incinerate in a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer.

Immediately wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be removed without delay and disposed by incineration.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Keep material out of water sources and sewers; Build dikes to contain flow as necessary; Keep upwind; Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Trichlorophenol/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

3.5 [mg/m3]

38 [mg/m3]

230 [mg/m3]

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. /Trichlorophenol/

/Wear/ approved dust respirator for toxic dusts; Protective clothing to prevent contact with skin. /Trichlorophenol/

2,6-dichlorophenol is a white crystalline solid with a strong odor. Odor threshold concentration: 0.003 mg/L at 86 °F; 200 micrograms/liter at 68-72 °F. Taste threshold concentration: 0.0002 mg/L. (NTP, 1992)

White solid; [Merck Index] Off-white crystalline solid; Insoluble in water; [MSDSonline]

White crystals from petroleum ether

Needles from petroleum ether

Taste threshold in water 0.2 ug/l

424 to 428 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

220 °C; 92 °C at 4 mm Hg

220 °C @760 [mm Hg]

154 to 156 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Very soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether; soluble in benzene, petroleum ether

In water, 2.65X10+3 mg/l at 25 °C

In water, 1,900 mg/L at 25 °C

1.653 g/cu cm at 20 °C

1.653 @ 20°C

1 mmHg at 139.1 °F ; 5 mmHg at 189.7 °F; 10 mmHg at 213.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.03 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 1 mm Hg @ 59.5 °C; 10 mm Hg @ 101.0 °C; 40 mm Hg @ 131.6 °C; 100 mm Hg @ 154.6 °C; 400 mm Hg @ 197.7 °C; 760 mm Hg @ 220.0 °C

0.033 mm Hg at 25 °C

0.033 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.75

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

13,472.0 g cal/g mole

In water 102 ug/L (mean value calculated from reported odor thresholds in other literature)

Odor Threshold: Detection: 0.003 mg/kg; 0.0075 mg/kg; 0.2 mg/kg

pKa = 6.79 at 25 °C in water

Heat of fusion: 32.47 cal/g= 135.85 J/g= 22,144 J/mol

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Boiling point

Chemical shift

Fusion temperature

Heat of sublimation

Melting temperature

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Phase transition

Quadrupole coupling

Spin-spin coupling constant

Transition enthalpy

Vapor pressure

Other Classes -> Chlorophenols

Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

Acids, Weak

Aryl Halides

2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents (NTP, 1992).

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

LD50 Rat ip 390 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse (male CD-1 ICR) oral 2198 mg/kg.

LD50 Mouse (female CD-1 ICR oral 2120 mg/kg.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ SYMPTOMATOLOGY: Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting ... and bloody diarrhea. Pallar, sweating weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness. ... Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear. Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported. ... Death from respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure. 9. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Several epidemiological studies have been published concerning human cancer outcomes following occupational exposure to chlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides (made from or contaminated with chlorophenols) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (microcontaminants found in some chlorophenols and phenoxy herbicides). Most of these studies (case-control and cohort studies) have been described and reviewed in several publications by IARC (1979, 1986, 1987). Equivocal relationships between chlorophenols and cases of soft tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (Hodgkins disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma), nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer have been reported. IARC concluded that there is a limited evidence of carcinogenicity from occupational exposure to chlorophenols ... /Chlorophenols/

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Nineteen isomeric chlorophenols were tested for their toxicity to HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity (median inhibitory concentration IC50) varied between 0.37 and 900 mg/L and generally increased in proportion to the number of chlorine substituents and the partition coeffient. Ortho chlorination decreased toxicity, whereas meta chlorination had the opposite effect. A good correlation was found between HeLa cell toxicity and data on the bacterial toxicity of the substances.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The toxicity of chlorophenols tends to increase as chlorination is increased. /Chlorophenols/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats oral, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal lethal doses of the chlorophenols produce similar signs of poisoning. Oral administration, however, results in fatal poisoning in smaller dosage and in a shorter period of time than sc administration. Restlessness and an increased rate of respiration appear a few minutes after administration of o- and m-chlorophenols and are followed a few minutes later by a rapidly developing motor weakness. Tremors, clonic convulsions (which can be induced by noise or touch), dyspnea and coma set in promptly & continue until death. Similar signs are produced by p-chlorophenol, but the convulsions are more severe. 2,4- & 2,6-dichlorophenols & 2,4,6- & 2,4,5-trichlorophenols produce these signs also, but decreased activity & motor weakness do not appear quite so promptly. The tremors are much less severe, but in this case, also, they continue until a few minutes before death. /Chlorophenols/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ CD-1-mice were fasted for 18 hours prior to dosing. Five doses were employed with 10 mice of each sex in each dose group. Mice were observed for 14 days. All mice that died were autopsied. The primary signs of toxicity were increased respiration, tremors, and slight convulsions followed by central nervous system (CNS) depression for all compounds except pentachlorophenol which elicited signs of CNS depression only. Mean times of death for most groups were less than 24 hours. Acute oral LD50s for males and females, respectively, were: ... 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,198 and 2,120mg/kg ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The hazardous effects of chlorophenols to rats were investigated. 2,6-Dichlorophenol inhibited rat growth and caused an increment in the ratio between liver weight and body weight. The hemoglobin content, hematocrit ratio and albumin/globulin ratio of rat blood were decreased by chlorophenol administration. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase in serum as well as in liver were increased provisionally and decreased after 1 or 2 week administration. Liver mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by chlorophenol treatment in in vivo and in vitro tests. Liver microsomal cytochrome p450 was decreased by chlorophenol administration. Liver tissue was degenerated with congestion, atrophy, swelling, vacuolation, dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and denaturation of mitochondrial particles with swelling, and cristae destruction by chlorophenol administration. After 1 and 2 wk administration of chlorophenol to rats, aberrations of bone marrow chromosomes and inhibition of mitoses were observed, respectively.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The reproductive effects of dichlorophenols were evaluated using an in-vitro method. Ova were prepared from female CB6F1-mice and sperm suspensions from male CD1-mice. The preparations were incubated together with or without 2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol, or cadmium-chloride at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 millimole (mmol) per liter. Sperm motility was examined by light microscopy before and after chemical exposure. Following incubation, ova were scored for sperm penetration under phase contrast optics. Male mice also received 2,4-dichlorophenol in drinking water at doses of 0, 50, 150, or 500 mg/kg/day for 90 days. Sperm were then prepared and tested for penetration of ova in-vitro. Acrosome integrity was examined in sperm incubated in-vitro with 0.001 Molar concentrations of 2,5-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol, and 3,5-dichlorophenol for 60 minutes. Sperm penetration of ova in-vitro was significantly depressed by 2,5-dichlorophenol (20%), 3,4-dichlorophenol (90%), 3,5-dichlorophenol (9%), and cadmium-chloride (93%), all at the 1 mmol concentration. Sperm penetration was not affected by 2,4-dichlorophenol in drinking water for 90 days at any concentration tested nor was sperm motility affected by the in-vitro exposure to dichlorophenol. Acrosomes were decreased 33% by 2,5-dichlorophenol, 45% by 3,4-dichlorophenol, and 60% by 3,5-dichlorophenol.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=87-65-0]

LC50; Species: Salmo trutta (trout, weight 4.5 g); Concentration: 4.0 ppm for 24 hr at 5 °C (purified material) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Idus idus melanotus (fish); Concentration: 4 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 9700 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 29000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of 6 chlorinated phenols on Daphnia magna were assessed with respect to acute toxicity, as well as to their abilities to induce the activity of glutathione S-transferase. Toxicities were directly related to lipophilicity, with those cmpds having higher numbers of chlorine substitutions being more toxic. All the cmpds induced the enzyme activity; however, there was no relation between cmpd structure and potency as an inducer. Apparent differences in enzyme activities are a reflection of differences in bioconcentration of the different cmpd.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The lethal body residue (LBR) of a few chlorophenol congeners /including 2,6-dichlorophenol (>98%)/ were measured in the oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus, and the LBR of pentachlorophenol was measured also in a midge, Chironomus riparius larvae. LBR is defined as the concentration of the compound in the organism, on molar basis, to cause death, and the LBR(50) is defined as the calculated LBR value to cause a 50% mortality in population after a given time. Groups of 30 or 40 organisms were exposed to different chlorophenol concentrations in artificial soft fresh water to achieve differential mortality. Exposure times were either 24 hr or 48 hr. In addition to exposures with individual congeners, mixtures of chlorophenols were also tested. After each exposure, the surviving organisms were collected and the body burden of chlorophenols was measured by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The measured body burden was related to the percent mortality in the group. The trichlorophenols and pentachlorophenol have a 48-hr LBR(50) of 0.45-0.66 umol/g wet weight in L. variegatus. The 48-hr LBR(50) of pentachlorophenol for C. riparius was 0.15 umol/g wet weight, indicating a slight difference in the sensitivity of these two species. The 48-hr LBR(50) of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol is 0.91 umol/g wet weight, and the value for 2,6-dichlorophenol is 1.2 umol/g wet weight in L. variegatus. The 48-hr LBR(50)s of the chlorophenol mixtures ranged from 0.50 to 0.83 umol/g wet weight, demonstrating an additive toxicity.

/PLANTS/ In a root elongation test, millet (Paniculum milacecum) seeds were exposed to aqueous phenol or a mono or dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and after 96 hr incubation the root length of each seed was measured. The toxicity generally increased with chlorination. 4-Chlorophenol was much less toxic than other chlorophenols and 2,6-dichlorophenol was more toxic than the other dichlorophenols. At low concenration, the phenolic compounds stimulated root growth.

2,6-Dichlorophenol's production and use as a chemical intermediate to manufacture 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and as a impurity generated during the commercial production of 2,4-dichlorophenol and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its formation as a result of water treatment and wood pulp processing will result in its direct release to the environment. It may occur naturally in soil via direct synthesis by soil fungi or fungi-derived enzymes utilizing humic phenols, and through degradation of soil fungi metabolites. Chlorophenols may be released into the environment through burning of biomass during forest fires. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.033 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,6-dichlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,6-dichlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 5 days. 2,6-Dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 410. The fate of different chlorophenols in soil is probably affected by many factors, such as the water solubility of each chlorophenol, pH of the soil, rainfall, soil organic matter content, type and particle size of the soil, biological and photodegradation and the evaporation of each chlorophenol. The pKa of 2,6-dichlorophenol is 6.79, indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2,6-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure of 0.033 mm Hg. Biodegradation half-lives of about 59 hours in basic soils and 389 hours in acidic soils suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc of 410 .The biodegradation half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol was reported as 1000 hours in water, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 130 days, respectively. A BCF range of 4.1 to 20 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 2,6-dichlorophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,6-dichlorophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,6-dichlorophenol via ingestion of drinking water, and via dermal contact with this compound. 2,6-Dichlorophenol has been detected in groundwater, surface waters, sea water, rain water, sewage effluents, industrial effluents, and in the atmosphere in urban/suburban and rural areas. 2,6-Dichlorophenol has been detected in human urine in both adults and children. (SRC)

Dichlorophenols can be synthesized directly by soil fungi utilizing chloride ions and humic phenols found in soil(1); chloroperoxidase enzymes released into soil by fungi can also bring about the chlorination of humic phenols with chloride ions(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol can be found in soil as a biotransformation product of the major fungal metabolite 3,5-dichloro-para-anisyl alcohol, the latter of which is produced by the soil fungus Hypholoma fasciculare(2). Chlorophenols may be released into the environment through burning of fresh lignocellulosic biomass during forest fires(3).

2,6-Dichlorophenol's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(1) may lead to its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2,6-Dichlorophenol formation from the chlorination process involving water treatment(2) and wood pulp bleaching(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). The origin of chlorophenols during wood pulp bleaching is via chlorination of naturally occuring lignins found in wood(4). 2,6-Dichlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols occur as impurities in chemical wastes generated during the commercial production of 2,4-dichlorophenol and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 410(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.75(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2,6-dichlorophenol is 6.79(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of 2,6-dichlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole, derived from its vapor pressure, 0.033 mm Hg(6), and water solubility, 1,900 mg/L(7). 2,6-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(6). Biodegradation half-lives of about 59 hours in basic soils and 389 hours in acidic soils(8) suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Contamination of soil in the vicinity of two Finnish sawmills using preservative (Ky-5) against blue staining fungi that contained chlorophenols was studied. The soil around the treatment basins contained up to 70 mg chlorophenols/kg and that in the storage area for treated lumber up to 6 mg/kg. Contamination extended to a depth of at least 2 m near the treatment basins. Surface water inside the sawmill area contained the same chlorophenols as those used in wood preservation, plus some additional isomers. The ground water and lake water around the sawmill areas were contaminated. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was one of several chlorinated phenols detected. The fate of different chlorophenols in soil is probably affected by many factors, such as the water solubility of each chlorophenol, pH of the soil, rainfall, soil organic matter content, type and particle size of the soil, biological and photodegradation and the evaporation of each chlorophenol(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 410(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.75(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.033 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1,900 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 130 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a measured BCF of 4.1 to 20(7), and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The biodegradation half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol was reported as 1000 hours in water(9), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

The disappearance rate of 2,6-dichlorophenol in a small stream was studied and showed to be first order with respect to either distance or time of flow. Average half-life in the stream was about 4 hours. It is suggested that the disappearance was due to degradation within the biofilm covering the stream bed and that the rate is controlled by diffusion of 2,6-dichlorophenol across the water biofilm interface.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AEROBIC: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was observed to undergo a theoretical BOD of 14.8% in a 3 hr period using a Warburg respirometer and microbes isolated from garden soil, compost, river mud, and sediment from a waste lagoon(1). Under aerobic sealed flask conditions, 100% of added 2,6-dichlorophenol degraded within 0.75 days in a clay loam soil while only 55% degraded in 40 days in sterilized soil controls(2). Approximately 68% of initially added 2,6-dichlorophenol remained after 12 weeks of incubation in four freshwater pond sediments(3). Between 91.7 and 100% of the 2,6-dichlorophenol initially added to a freshwater pond sediment (which had been contaminated with asphalt) was observed to degrade within two weeks, after a lag period of approximatelyly four weeks(3). The half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol in an aquifer slurry was measured as 20 days(4). Microcosms isolated from a sewage treatment facility biodegraded 2,6-dichlorophenol to 2-chlorophenol, with an observed half-life of about 2 days(5). The biodegradation half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol was reported as about 59 hours in basic soils, 389 hours in acidic soils and 1000 hours in water(6).

AEROBIC: 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI I test(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 48 ppm in Wiggins, Mississippi acidic sandy loam with a pH of 4.8, reached ca. 90% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 49 days, with a half-life of 16 days(2); 2,6-dichlorophenol, present at 630 ppm in Austin, Texas basic sandy silt loam with a pH of 7.8, reached 90% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 7 days, with a half-life of 2.4 days(2).

AEROBIC: 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 11 ppm (65 uM) in water, reached 67% transformation to 2-chlorophenol and phenol in 95 days, employing a mixed inoculum obtained from sewage sludge(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 10 ppm in water, reached 100% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 35 days, employing a mixed inoculum obtained from sewage sludge(2). 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 0.51-1.1 ppm in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan sediment, reached 100% transformation to 2-chlorophenol and phenol over one year, with a half-life of 22 days(3); the mechanism of transformation was via reductive dechlorination in which chlorine on the phenolic ring is replaced with hydrogen. 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 0.65 ppm in Tsurumi River, Tokyo Bay, Japan estuarine sediment, reached 100% transformation to 2-chlorophenol over 120 days, with a half-life of 5 days(4); the mechanism of transformation was via microorganism-mediated reductive dechlorination. 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 14 ppm in freshwater pond sediment, reached 96% transformation to 2-chlorophenol over 7 days, after a 21 day lag period(5).

LC50; Species: Salmo trutta (trout, weight 4.5 g); Concentration: 4.0 ppm for 24 hr at 5 °C (purified material) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Idus idus melanotus (fish); Concentration: 4 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 9700 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 29000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of 6 chlorinated phenols on Daphnia magna were assessed with respect to acute toxicity, as well as to their abilities to induce the activity of glutathione S-transferase. Toxicities were directly related to lipophilicity, with those cmpds having higher numbers of chlorine substitutions being more toxic. All the cmpds induced the enzyme activity; however, there was no relation between cmpd structure and potency as an inducer. Apparent differences in enzyme activities are a reflection of differences in bioconcentration of the different cmpd.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The lethal body residue (LBR) of a few chlorophenol congeners /including 2,6-dichlorophenol (>98%)/ were measured in the oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus, and the LBR of pentachlorophenol was measured also in a midge, Chironomus riparius larvae. LBR is defined as the concentration of the compound in the organism, on molar basis, to cause death, and the LBR(50) is defined as the calculated LBR value to cause a 50% mortality in population after a given time. Groups of 30 or 40 organisms were exposed to different chlorophenol concentrations in artificial soft fresh water to achieve differential mortality. Exposure times were either 24 hr or 48 hr. In addition to exposures with individual congeners, mixtures of chlorophenols were also tested. After each exposure, the surviving organisms were collected and the body burden of chlorophenols was measured by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The measured body burden was related to the percent mortality in the group. The trichlorophenols and pentachlorophenol have a 48-hr LBR(50) of 0.45-0.66 umol/g wet weight in L. variegatus. The 48-hr LBR(50) of pentachlorophenol for C. riparius was 0.15 umol/g wet weight, indicating a slight difference in the sensitivity of these two species. The 48-hr LBR(50) of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol is 0.91 umol/g wet weight, and the value for 2,6-dichlorophenol is 1.2 umol/g wet weight in L. variegatus. The 48-hr LBR(50)s of the chlorophenol mixtures ranged from 0.50 to 0.83 umol/g wet weight, demonstrating an additive toxicity.

/PLANTS/ In a root elongation test, millet (Paniculum milacecum) seeds were exposed to aqueous phenol or a mono or dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and after 96 hr incubation the root length of each seed was measured. The toxicity generally increased with chlorination. 4-Chlorophenol was much less toxic than other chlorophenols and 2,6-dichlorophenol was more toxic than the other dichlorophenols. At low concenration, the phenolic compounds stimulated root growth.

2,6-Dichlorophenol's production and use as a chemical intermediate to manufacture 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and as a impurity generated during the commercial production of 2,4-dichlorophenol and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its formation as a result of water treatment and wood pulp processing will result in its direct release to the environment. It may occur naturally in soil via direct synthesis by soil fungi or fungi-derived enzymes utilizing humic phenols, and through degradation of soil fungi metabolites. Chlorophenols may be released into the environment through burning of biomass during forest fires. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.033 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,6-dichlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,6-dichlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 5 days. 2,6-Dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 410. The fate of different chlorophenols in soil is probably affected by many factors, such as the water solubility of each chlorophenol, pH of the soil, rainfall, soil organic matter content, type and particle size of the soil, biological and photodegradation and the evaporation of each chlorophenol. The pKa of 2,6-dichlorophenol is 6.79, indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2,6-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure of 0.033 mm Hg. Biodegradation half-lives of about 59 hours in basic soils and 389 hours in acidic soils suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc of 410 .The biodegradation half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol was reported as 1000 hours in water, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 130 days, respectively. A BCF range of 4.1 to 20 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 2,6-dichlorophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,6-dichlorophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,6-dichlorophenol via ingestion of drinking water, and via dermal contact with this compound. 2,6-Dichlorophenol has been detected in groundwater, surface waters, sea water, rain water, sewage effluents, industrial effluents, and in the atmosphere in urban/suburban and rural areas. 2,6-Dichlorophenol has been detected in human urine in both adults and children. (SRC)

Dichlorophenols can be synthesized directly by soil fungi utilizing chloride ions and humic phenols found in soil(1); chloroperoxidase enzymes released into soil by fungi can also bring about the chlorination of humic phenols with chloride ions(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol can be found in soil as a biotransformation product of the major fungal metabolite 3,5-dichloro-para-anisyl alcohol, the latter of which is produced by the soil fungus Hypholoma fasciculare(2). Chlorophenols may be released into the environment through burning of fresh lignocellulosic biomass during forest fires(3).

2,6-Dichlorophenol's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(1) may lead to its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2,6-Dichlorophenol formation from the chlorination process involving water treatment(2) and wood pulp bleaching(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). The origin of chlorophenols during wood pulp bleaching is via chlorination of naturally occuring lignins found in wood(4). 2,6-Dichlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols occur as impurities in chemical wastes generated during the commercial production of 2,4-dichlorophenol and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 410(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.75(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2,6-dichlorophenol is 6.79(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of 2,6-dichlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole, derived from its vapor pressure, 0.033 mm Hg(6), and water solubility, 1,900 mg/L(7). 2,6-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(6). Biodegradation half-lives of about 59 hours in basic soils and 389 hours in acidic soils(8) suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Contamination of soil in the vicinity of two Finnish sawmills using preservative (Ky-5) against blue staining fungi that contained chlorophenols was studied. The soil around the treatment basins contained up to 70 mg chlorophenols/kg and that in the storage area for treated lumber up to 6 mg/kg. Contamination extended to a depth of at least 2 m near the treatment basins. Surface water inside the sawmill area contained the same chlorophenols as those used in wood preservation, plus some additional isomers. The ground water and lake water around the sawmill areas were contaminated. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was one of several chlorinated phenols detected. The fate of different chlorophenols in soil is probably affected by many factors, such as the water solubility of each chlorophenol, pH of the soil, rainfall, soil organic matter content, type and particle size of the soil, biological and photodegradation and the evaporation of each chlorophenol(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 410(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.75(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.033 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1,900 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 130 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a measured BCF of 4.1 to 20(7), and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The biodegradation half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol was reported as 1000 hours in water(9), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

The disappearance rate of 2,6-dichlorophenol in a small stream was studied and showed to be first order with respect to either distance or time of flow. Average half-life in the stream was about 4 hours. It is suggested that the disappearance was due to degradation within the biofilm covering the stream bed and that the rate is controlled by diffusion of 2,6-dichlorophenol across the water biofilm interface.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AEROBIC: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was observed to undergo a theoretical BOD of 14.8% in a 3 hr period using a Warburg respirometer and microbes isolated from garden soil, compost, river mud, and sediment from a waste lagoon(1). Under aerobic sealed flask conditions, 100% of added 2,6-dichlorophenol degraded within 0.75 days in a clay loam soil while only 55% degraded in 40 days in sterilized soil controls(2). Approximately 68% of initially added 2,6-dichlorophenol remained after 12 weeks of incubation in four freshwater pond sediments(3). Between 91.7 and 100% of the 2,6-dichlorophenol initially added to a freshwater pond sediment (which had been contaminated with asphalt) was observed to degrade within two weeks, after a lag period of approximatelyly four weeks(3). The half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol in an aquifer slurry was measured as 20 days(4). Microcosms isolated from a sewage treatment facility biodegraded 2,6-dichlorophenol to 2-chlorophenol, with an observed half-life of about 2 days(5). The biodegradation half-life of 2,6-dichlorophenol was reported as about 59 hours in basic soils, 389 hours in acidic soils and 1000 hours in water(6).

AEROBIC: 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI I test(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 48 ppm in Wiggins, Mississippi acidic sandy loam with a pH of 4.8, reached ca. 90% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 49 days, with a half-life of 16 days(2); 2,6-dichlorophenol, present at 630 ppm in Austin, Texas basic sandy silt loam with a pH of 7.8, reached 90% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 7 days, with a half-life of 2.4 days(2).

AEROBIC: 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 11 ppm (65 uM) in water, reached 67% transformation to 2-chlorophenol and phenol in 95 days, employing a mixed inoculum obtained from sewage sludge(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 10 ppm in water, reached 100% transformation to unspecified intermediates in 35 days, employing a mixed inoculum obtained from sewage sludge(2). 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 0.51-1.1 ppm in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan sediment, reached 100% transformation to 2-chlorophenol and phenol over one year, with a half-life of 22 days(3); the mechanism of transformation was via reductive dechlorination in which chlorine on the phenolic ring is replaced with hydrogen. 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 0.65 ppm in Tsurumi River, Tokyo Bay, Japan estuarine sediment, reached 100% transformation to 2-chlorophenol over 120 days, with a half-life of 5 days(4); the mechanism of transformation was via microorganism-mediated reductive dechlorination. 2,6-Dichlorophenol, present at 14 ppm in freshwater pond sediment, reached 96% transformation to 2-chlorophenol over 7 days, after a 21 day lag period(5).

ANAEROBIC: In anaerobic serum bottle tests using unacclimated sludge, 100% of added 2,6-dichlorophenol degraded within 6 weeks yielding 2-chlorophenol(1). In anaerobic serum bottle tests using sludge acclimated to 2-chlorophenol, only 10% of added 2,6-dichlorophenol degraded during a 30-day incubation period(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was biodegraded in anaerobic river sediment, with a half-life of about 2 days(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,6-dichlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.98X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol undergoes direct photolysis in water upon UV irradiation at wavelengths greater than 280 nm, producing chlorinated cyclopentadienic compounds(2). 2,6-Dichlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2,6-Dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF of 4.1 to 20 was measured in fish for 2,6-dichlorophenol using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a six week period to a water concentration of 30 ppb, using the standard test of the Japanese Ministry of Industry and Trade (MITI)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 2,6-dichlorophenol is estimated as 410(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.75(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 2,6-dichlorophenol is 6.79(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,6-dichlorophenol is estimated as 2.67X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.033 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1,900 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,6-dichlorophenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as about 18 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 130 days(SRC). 2,6-Dichlorophenol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,6-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected qualitatively in groundwater samples collected in 1984 at a chemical waste disposal site in Alkali Lake, Oregon(1). The source of the compound was from disposal of the pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

DRINKING WATER: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 5 of 120 treated water samples collected from potable water treatment plants across Canada between October 1984 to July 1985 at concentrations ranging from 3 to 33 ng/L, with an average concentration of 22 ng/L(1).

SURFACE WATER: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 63 of 132 samples collected from eleven sites along the Danube River, Slovakia between 1987 and 1990 at concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.763 ug/L, with an average concentration of 0.374 ug/L(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 9 of 13 samples collected from the Ijssel River, the Netherlands in 1979 at a maximum concentration of 0.26 ppb(2). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 75 of 109 samples collected from the Rhine River, Lobith, the Netherlands in 1976 and 1977 at a maximum concentration of 0.45 ppb(3). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 samples collected from the Isipingo River, South Africa between April 1991 and May 1991 at concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 21.6 ug/L, with an average concentration of 4.3 ug/L(4). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 5 of 7 samples collected from the Vistula River and Gulf of Gdansk, Poland in the spring of 2003 at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 ug/L, with an average of 1.2 ug/L(5).

SEA WATER: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 39 samples collected in the Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden in September 1982 at concentration ranging from 5 to 40 ng/L, with an average concentration of 17 ng/L(1).

RAIN WATER: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 5 of 7 samples collected in Portland, Oregon from February 1984 to April 1984 at concentrations ranging from 0.56 to 2.5 ng/L with an average concentration of 1.3 ng/L(1).

Biologically treated effluent samples from nine Canadian bleached softwood Kraft mills were analyzed for chlorinated phenolic content. Chlorinated phenolics, incl 2,6-dichlorophenol, present in effluent discharged from bleached Kraft mills are not expected to contribute an off-odor to recipient waters.

2,6-Dichlorophenol levels of 6-272 ng/L were detected in wastewaters from bleaching processes at pulp mills(1). Combustion ash from a municipal incinerator was found to contain 2,6-dichlorophenol at a concn of 39 ppb(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was identified, not quantified, in the effluents from a hazardous waste incinerator(2) and an electronics industrial plant(3). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent of a Finnish pulp mill at concns of 0.41 and 28.8 ug/L(4) and a Canadian pulp mill at concns of 95, 96 and 98 ug/L(5). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent of a metal reclamation facility at concns of 0.4 and 0.2 ug/cu m(6) and the leachate of a landfill in Germany at concns of 236-2,650 ug/L(7). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in the ashes of volatilized wrapping paper composed of polyvinylidene chloride, at concns of 16.4 and 24.6 ug/g(8).

2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 2 of 4 water samples collected from the waste streams of pulp mills in Central Finland in 1982 to 1983 at concentrations ranging from 6 to 12 ug/L, with an average concentration of 9 ug/L(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 2 of 48 water samples collected at a sewage treatment plant in Karkola, Finland between September 1989 and November 1990 at an average concentration of 0.44 ppb(2). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 11 of 12 wet sewage sludge samples collected from sewage treatment plants in the northwest of England in 1991 at concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 2.88 ug/L, with an average of 0.61 ug/L(3). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in two of two samples of fine particulate matter collected from industrial boilers burning no. 2 distillate fuel oil at concentrations ranging from 163-179 picograms per kilojoule of fuel burned, with an average concentration of 171 picograms per kilojoule(4).

SEDIMENT: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 12 of 17 sediment samples collected from Lake Ketelmeer, the Netherlands in 1979 and 1980 with maximum and median concentrations of 31 and 1.8 ug/kg dry sediment weight(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in lake sediment samples collected in Finland at concentrations ranging from 17.3-38.0 mg/kg dry sediment weight(2); the lake received bleaching effluents from a nearby pulp mill. 2,6-Dichlorophenol levels of 13-118 ug/kg were detected in soils within the areas of two sawmills in Finland(3). A sewage sludge in the UK contained 2,6-dichlorophenol at a concn of 0.22 mg/kg(4).

SOIL: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in the soil of an abandoned saw mill in Finland at concentrations of less than 0.1 ug/kg(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 7 of 7 air samples collected in Portland, OR between February 1984 to March 1984 at concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 0.31 ng/cu m, with an average concentration of 0.14 ng/cu m(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 air samples collected in Green Bay, Wisconsin in June 1989 at an average concentration of 0.011 ng/cu m(2). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 11 of 11 air samples collected in Georgetown, South Carolina from January 1989 to May 1991 at an average concentration of 0.022 ng/cu m(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 air samples collected in North Inlet, South Carolina from January 1989 to May 1991 at an average concentration of 0.015 ng/cu m(1).

Contamination of cocoa powder by chlorophenols and chloroanisoles adsorbed from packaging materials was investigated. Aqueous suspensions prepared from cocoa powder were sour and had an intense moldy off odor and a strong disinfectant after taste. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was one of the 5 chlorophenols found in contaminating sack. Concn of 2,6-dichlorophenol in cocoa powder and packaging materials of contaminating sack and normal sack were: contaminating sack: 7 ug/kg cocoa powder, 100 ug/kg glued seams, & 41 ug/kg paper sacking; normal sack: less than 1 ug/kg cocoa powder, 4 ug/kg glued seams, less than 1 ug/kg paper sacking. 2,6 & 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, & 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol were present in the tainted cocoa powder in such high concn that they would be expected to taint beverages & other food items prepared from it. The packaging material was the most likely source of the contamination. However, it is possible that the 2,6-dichlorophenols in the cocoa powder were derived from the microbial metabolism of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides which are still used in some cocoa producing countries.

2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 5 of 5 samples of pine needles collected near a waste incinerator in Finland in 1991-1993 at concentrations ranging from 10-20 ng/g dry needle weight. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 pine needles collected near a metal scrap plant in Finland in 1993 at concentrations ranging from 5-30 ng/g dry needle weight; 6 of 6 needle samples collected in 1995 near the same metal scrap plant had concentrations of less than 1 ng/g(1). 2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in 1 of 1 samples of pine needles collected in Lammi, Finland in 1995 at a concentration of 25 ng/g dry needle weight(1).

2,6-Dichlorophenol was detected in the eggs of 3 of 15 nesting bird species collected near Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia in 1995 to 1996 at concentrations ranging from 12-75 ug/kg dry egg weight, with an average concentration of 43 ug/kg(1).

2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL WAS IDENTIFIED FROM FEMALE LONE STAR TICKS, AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM, AND IS BELIEVED TO BE A SEX PHEROMONE OF THIS ARTHROPOD

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U082, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Chemical Treatability of 2,6-Dichlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Industrial Wastewater; Influent Concentration: 64 ppm; Results of Study: 99% reduction in 5 days (subjected to continuous aeration).

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and incinerate in a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2020; Chlorophenols, solid

IMO 6.1; Chlorophenol, liquid or solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.