Trichloroisocyanuric Acid

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P220, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H272 (100%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (22.1%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (98.4%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (99.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 507 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P220, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P220, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

INHALATION: remove victim to fresh air.

EYES: irrigate with running water for 15 min.; call physician.

SKIN: flush with water.

INGESTION: induce vomiting and call physician. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water in large amounts (USCG, 1999)

Use water in large amounts, foam, dry powder. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use flooding quantities of water on fire-involved containers. If necessary use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Avoid use of water on non-involved material wherever possible.

If material involved in fire: Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. Thermally unstable. Decomposes at 437 °F (225 °C).

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not get water inside containers.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Small Liquid Spill

· Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered dry, sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Keep water away from release. Approach release from upwind. Isolate leaking containers, if this can be done without undue risk. Prompt cleanup and removal is necessary. Shovel into suitable dry container. control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Cover with weak reducing agent such as hypo, bisulfites or ferrous salts. Bisulfites or ferrous salts need additional promoter of some 3M-H2SO4 for rapid reaction. Transfer the slurry (or sludge) into a large container of water and neutralize with soda ash. Drain into the sewer with abundant water.

If a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Don't wash it away. Instead, sprinkle the spill with sawdust, vermiculite, or kitty litter. Sweep it into a plastic garbage bag, and dispose of it as directed on the pesticide product label.

After Applying a Pesticide, Indoors or Outdoors. To remove pesticide residues, use a bucket to rinse tools or equipment three times, including any containers or utensils that you used when mixing the pesticide. Then pour the rinsewater into the pesticide sprayer and reuse the solution by applying it according to the pesticide product label directions. After applying any pesticide wash your hands and any other parts of your body that may have come in contact with the pesticide..To prevent tracking pesticides inside, remove or rinse your boots or shoes before entering your home. Wash any clothes that have been exposed to a lot of pesticide separately from your regular wash.

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Add substance into dilute solution of sodium hydroxide or soda ash with stirring gradualy and neutralize that solution with reducing agents such as sodium sulfite and sodium thiosulfate. Adjust pH with sulfuric acid or hydrogen chloride to make neutral solution and dispose.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Use vast volume of concentrated solution of reducing agent (bisulfites or ferrous salts with 3M-H2SO4 or hypo). Neutralize with soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid. Drain into the sewer with abundant water.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors or dusts ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Dry. Well closed. Separated from amines, combustible substances and reducing agents. See Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Must be stored in a dry location on pallets arranged according to NFPA 430, Code for Storage of Liquids and Solid Oxidizers. Separate from combustibles, oxidizables, ammonia, sodium carbonate (soda ash), calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide.

Protect container against physical damage. Store in a cool, dark room well-ventilated, and keep away from flammable and oxidizable substances. Drums may explode by heating or contact with water. Therefore, place drums on a palette to protect from washing water, drainage, etc. on the floor. Should not be kept long under insufficient ventilation in summer.

Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where trichloroisocyanuric acid is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.0063 [mg/m3]

0.070 [mg/m3]

0.42 [mg/m3]

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided.

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of dust may cause lung oedema.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 1,3,5-trichloro- is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration of all di- or trichloroisocyanuric acid chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 100 ppm determined as total available chlorine.

Dust mask or chlorine canister mask; goggles; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

NO contact with combustible substances.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Trichloro-s-triazinetrione, dry appears as a white slightly hygroscopic crystalline powder or lump solid with a mild chlorine-like odor. Said to have 85 percent available chlorine. Decomposes at 225 °C. Moderately toxic by ingestion. May irritate skin and eyes. Active ingredient in household dry bleaches. Used in swimming pools as a disinfectant.

Dry Powder; Large Crystals; Dry Powder; Large Crystals

White solid; [ICSC] Strong odor of chlorine; Slightly hygroscopic; [HSDB]

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Needles from ethylene chloride

White crystalline powder or granules

White crystals

Chlorine odor

246.7 °C (decomposes)

> 250 °C (482 °F ) open cup

Soluble in chlorinated and highly polar solvents

Solubility in water at 25 °C = 1 g/100 g; Solubility in acetone at 30 °C = 35.0 g/100 g

Water solubility = 1.2% = 1.20X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 1.2

greater than 1 at 68 °F (est) (USCG, 1999)

Greater than 1 at 20 °C (solid)

2.07 g/cm³

0.00000012 [mmHg]

negligible

Thermally unstable.

May be stored in dry state for at least a year.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /chlorine and nitrogen oxides/.

pH = 4.4

Loose bulk: 31 lb/cu ft; granular: 60 lb/cu ft

pH (1% aqueous solution) = 2.7-3.3

Releases hypochlorous acid on contact with water

Slightly hygroscopic. Strong oxidixing agent. Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Quadrupole coupling

Other Uses -> Biocides/Disinfectants

Reactive agents - 2nd degree

FCS -> FDA Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI)

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Slightly hygroscopic [Hawley]. Slightly soluble in water. May react with water releasing gaseous chlorine. If mixed with a small amount of water, the concentrated solution (with pH at about 2.0) may explode due to the evolution of unstable nitrogen trichloride. (explanation in Bretherick 5th ed.)

Salts, Acidic

Acyl Halides, Sulfonyl Halides, and Chloroformates

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Halogenating Agents

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Water-Reactive

TRICHLORO-S-TRIAZINETRIONE, DRY is an oxidizer. It reacts with combustible materials or ammonium salts, resulting in fire. It is thermally unstable, and reacts with small amounts of water to release toxic chlorine gas and explosive nitrogen trichloride. Reaction of this compound with ammonia or amines also produces nitrogen trichloride. This compound reacts explosively with calcium hypochlorite and water. [NFPA 49, 14th ed. 2010]

A powerful oxidizer. Violent reaction with reducing agents, combustible materials.

Water reactive. Reacts with small amounts of water, releasing chlorine gas and nitrogen trichloride, which is a highly explosive compound when concentrated. Reaction with ammonia or amines produces nitrogen trichloride. Reacts with most reducing agents. Reacts explosively with calcium hypochlorite and water.

Contact with most foreign material, organic matter, or easily chlorinated or oxidized materials may result in fire. Avoid oil, grease, sawdust, floor sweepings, other easily oxidized organic compounds.

If mixed with a small amount of water, the concentrated solution (with pH around 2) may explode, owing to evolution of nitrogen trichloride. It is believed that hydrolysis leads to formation of hypochlorous acid and dichloro-s-triazinetrione, and the protonated acid then attacks the C=N bonds in the triazine ring leading to formation of chloramines and nitrogen trichloride.

The substance can be absorbed into the body in hazardous amounts by inhalation and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. Laboured breathing.

Redness.

Redness. Pain. Burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC (rat) > 2,000 mg/m3/1h

LD50 Rat oral 406 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 750 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit male and female dermal LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rabbit skin 20,000 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Halogenated isocyanurates exhibit biocidal synergism when used with 3-isothiazolone derivatives.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Hypochlorite and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize. /Hypochlorite and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first signs of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Hypochlorite and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Trichloroisocyanuric acid solution (neutralized, 100 mg/L as available chlorine) was tested on 10 individuals by immersion of the entire forearms eight times a day for 7 days and after a 2 wk rest repeated for 7 days. No skin irritation or sensitization was observed.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Human systemic effects by ingestion: ulceration or bleeding from stomach. Toxicity symptoms include emaciation, lethargy, weakness, and delayed death.

/CASE REPORTS/ Two patients were admitted to the hospital emergency room in respiratory distress after an accidental explosion involving chlorinating agents for the swimming pool. The two primary agents involved were calcium hypochlorite and trichloro-s-triazinetrione; both are commonly used chlorinating agents ...The amount of calcium hypochlorite primarily determines the rate of reaction and heat generation. Appropriate emergency action and treatment for chlorine gas is discussed.

/SURVEILLANCE/ Possible health hazards due to worker exposure to chlorinated isocyanurates at Olin Chemical, Lake Charles, Louisiana, were investigated. At the time of the survey about 90 workers were employed in production activities associated with packaging trichloroisocyanuric acid and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Personal breathing zone sampling and medical interviews were performed. Particulate concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 38 mg/cu m. About 60% of the dust near the packaging areas was within the respirable size range. No OSHA standards for exposure to any chlorinated isocyanurates have been developed. Workers used respirator facepieces with high efficiency particulate filters. All production workers reported one or more work related symptoms. The most common symptoms were eye irritation and cough. 78% of the women interviewed reported problems or changes in their menstrual cycle since beginning work in the packaging area.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Application of trichloroisocyanuric acid (dry powder) to rabbit skin for 24 hr produced no irritation. /From table/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... /The/ oral minimal lethal dose in rabbits ... /is/ 1500 to 1900 mg/kg.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Monosodium cyanurate (NaCy) was evaluated for subchronic toxicity when adminstered in the drinking water to groups of B6C3F1 mice for 13 wk ... Three groups of mice, each consisting of 25 males and 25 females, received the test article at dosage levels of 896, 1792, and 5375 ppm NaCy respectively. A fourth group with the same number of animals received sodium hippurate (NaHip) at a dosage of 7769 ppm (which provided the same level of sodium as the high (5375 ppm) dose of NaCy). A fifth group, also with 25 animals of each sex, received only tap water and served as the untreated control. After 6 wk of treatment, five animals of each sex were sacrificed. Criteria evaluated for compound related effects included: survival, clinical observations, bw gains, food and water consumption, clinical pathology, absolute and relative organ wt, and gross and microscopic pathology. Consistently high water consumption was noted in the high dose (5375 ppm NaCy) males and females ... No other compound related effects were noted in this study during the in-life phase. Dose-related increases in absolute and relative ovarian wt were noted after 13 wk of treatment. This difference was significant for the high dose group (5375 ppm NaCy) and for the sodium control group (7769 ppm NaHip). Since this finding was significant for both of these groups, this finding may be related to increased sodium intake. Microscopic evaluation of tissues taken after 6 wk of treatment did not reveal any treatment related changes. In the tissues examined after 13 wk of treatment, no test article related histomorphologic alterations were noted, with the exception of changes in the urinary bladder resulting from the presence of calculi in two males from the high dose group (5375 ppm NaCy). A variety of spontaneous disease lesions and incidental findings were noted with essentially comparable incidence and severity in the control and in the treated groups without relationship to treatment. /Monosodium cyanurate/

/GENOTOXICITY/ Ames test: The test article, monosodium cyanurate, was not mutagenic towards Salmonella tymphimurium test strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 in plate incorporation assays with and without rat microsomal activation systems and conducted at concn of up to 10 mg of sample per plate. No mutagenic activity was observed in test spots conducted with test strains of TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 in the presence of and in the absence of mammalian microsomal activation systems. No microbial toxicity was observed in a toxicity assay conducted with strain TA100 in the absence of and in the presence of rat microsomal activation at a concn of up to 10 mg per plate. /Monosodium cyanurate/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 14 days) diet >10000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) diet >5000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 9 days) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 14 days) oral via capsule 1890 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) ... on the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris were assessed by toxicity bioassays and by the values of biomarkers in phase I and phase II. The biomarkers included growth rate, concentration of chlorophyll a, activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylases (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and total glutathione (GSH) ... Trichloroisocyanuric acid was a strong growth inhibitor and, at concentrations of greater than 0.80 mg/L, caused 100% inhibition on 24-hr exposure. The 96-hr EC50 of TCCA was 0.313 mg/L ... In TCCA exposure, GST activity was significantly stimulated, and GSH concentration was increased. Catalase activity increased only at TCCA concentrations of greater than 0.12 mg/L, and no change in EROD activity was observed.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This paper reports the acute toxicity of three biocides used in the disinfection of cooling towers, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIC), and sodium bromide (NaBr), on Artemia larvae, their effect on the phototactic response of this organism, and the potential of bioaccumulation in this species. The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values for these biocides with respect to 24-, 48-, and 72-hr-old Artemia, determined by static bioassays, showed the following rank order of toxicity: THPC < TCIC < NaBr. An age-dependent increase in sensitivity was seen for each compound. All three biocides reduced the phototactic response of 24-hr-old Artemia larvae in 24-hr static bioassays; the median inhibitory concentration ratios obtained were 30 to 40 times lower than their respective 24-hr LC50 values. The results suggest that phototaxis bioassays could provide the speed and simplicity required for screening many potential pollutants for harmful effects. The bioconcentration factors obtained for Artemia larvae exposed to 10% LC50 for 168 hr in renewal assays were 93.75, 1.67, and 0.23 for THPC, TCIC, and NaBr, respectively. This shows these biocides pose no bioaccumulation risk in this organism, although the value of 93.75 obtained for THPC is close to the threshold above which such a risk is considered to exist.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Trichloroisocyanuric acid's production and use as an active ingredient in household dry bleaches, dishwashing compounds, scouring powders, detergent sanitizers, commercial laundry bleaches, swimming-pool disinfectant, bactericide, algicide, bleach, and deodorant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates trichloroisocyanuric acid will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase trichloroisocyanuric acid will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Trichloroisocyanuric acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 25. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the terrestrial environment were not available. If released into water, trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to trichloroisocyanuric acid may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichloroisocyanuric acid is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trichloroisocyanuric acid via dermal contact with consumer products containing trichloroisocyanuric acid. (SRC)

Trichloroisocyanuric acid's production and use as an active ingredient in household dry bleaches, dishwashing compounds, scouring powders, detergent sanitizers, commercial laundry bleaches, swimming-pool disinfectant, bactericide, algicide, bleach, and deodorant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.2X10+4 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trichloroisocyanuric acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the terrestrial environment were not available(SRC,2009). However, in the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.2X10+4 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.1(SRC), from its water solublity(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Biodegradation data for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the aquatic environment were not available(SRC,2009). However, in the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trichloroisocyanuric acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase trichloroisocyanuric acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Trichloroisocyanuric acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Cyanuric acid is ultimately the end product of use of chloroisocyanurates in bleaching, sanitizing, and disinfection applications. Since the N-chloro derivatives are biocidal, biodegradation studies have centered on the residual cyanuric acid, which has been shown to undergo biodegradation under environmental conditions(1). In the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable(2).

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 14 days) diet >10000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) diet >5000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 9 days) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 14 days) oral via capsule 1890 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) ... on the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris were assessed by toxicity bioassays and by the values of biomarkers in phase I and phase II. The biomarkers included growth rate, concentration of chlorophyll a, activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylases (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and total glutathione (GSH) ... Trichloroisocyanuric acid was a strong growth inhibitor and, at concentrations of greater than 0.80 mg/L, caused 100% inhibition on 24-hr exposure. The 96-hr EC50 of TCCA was 0.313 mg/L ... In TCCA exposure, GST activity was significantly stimulated, and GSH concentration was increased. Catalase activity increased only at TCCA concentrations of greater than 0.12 mg/L, and no change in EROD activity was observed.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This paper reports the acute toxicity of three biocides used in the disinfection of cooling towers, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIC), and sodium bromide (NaBr), on Artemia larvae, their effect on the phototactic response of this organism, and the potential of bioaccumulation in this species. The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values for these biocides with respect to 24-, 48-, and 72-hr-old Artemia, determined by static bioassays, showed the following rank order of toxicity: THPC < TCIC < NaBr. An age-dependent increase in sensitivity was seen for each compound. All three biocides reduced the phototactic response of 24-hr-old Artemia larvae in 24-hr static bioassays; the median inhibitory concentration ratios obtained were 30 to 40 times lower than their respective 24-hr LC50 values. The results suggest that phototaxis bioassays could provide the speed and simplicity required for screening many potential pollutants for harmful effects. The bioconcentration factors obtained for Artemia larvae exposed to 10% LC50 for 168 hr in renewal assays were 93.75, 1.67, and 0.23 for THPC, TCIC, and NaBr, respectively. This shows these biocides pose no bioaccumulation risk in this organism, although the value of 93.75 obtained for THPC is close to the threshold above which such a risk is considered to exist.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Trichloroisocyanuric acid's production and use as an active ingredient in household dry bleaches, dishwashing compounds, scouring powders, detergent sanitizers, commercial laundry bleaches, swimming-pool disinfectant, bactericide, algicide, bleach, and deodorant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates trichloroisocyanuric acid will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase trichloroisocyanuric acid will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Trichloroisocyanuric acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 25. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the terrestrial environment were not available. If released into water, trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to trichloroisocyanuric acid may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichloroisocyanuric acid is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trichloroisocyanuric acid via dermal contact with consumer products containing trichloroisocyanuric acid. (SRC)

Trichloroisocyanuric acid's production and use as an active ingredient in household dry bleaches, dishwashing compounds, scouring powders, detergent sanitizers, commercial laundry bleaches, swimming-pool disinfectant, bactericide, algicide, bleach, and deodorant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.2X10+4 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trichloroisocyanuric acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the terrestrial environment were not available(SRC,2009). However, in the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.2X10+4 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.1(SRC), from its water solublity(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Biodegradation data for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the aquatic environment were not available(SRC,2009). However, in the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trichloroisocyanuric acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase trichloroisocyanuric acid may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Trichloroisocyanuric acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Cyanuric acid is ultimately the end product of use of chloroisocyanurates in bleaching, sanitizing, and disinfection applications. Since the N-chloro derivatives are biocidal, biodegradation studies have centered on the residual cyanuric acid, which has been shown to undergo biodegradation under environmental conditions(1). In the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be biodegradable(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trichloroisocyanuric acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Trichloroisocyanuric acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.1 was calculated for trichloroisocyanuric acid(SRC), using water solubility of 1.20X10+4 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (SRC). In the Japanese MITI test, trichloroisocyanuric acid reacted with water to form isocyanuric acid, which is confirmed to be not bioaccumulative(4).

The Koc of trichloroisocyanuric acid is estimated as 25(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.20X10+4 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for trichloroisocyanuric acid is estimated as 6.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that trichloroisocyanuric acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Trichloroisocyanuric acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Trichloroisocyanuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 171,094 workers (73,008 of these were female) were potentially exposed to trichloroisocyanuric acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to trichloroisocyanuric acid may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichloroisocyanuric acid is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trichloroisocyanuric acid via dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing trichloroisocyanuric acid(SRC).

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Add substance into dilute solution of sodium hydroxide or soda ash with stirring gradualy and neutralize that solution with reducing agents such as sodium sulfite and sodium thiosulfate. Adjust pH with sulfuric acid or hydrogen chloride to make neutral solution and dispose.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Use vast volume of concentrated solution of reducing agent (bisulfites or ferrous salts with 3M-H2SO4 or hypo). Neutralize with soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid. Drain into the sewer with abundant water.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Health: Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Trichloroisocyanuric acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2468; Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry

IMO 5.1; Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry

49 184 48; Trichloroisocyanuric acid, dry

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Usual shipping containers: Moisture-excluding fiber drums with polyethylene bag liners and lined pails. Unlined 25 pound plastic pails. Smaller quantities in glass or polyethylene bottles and in special laminated packets.

Oxidizer

Symbol: O, Xn, N; R: 8-22-36/37-31-50/53; S: (2)-8-26-41-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Pack Group: II