1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.6% (1 of 173) of reports.

H301 (93.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (93.6%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (64.7%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350 (61.3%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H372 (68.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (61.8%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 173 reports by companies from 15 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 173 reports by companies.

There are 14 notifications provided by 172 of 173 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water spray, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical (Water or foam may cause frothing). (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Water may cause foaming or frothing. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. /chloronitrobenzenes/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Chloronitrobenzenes, ortho, liquid/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Chloronitrobenzenes, ortho, liquid/

Environmental considerations-water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Chloronitrobenzenes, ortho, liquid/

Environmental considerations-air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Chloronitrobenzenes, ortho, liquid/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

AN EFFECTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM TO PREVENT HEALTH IMPAIRMENT DUE TO EXPOSURE TO AROMATIC NITRO-COMPOUNDS REQUIRES EXPOSURE CONTROL AND MEDICAL SUPERVISION MEASURES.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Chloronitrobenzenes, ortho, liquid/

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions. /Chloronitrobenzenes, ortho, liquid/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from alkalies and oxidizing materials. /chloronitrobenzenes/

Containers should be tightly sealed, and is preferably stored in a cool and dark place.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or end of shift

100 mg/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. [From NPG: p-Nitrochlorobenzene] (NIOSH, 2024)

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood and liver. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin, anaemia and liver impairment. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Rubber gloves, self-contained respirator, goggles, protective clothing, and safety shoes. (USCG, 1999)

JOB ANALYSIS TO ENSURE PROPER HANDLING PROCEDURES, ADEQUATE EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR BOTH OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE, AND APPROPRIATE VENTILATION WITH AIR-POLLUTION CONTROL ARE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS. ... THE NECESSARY PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN ASCENDING ORDER OF EFFECTIVENESS ARE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION, JOB ROTATION, LIMITATION OF EXPOSURE TIME, USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND WHOLE-BODY PROTECTION. /NITRO-CMPD, AROMATIC/

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /chloronitrobenzenes/

NO open flames. NO contact with flammables. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Either a clear yellow liquid or solid. Burns, but difficult to ignite. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

O-nitrochlorobenzene appears as yellow crystals with an aromatic odor. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Yellow crystals with an aromatic odor; [CAMEO]

YELLOW-TO-GREEN CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Yellow crystals

Monoclinic needles

475 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

245.5 °C

90 to 91 °F (NTP, 1992)

261 °F (NTP, 1992)

124 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 67.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in alcohol, benzene, ether

VERY SOL IN ACETONE, PYRIDINE; SOL IN TOLUENE, METHANOL, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

In water, 441 mg/L at 25 °C

Water solubility = 2800 uM (440 mg/l) at 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

1.368 at 71.6 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.368 g/L at 242 °C

1.4 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.03

5.44 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.4

0.4 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.01 [mmHg]

0.018 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.6

log Kow = 2.52

Henry's Law constant = 9.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

2.09X10-3 Pa-s at 317.65 deg K

6.59X10+7 J/kmol at 306.14 deg K

4.37X10-2 N/m at 317.65 deg K

The liquid molar volume is 0.116 cu m/kmol. The ideal gas Heat of Formation is 3.72X10+7 J/kmol.

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Insoluble in water.

This chemical may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air and light. Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Aryl Halides

CSL00012

2-ETHYLHEXYLAMINE + 1-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZENE

Warning - This combination can cause a run-away exotherm that resulted in a chemical plant explosion.

Explosive

User-Reported

Organonitrate compounds range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups.

O-NITROCHLOROBENZENE is incompatible with strong bases and strong oxidizing agents. It will react with ammonia. (NTP, 1992)

Reacts with alkalies, oxidizing materials. /chloronitrobenzenes/

Human Health: After single oral application 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is toxic to moderate toxic ... ; the acute inhalative and dermal toxicity is moderate ...: Cyanotic appearance was the predominant symptom for all routes of application. ... 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene caused slight irritation effects to the eyes of rabbits, which were reversible within 24 hours. Due to the limited and poor quality information available regarding skin sensitization, it cannot be concluded whether or not the chemical has a sensitizing activity. Target organs of repeated dose toxicity in rats and mice are blood, liver, kidney and spleen with methemogobinemia as the most sensitive parameter. The repeated dose toxicity was examined in rats and in mice for a period of 13 weeks via whole body inhalation. The NOAEL in rats was not achieved, the LOAEL is 1.1 ppm (7 mg/cu m). In mice, increased liver and kidney weights were observed even at 1.1 ppm and respectively 2.3 ppm. The NOAEL for histopathological injury in mice is 4.5 ppm (28.8 mg/cu m). In a subacute feeding study with mice the NOAEL was 50 ppm (males: 16 mg/kg bw/day; females: 24 mg/kg bw/day). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene showed weak mutagenic activity in bacterial test systems but not in mammalian cell test systems in vitro. It was not mutagenic in Drosophila melanogaster . In mammalian cells in vitro, it showed weak clastogenic activity. The substance induced increased rates of Sister Chromatid Exchanges, whereas the biological relevance of this effect is not yet clear. Intraperitoneal injection into mice resulted in DNA damage in the liver and kidney. The inconsistent results of the available genotoxic studies are typical for nitroaromatics. As a whole 1- chloro-2-nitrobenzene is suspected of being genotoxic, at least a weak clastogen. 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene induced tumors in different organs of rats and in the liver of mice. Based on the available studies, which have methodological deficiencies, there is a concern for a carcinogenic potential of 1-chloro-2- nitrobenzene. Following inhalative exposure of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 13 weeks, only in males 1- chloro-2-nitrobenzene affects the reproductive organs. Performance of a specific study on toxicity to reproduction (NTP continuous breeding protocol) reveals that 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene was without reproductive toxicity in a different mice strain following oral treatment by gavage despite of significant changes in liver and spleen weight and despite of elevated methaemoglobin levels. Thus, the NOAEL fertility in Swiss CD-1 mice after oral application is 160 mg/kg bw/day whereas the dams showed general toxicity effects at this concentration. Because 1-choro-2- nitrobenzene affected the reproductive organs in systemic toxic doses in male rats and in males of one strain of mice after subchronic inhalation there is a concern for a reproductive toxicity potential, even if an impairment of reproduction after oral administration in males of a second strain of mice could not be detected. Developmental toxicity was examined by two studies with Sprague-Dawley rats which have methodology deficiencies. In one study, due to high mortality rate at the highest dose level, only two doses could be evaluated. NOAEL maternal toxicity is 25 mg/kg bw/day, a NOAEL developmental toxicity could not be conclusively derived since there was an increase in the number of litters exhibiting specific skeletal variations. In the second study only one dose was applied: NOAEL developmental toxicity is 100 mg/kg bw/day, a NOAEL maternal toxicity could not be derived. Based on the available studies the overall conclusion is, that there is no indication of developmental toxicity, although there are some limitations within the studies. Environment: ... The acute toxicity has been determined for: fish (Cyprinus carpio) with a 96 hr-LC50 of 25.5 mg/L; daphnia (Daphnia magna) with a 24 hr-EC50of 12 mg/L and a 48 hr-EC50 of 23.9 mg/L, and Daphnia carinata with a 48 hr-EC50 of 21.3 mg/L; algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) with a 96 hr-EbC50 of 6.9 mg/L. With another alga species (Secendesmus subspicatus) a 48 hr-ErC50 of 75 mg/L and a 48h-ErC10 of 19 mg/L was found. Chronic toxicity has been tested for Daphnia magna with a 21 d-NOEC of 3 mg/L on reproduction (measured concentration) and for fish (Pimephales promelas) in an Early Life Stage Test with a 33 d-NOEC of 0.264 mg/L concerning the endpoint normal larvae (measured concentration). A PNECaqua of 0.026 mg/L is derived using an assessment factor of 10. In a test with terrestrial plants a 14 d-EC50 in the range of 3.2 - 10 mg/kg soil dry weight was determined for Lactuca sativa regarding the endpoint of growth. APNECsoil of 3.2 ug/kg bw was derived from this value using an assessment factor of 1000.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chloronitrobenzenes. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloronitrobenzenes. Overall evaluation: Chloronitrobenzenes are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Chloronitrobenzenes/

2-Chloronitrobenzene

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 65: (1996) Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds

Volume 123: (2020) Some Nitrobenzenes and Other Industrial Chemicals

2020 online

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness.

See Inhalation.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

o-Chloronitrobenzene

3 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

1 x 10^-4 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 3,200 mg/m3/4h

LD50 Mouse oral 135 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rabbit oral 280 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat (Sprague-Dawley) oral 560 mg/kg body weight

LD50 Rat oral 288 mg/kg bw

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Medical surveillance is based first of all on pre-employment examinations aimed at detecting susceptible persons with red cell glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase defect and/or sickle-cell trait... periodical examinations should include history, medical observation, blood pressure, pulse, weight, blood and urine analysis and liver function tests as appropriate. Additional blood and urine specimens are collected whenever unusually hazardous conditions or known exposures have been encountered.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Three out of 4 cases of cyanosis will exhibit classical blue or ashen-grey appearance but only 1/3 of the victims will complain of anoxia symptoms (headache, fatigue, nausea, vertigo, chest pain, numbness, abdominal pain, aching, palpitation, aphonia, nervousness, air hunger and irritational behavior). /Nitro-compounds, aromatic/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Forms methemoglobin, skin sensitization, irritation, kidney and liver damage, CNS depression, hyperthermia. /Chloronitrobenzenes/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Corrosive. Causes severe eye and skin burns. Irritating to skin, eyes, and respiratory system. May cause cyanosis and pulmonary edema. /Chloronitrobenzenes/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Experience with human exposure: in chloronitrobenzene poisoning cardiac complications appear to be more frequent and more serious than in aniline poisoning and gastrointestinal irregularities (anacidity) also appear to be quite common (no further data, isomer(s) of chloronitrobenzene not specified). /Chloronitrobenzenes/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/ 12 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Oryzias latipes /(Japanese medaka)/ 28 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 49000 ug/L for 48 hr />99.9% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr old); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 250 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >6.5 mg/L; Concentration: 24000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 18000-32000 ug/L) />99% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ An Early Life Stage Test was conducted in an analytically monitored flow through system with Pimephales promelas. In a first step 50 embryos were tested on hatchability and development after 4-5 days of incubation. In a second step 15 randomly selected frys from the initial egg cups where observed on their further development for 33 days. The 33 day-NOEC was determined ... to be 0.264 mg/L based on the endpoint 'normal larvae' related to the hatched larvae. The review of the raw data of the study shows that at the next higher test concentration of 0.530 mg/L a statistically significant effect compared to the control could be observed, however, there is no dose-effect relation for this endpoint at higher test concentrations. The highest test concentration of 3.9 mg/L shows less normal larvae after hatch with a deviation of 7% compared to the control. Apart from that regarding the endpoint 'normal larvae related to initial embryos' no effect at any concentration can be seen. Regarding 'weight' and 'length' of the fry, at both endpoints a deviation to the control of >5% can be seen at a concentration of 2.04 mg/L. Also for this endpoint there is no dose-effect relationship seen at the next higher concentration. As statistically significant effects for the endpoint "normal larvae" were seen at concentrations above 0.264 mg/L... .

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-one-day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 0.125 to 16 mg/L 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/week in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concentration level. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 12 mg/L for 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene, the EC0 was 5.0 mg/L. The nominal 21-day no observed effect concentration was 4.0 mg/L.

1.80e+00

7.70e+00

1.00e-02

4.40e-02

2.40e-01

8.0E+01(G)

2.20e-04

3.00e-01

3.00e-03

Volatile

1.80e+02

7.70e+02

3.10e-02

1.30e-01

2.40e+01

8.0E+01 (G)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene's production and use as an intermediate in preparing dyes, lumber preservatives, making photographic chemicals, corrosion inhibitors, and agricultural chemicals, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.018 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 94 days. Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene indicates potential for photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil based on an estimated Koc value of 316. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur given a Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Screening tests using river water and activated sludge, suggest biodegradation of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is not an important environmental fate process. If released into water, 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 80 hours and 40 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. BCF values of 7.0-22.3 measured in fish, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is produced or used. (SRC)

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene's production and use as an intermediate in preparing dyes, lumber preservatives, making photographic chemicals, corrosion inhibitors, and agricultural chemicals(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 316(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.018 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Screening tests using activated sludge(5), suggest biodegradation of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene proceeds slowly in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 316(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 80 hours and 40 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 7.0-22.3 measured in fish(6), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Screening tests using river water(7) and activated sludge(6), suggest biodegradation of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene proceeds slowly in water. Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm in methanol indicates potential for photolysis of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in sunlit surface water(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene , which has a vapor pressure of 0.018 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 94 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in methanol indicates the potential for photolysis by sunlight of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in air(4).

AEROBIC: 21.1 ppm 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene in Ohio River water inoculated weekly with settled sewage underwent no degradation in 175 days(1). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0 percent of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 94 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in methanol indicates potential for photolysis by sunlight of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in water and air(3). The irradiation of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene from 1 to 5 hours using a xenon arc lamp in air free from nitrogen oxides resulted in the formation of 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol and 2-chlorophenol(4).

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene was reduced abiotically in bog water from Hyde County NC(1). The 2nd order, carbon normalized rate constants for solutions containing 80 uM 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene were recorded as 5.2X10-5 L/hr-mg C at pH 5.5, 1.6X10-4 L/hr-mg C at pH 7.2 and 3.6X10-4 L/hr-mg C at pH 8.6(1). The results from this study demonstrate that natural organic matter mediates the reduction of substituted nitroaromatic compounds in reducing environments. It is suggested that quinone-type species play a predominant role in natural organic matter mediated reductions of chloronitrobenzene(1). Quinoid-type compounds and iron porphyrins were shown to be effective mediators for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds, including chloronitrobenzenes(2). Reaction conditions are homogeneous aqueous solutions (pH 6.8-7.0, 5 mM H2S) containing reduced sulfur species as bulk electron donors(2). Therefore, the reduction of chloronitrobenzenes in the environment may occur under reducing conditions in the presence of electron transfer mediators(SRC).

Carp exposed to solutions containing 0.25 ppm 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene for 8 weeks had BCF values ranging from 7.0-20.8, and carp exposed to solutions containing 0.025 ppm 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene had BCF values ranging from 7.4-22.3(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene can be estimated to be 316(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is 9.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 80 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 40 days(SRC). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.018 mm Hg(3) at 25 °C(3).

SURFACE WATER: 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene was monitored from Sept. 1957 - April 1959 in Mississippi River water samples from Cape Girardeau, MO and New Orleans, LA at concentrations of 0.004-0.037 ppm and 0.001-0.002 ppm, respectively(1). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene has been detected at levels ranging from less than 0.1 ug/L to 1.0 ug/L in the Rhine River during 1978 to 1982(2,3). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene was detected at levels of 0.04-0.2 ug/L in the Elbe River, Germany(4). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene was detected at levels of 0.05-0.35 ng/L in the North Sea(5). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene was detected at levels of 62-966 ng/L in the Elbe River, near Hamburg, Germany(6).

DRINKING WATER: 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene has been identified in drinking water from New Orleans LA(1).

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene has been identified in advanced waste treatment water in Orange County, CA(1). 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-chloronitrobenzene have been identified in the effluent from 1-chloro-3-nitrobenzene production at a concentration of 1,500-1,800 mg/L(2).

Less than 0.005-0.24 ppm 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene was found in the edible portion of various species of fish taken from the Mississippi River at a location 0.60 and 150 miles south of St. Louis, MO(1). 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene was not detected in fish taken from the Mississippi River 100 miles north of St. Louis (2 samples) or 260-400 miles south of St. Louis (3 samples) or taken from the Missouri River (6 samples)(1). Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and eel (Anguilla anguilla) collected from the Rhine and Meuse Rivers in Germany tested positive for chloronitrobenzenes (isomers not specified) at average concentrations up to 0.00009 and 0.0001 mmol/kg fat weight, respectively, sampling conducted in 1993 through 1994(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2897 workers (662 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in the US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is produced or used(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1578; Nitrochlorobenzene, solid or liquid

IMO 6.1; Nitrochlorobenzene, solid or liquid

49 214 57; Nitrochlorobenzene, ortho, liquid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II