2-Nitrophenol

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.5% (1 of 184) of reports.

H302+H312+H332 (15.2%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (97.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (72.3%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (23.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (23.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (72.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (21.2%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (72.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (72.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H412 (25%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 184 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 184 reports by companies.

There are 11 notifications provided by 183 of 184 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P318, P321, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264, P264+P265, P280, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P332+P317, and P362+P364 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, water spray, alcohol-resistant foam.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Nitrophenols/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The effectiveness of various wastewater treatment processes (ie, use of activated sludge, powdered activated carbon added to activated sludge, a granular activated carbon column, and a resin column) in removing the major pollutants from wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry was studied on a field pilot plant scale. The addition of powdered activated carbon to activated sludge produced a better effluent than the extended aeration of activated sludge. However, the powdered activated carbon pilot plant did not always produce a better effluent than the granular activated carbon plant. In general, the granular activated carbon pilot plant produced a better effluent than the resin column.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Clean work clothes should be supplied daily; showers should be taken prior to changing to street clothes. ... Appropriate type respirators with organic vapor canisters should be provided in areas of concn of dust or vapors. /Nitrophenol/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.

1.0 [mg/m3]

11 [mg/m3]

66 [mg/m3]

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes and skin. Ingestion could cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin.

Self-contained breathing apparatus for fumes; rubber gloves; goggles (USCG, 1999)

/Wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus for fumes; rubber gloves; goggles

NO open flames.

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

2-nitrophenol is a yellow solid. Sinks in and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)

Other Solid

Light yellow solid with a peculiar aromatic smell;

YELLOW CRYSTALS.

Light yellow needles or prisms

MONOCLINIC

Yellow needles from alcohol

Peculiar, aromatic color

SWEET TASTE

Taste threshold concentration: 0.001 mg/L

417 to 421 °F at 760 mmHg (Decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

214.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

113 to 115 °F (NTP, 1992)

44-45 °C

45-46 °C

108 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Freely soluble in ... carbon disulfide, alkali hydroxides; slightly soluble in cold water

Very soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, chlorine

In water, 2100 mg/L at 20 °C; 10,800 mg/L at 100 °C

In water, 2.5X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.21 (poor)

1.49 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

Density: 1.2942 g/cu cm at 40 °C

1.49 g/cm³

1.495 @25 °C

1 mmHg at 120.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.11 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 1 mm Hg at 49.3 °C

0.113 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.015

1 [mm Hg] @49.3 °C

log Kow = 1.79

Henry's Law constant = 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 20 °C

Henry's Law constant = 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

-8,912 Btu/lb = -4,950 cal/g = -207X10+5 J/kg

12,497.3 g cal/g mole

Negative

Agilent XCT

Water insoluble.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Phenols and Cresols

2-NITROPHENOL is a yellow, crystalline material, moderately toxic, low melting point (45 °C). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen. In molten form violent reaction with strong alkali (85% potassium hydroxide) [491 M, 1975, p. 342]. Reaction product with chlorosulfuric acid decomposes violently at room temperature [Vervalin, C. H., Hydrocarbon Proc., 1976, 55(9), p. 321].

The molten ortho-nitrophenol reacts violently with commercial 85% potassium hydroxide pellets. (possibly involving formation of the aci-o-nitroquinonoid salt).

Product of reaction with chlorosulfuric acid decomposes violently at 24 °C.

The chloride, produced by interaction of 2-nitrophenol and chlorosulfuric acid at 4 °C, decomposed violently during discharge operations from the 2000 1iter vessel, leaving a glowing residue.

IDENTIFICATION: The nitrophenol isomers are water soluble solids that are moderately acidic in water as a result of disassociation. 2-Nitrophenol is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of a number of organophosphate pesticides and some medical products. HUMAN EXPOSURE: 2-Nitrophenol is slightly irritating to the skin but non-irritating to the eye. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: There is limited information concerning the toxicological profile for 2-nitrophenol. A dose dependent increase in the formation of methemoglobin was seen in cats after oral exposure to 2-nitrophenol. This compound has not been fully tested for genotoxicity. Insufficient data are available on 2-nitrophenol to allow any conclusions to be made about its possible mutagenicity. In one study, which had several limitations, no skin tumors were noted after dermal application of 2-nitrophenol over 12 weeks. Carcinogenicity studies using the oral or inhalation routes were not available for 2-nitrophenol. In an oral study with rats, 2-nitrophenol induced developmental effects in the offspring only at doses that also produced maternal toxicity. In these studies, the fetuses were not examined for internal malformations. From valid test results available on the toxicity of 2-nitrophenol to various aquatic organisms, the nitrophenols can be classified as substances exhibiting moderate to high toxicity in the aquatic compartment. The lowest effect concentration for Scenedesmus subspicatus, 96 hr EC50: 0.39 mg/L 2-nitrophenol. The available data indicate only a moderate toxicity potential of nitrophenols in the terrestrial environment.

The nitrite in nitrophenols causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613)

2-Nitrophenol

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Nitrophenols may cause methemoglobinemia. This is a disorder in which there is an abnormally high level of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in a decrease in the amount of oxygen that can be carried to the tissues and organs. (L1661, L1613)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Oral (L1661) ; inhalation (L1661) ; dermal (L1661) ; eye contact (L1661).

Redness.

Headache. Drowsiness. Nausea. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Convulsions. Dizziness. Unconsciousness.

Symptoms of methemoglobinemia include shortness of breath, cyanosis, mental status changes, headache, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dizziness and loss of consciousness. Severe methemoglobinemia may cause dysrhythmias, seizures, coma and death. (L1613)

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

5 x 10^-4 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

LD50: 334 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 378 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 100 mg/kg (Intravenous, Dog) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 334 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1300 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 378 mg/kg

LD50 Dog iv 100 mg/kg

Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution at 1-2mg/kg administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by an IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination. flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Rapid body cooling may be necessary in case of hyperthermia. Salicylates are contraindicated. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For dehydration and hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Liver and renal function and blood should be evaluated in placement or periodic examinations. /Nitrophenols/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ No formation of methemoglobin was detected after dermal application of a 50% solution of 2-nitrophenol in water to rabbits (dose not specified, exposure time 1 min to 20 hr on the back or 20 hr on the ear).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In cats (two animals per dose group), the oral application of 2-nitrophenol (50, 100, or 250 mg/kg body weight; no controls) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in methemoglobin (6, 44, and 57%, respectively). One animal dosed with 250 mg/kg body weight died.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The effect of 2-nitrophenol in rats was studied in a 28-day study ... five animals per sex per dose group; daily oral doses of 0, 22, 67, or 200 mg/kg body weight via gavage. Food intake decreased in high-dose males and in mid- and high-dose females, and final body weight decreased non-significantly in all dosed animals. The absolute liver and kidney weights were decreased in mid-dose animals, and the relative testes weight increased in low- and mid-dose males and decreased in high-dose males. In all dosed animals, the relative and absolute weights of the adrenal glands increased. The hematological examination, clinical chemistry, and histopathological examination of the major organs and tissues did not give any indication of a substance-related toxic effect in comparison with controls.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In Sprague-Dawley rats (15 per sex per group), no mortality was observed after exposure to 0, 5, 30, or 60 mg 2-nitrophenol vapor/cu m (whole body exposure; to generate the vapor, melted 2-nitrophenol was used) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, over a period of 4 weeks. Except for squamous metaplasia of the epithelium lining the maxilloturbinates and nasoturbinates in all high-dose animals, the clinical and histopathological examinations gave no consistent exposure-related effects. The methemoglobin values determined after the 11th exposure were significantly increased only in low-dose animals (males: 1.0, 2.3, 1.8, and 1.6%; females: 2.0, 4.1, 2.1, and 1.1%), but were within control values at the end of the study.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 210,000 ug/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 6-24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH > or =7.0; Concentration: 27000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 20000-37000 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 6-24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH > or =7.0; Concentration: 17000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 11000-25000 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 8.0, hardness 150 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 121 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 13170 ug/L for 48 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ After three days of exposure to 2-nitrophenol at a concentration of 35,000 ug/L, Chlorella pyrenoidosa (alga) began to exhibit signs of inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis. /From table/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Under nitrogen deficient culture conditions, Chlorella zofingiensis decomposes the chlorophylls, synthesizes secondary carotenoids, and develops red colored resting stages (akinetes). On transfer of the akinetes into nitrogen containing fresh culture medium and algae regreen completely within a short period. Regreening reacts with high sensitivity to the addition of environmentaly hazardous chemicals. ... In additional experiments, the influence of increasing salt concentration (sodium chloride stress) and simultaneous exposure to the toxicants was examined. A step-by-step increase in the salinity of the experimental medium resulted in a drastic reduction of the toxicity caused by the addition of paraquat. With 2-nitrophenol, the toxic action was slightly enhanced. Differences in the time-dependent toxic response were also observed using the diverse toxicants.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The lethal threshold value (pollutant concentration causing the onset of cell multiplication inhibition) of Crangon septempinosa (shrimp) at 32,900 ug/L for 96 hr.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 210,000 ug/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 6-24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH > or =7.0; Concentration: 27000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 20000-37000 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 6-24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH > or =7.0; Concentration: 17000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 11000-25000 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 8.0, hardness 150 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 121 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 13170 ug/L for 48 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ After three days of exposure to 2-nitrophenol at a concentration of 35,000 ug/L, Chlorella pyrenoidosa (alga) began to exhibit signs of inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis. /From table/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Under nitrogen deficient culture conditions, Chlorella zofingiensis decomposes the chlorophylls, synthesizes secondary carotenoids, and develops red colored resting stages (akinetes). On transfer of the akinetes into nitrogen containing fresh culture medium and algae regreen completely within a short period. Regreening reacts with high sensitivity to the addition of environmentaly hazardous chemicals. ... In additional experiments, the influence of increasing salt concentration (sodium chloride stress) and simultaneous exposure to the toxicants was examined. A step-by-step increase in the salinity of the experimental medium resulted in a drastic reduction of the toxicity caused by the addition of paraquat. With 2-nitrophenol, the toxic action was slightly enhanced. Differences in the time-dependent toxic response were also observed using the diverse toxicants.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The lethal threshold value (pollutant concentration causing the onset of cell multiplication inhibition) of Crangon septempinosa (shrimp) at 32,900 ug/L for 96 hr.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A 38% mortality in Crassius auratus (goldfish) at 33,300 ug/L. /From table/

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

2-Nitrophenol's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, paint colorings, rubber chemicals, and fungicides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.113 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-nitrophenol will exist primarily as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. However, monitoring data indicate that 2-nitrophenol exists in both the vapor-phase and particulate-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-nitrophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 days. Particulate-phase 2-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. Vapor-phase 2-nitrophenol is also removed from the ambient atmosphere through dissolution into cloud water with subsequent precipitation. 2-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm which suggests that 2-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment. 2-Nitrophenol was 11% mineralized when exposed to light of greater than 290 nm over a 3 day period, suggesting that photodegradation may be an important fate process. If released to soil, 2-nitrophenol can have very high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values in the range of 13-265. The pKa of 2-nitrophenol is 7.23 indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization of 2-nitrophenol from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process given a Henry's Law constant of 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C. 2-Nitrophenol was completely biodegraded in an aqueous soil solution inoculum obtained from a waste facility within 7-14 days, but it took more than 64 days to biodegrade in soil, suggesting acclimation may be an important factor in the biodegradability of this compound. If released into water, 2-nitrophenol may have little to moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.8 and 24 days, respectively. Photolysis in sunlit surface waters may occur. 2-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. BCF values of <22 measured in carp suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. A half-life of 37 days was observed for 2-nitrophenol in a laboratory batch microcosm incubated with groundwater and sediment. Occupational exposure to 2-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-nitrophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2-nitrophenol via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

2-Nitrophenol's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, paint colorings, rubber chemicals, and fungicides(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc range of 13 to 265(2-5) indicates that 2-nitrophenol may have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2-nitrophenol is 7.23(6), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(7). Volatilization of 2-nitrophenol from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(8). 2-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.113 mm Hg at 25 °C(9). 2-Nitrophenol was completely biodegraded in an aqueous soil solution inoculum obtained from a waste facility within 7-14 days(10), but it took more than 64 days to biodegrade 2-nitrophenol in soil(11), suggesting acclimation may be an important factor in the biodegradability of this compound(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc range of 13 to 265(2-5) suggests that 2-nitrophenol may have little to moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(6) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(7). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.8 and 24 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), BCF values of <22 measured in carp(9) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will be low(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction between singlet oxygen and 2-nitrophenol in surface waters was measured as 1.3X10+6 L/mol-s at 27 °C(10). This corresponds to a half-life of about 154 days at a singlet oxygen concn of 4X10-14 mol/L(10). 2-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(11) which suggests that 2-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in water exposed to sunlight(SRC). 2-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(6). A half-life of about 37 days was observed for 2-nitrophenol in a laboratory batch microcosm incubated with sediment and groundwater(12) and a theoretical BOD of 36% in a 5-day river die-away test was reported(13). In contrast, 2-nitrophenol had a 0% theoretical BOD over a 2-week incubation period in the Japanese MITI test(9), suggesting acclimation may be an important factor in the biodegradability of this compound(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on the information gathered for 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol will probably undergo slow photooxidation in an aerated aquatic environment. There is a possibility for photoreduction of the nitro group if the 2-nitrophenol becomes absorbed by organic particulates.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-nitrophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.113 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist primarily as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. However, monitoring data indicate that 2-nitrophenol exists in both the vapor-phase and particulate-phase in the ambient atmosphere(3-5). Vapor-phase 2-nitrophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 days(SRC) from its rate constant of 9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(6). Particulate-phase 2-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Vapor-phase 2-nitrophenol is also removed from the ambient atmosphere through dissolution into cloud water with subsequent precipitation(7). 2-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(8) which suggests that 2-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). 2-Nitrophenol was 11% mineralized when exposed to light greater than 290 nm over a 3 day period(9), suggesting that photodegradation may be an important fate process(SRC).

AEROBIC: More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 2-nitrophenol in an aqueous soil solution(1) however 2-nitrophenol was completely degraded in 7-14 days in a second soil inoculum(2). 2-Nitrophenol was mineralized 10% in a terrestrial ecosystem over the course of 10 days(3). 2-Nitrophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4). A half-life of about 37 days was observed for 2-nitrophenol in a laboratory batch microcosm incubated with sediment and groundwater(5). 2-Nitrophenol was degraded over 80% in an aerobic groundwater/sediment microcosm from a landfill during a 60 day incubation period(6). First-order rate constants of 0.01/day to 0.05/day were determined for 2-nitrophenol in aerobic aquifer material(7), corresponding to half-lives of about 14-69 days(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Nitrophenol was completely mineralized in 1 week in an anaerobic sewage sludge(1). 2-Nitrophenol was degraded 63% and 50% in 2 flooded soils over a 10-day incubation period(2). No biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol was observed under denitrifying conditions during a 30 day incubation period(3). 2-Nitrophenol was degraded over 90% in an anaerobic groundwater/sediment microcosm from a landfill during a 10 day incubation period(4). 2-Nitrophenol was not degraded in a primary digesting sludge under methanogenic conditions during a 90 day incubation period(5). In a 5-day river die-away test using river water from the Songhua River in China, 2-nitrophenol had a theoretical BOD of 36%(6). In an anaerobic biofilter implementation, 2-nitrophenol was largely converted (69-95% removal efficiency) to aminophenol(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-nitrophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 18 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 2-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(3) which suggests that 2-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). 2-Nitrophenol was mineralized 11% when exposed to light greater than 290 nm over a 3 day period(4). The rate constant for the reaction between singlet oxygen and 2-nitrophenol in surface waters was measured as 1.3X10+6 l/mol-sec at 27 °C(5). This corresponds to a half-life of about 154 days at a singlet oxygen concentration of 4X10-14 mol/L(5).

Chemical simulation of 2-nitrophenol and ... metabolic studies were presented. Reactions which should occur to constitute a successful chemical simulation were outlined. Oxidations were carried out with m-chloroperbenzoic acid, trifluoroperacetic acid, nickel peroxide, nickel peroxide in toluene, and Fenton's reagent. No products were obtained from oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid or trifluoroperacetic acid. Oxidation was excessive using nickel peroxide. The addition of toluene slowed the reaction and even after 40 hours the starting compounds were present, however, the products obtained were not the desired ones. Fenton's reagent was more successful, but the original conditions were too strongly oxidizing. Under modified conditions, 2-nitrophenol yielded nitrohydroquinone and 3-nitrocatechol. Reaction times were 6 days for the substoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide and 36 hours using excess peroxide.

BCF values of <2.2 to 5 were measured for carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to 1 ppm of 2-nitrophenol over a 6 week incubation period(1); BCF values of <22 were measured for carp exposed to 0.1 ppm 2-nitrophenol over a 6 week incubation period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of 2-nitrophenol in five reference European soils (pH 3.2-7.4) ranged from 32.1 to 265.7 with Koc generally decreasing with increasing pH(1); similar Koc values were determined for a second-generation set of five reference European soils(2). The Koc for 2-nitrophenol in Brookston clay loam was 114(3). In sorption studies using peat, 2-nitrophenol had measured Koc values of 85 (when 2-nitrophenol was in the neutral state) and 13 (when 2-nitrophenol existed as anionic species)(4). According to a classification scheme(5), a Koc range of 13 to 265 suggests that 2-nitrophenol is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 2-nitropehnol is 7.23(6), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(7).

The effect of introducing other functional groups to phenol on adsorption by soil and development of equilibrium adsorption isotherms for ortho isomer of nitrophenol are described. Introducing CH3, OCH3, NO2, or Cl groups to phenol resulted in increasing adsorption. With the exception of o-nitrophenol, adsorption of the phenols studied occurred by H-bonding to sites on soil surfaces. o-Nitrophenol was apparently adsorbed hydrophobically, and H-bond formation was not indicated.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-nitrophenol is 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-nitrophenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 2.8 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 24 days(SRC). The pKa of 2-nitrophenol is 7.23(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the ionized form in water and moist soils and the anionic form of 2-nitrophenol will not volatilize, however, the neutral form of 2-nitrophenol will volatilize from from moist soils(SRC). 2-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 0.113 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

GROUNDWATER: 2-Nitrophenol was detected in groundwater of Ville Mercier, Quebec, Canada at 0.2-1.3 ug/L(1).

DRINKING WATER: 2-Nitrophenol was detected in drinking water of Taiwan at concentrations of 140 and 112 ng/L(1). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in drinking waters collected from the Jiangsu Province China in June 2002 at concentrations of 0.0033-0.015 ug/L(2).

SURFACE WATER: 2-Nitrophenol has been identified, not quantified in river water in the US(1). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in natural waters of Taiwan at 91 ug/L(2). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in the Potomac River, Virginia at a concentration of less than 4 ug/L(3). Surface water samples collected from 12 sites on the Huaihe River in China in 2002 contained 2-nitrophenol concentrations of 1.90-4.13 ug/L(3).

RAIN/SNOW: Portland, OR (7 rain events): 26-130 ng/L, 59 ng/L mean dissolved in rain(1). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in rainfall in Azusa, CA at 31 ng/L(2). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in rainfall in Dubendorf, Switzerland at 0.9-6 nmols/L from March to November 1985(3). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in rainwater on Mt. Rigi, Switzerland at concentrations of 0.125-0.35 ug/L(4). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in rainwater in Los Angeles, CA at concentrations of less than or equal to 1 ug/L and rainwater in Portland, OR at a concentration of 0.06 ug/L(5). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in the rain and snow of northern Germany at concentrations of 1-5 ug/L(6). 2-Nitrophenol concentrations of 0.008-0.013 ug/L have been detected in snow from the Antarctic(7).

Effluent reports in the USEPA's STORET database, 1980-1982, indicate that 2-nitrophenol was identified, not quantified in 24 out of 1,318 samples(1). 30 samples representing polluted fjord areas in Norway as well as effluent from municipal treatment plants, refineries, petrochemical and metallurgic industries were analyzed for 2-nitrophenol; the compound was detected in 11 % of samples at a 1 ppb limit of quantitation(2). 2-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in effluents from the photographic and electronics industries(3) and effluent from the Sauget, IL wastewater treatment plant which receives wastes from heavy chemical manufacturing suggestive of azo dye wastes(4). Detected in the treated effluents of the following industries: iron and steel manufacture (21 ppb max), foundries (20 ppb mean, 40 ppb max), pharmaceuticals (10 ppb max), organic chemicals manufacturing/plastics (130 ppb max), rubber processing (4.9 ppb max), and textile mills (4.1 ppb max)(5). Additionally, the raw wastewater of the following industries not listed above contained 2-nitrophenol: coal mining (17 ppb max), electrical/electronic components (<75 ppb mean, 320 ppb max), metal finishing (72 ppb mean, 320 ppb max), and photographic equipment/supplies (19 ppb mean, 32 ppb max), petroleum refining (1,400 ppb)(5). 2-Nitrophenol has been detected in municipal landfill leachate in the US at concentrations of 8.6-12 mg/L(6). 2-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, from a hazardous waste incinerator in Germany(7). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in the effluent of 17 refineries in the US at concentrations of less than 50 ug/L(8). 2-Nitrophenol was released at a rate of 1.6 and 5.5 g/hr during operation of a wastewater sludge incinerator in the US(9). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in the exhaust of vehicles without catalytic converters at concentrations of 0.1-2.0 ug/L of exhaust(10).

Exhaust gas from gasoline and diesel engines contained 3.1 and 6.4 ppb of 2-nitrophenol(1).

2-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in soil and sediment in Love Canal, NY(1). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in agricultural soils in Canada at concentrations of 0.19-0.53 mg/kg(2). 2-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in sediment from the Rhone estuary, Spain(3). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in soil of Ville Mercier, Quebec, Canada at 0.6 ug/kg(4).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 2-Nitrophenol was detected in Yokahama, Japan at a maximum concentration of 3.9 ppm(1) and in Portland, OR at 11-39 ng/cu m(2). The reported mean concentration of 2-nitrophenol in Portland, OR was 0.004 ppb with a maximum concentration of 0.01 ppb(3). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in the atmosphere of Boise, ID at 0.04 ng/cu m(4). 2-Nitrophenol was detected in Great Dun Fell, UK at concentrations of 0.8 ng/cu m to 7.47 ng/cu m(5). Ambient air samples collected in the downtown area of Rome, Italy between February and April 2003 contained mean 2-nitrophenol levels of 10.4 ng/cu m in gas-phase samples and 3.5 ng/cu m in particulate-phase samples(6). Atmospheric particulate samples collected from an urban site in England contained 2-nitrophenol concentrations of 0.11-1.61 ng/cu m(7). 2-Nitrophenol was detected at a concentration of 15.5 ng/cu m in atmospheric particulate samples collected from a hotel roof in Lanzhou City, China(8).

2-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in fish from the Great Lakes(1) and fish from Lake Michigan tributaries and embayments(2).

2-Nitrotoluene concentrations of <10 to 10 ug/kg dry wt were detected in the birds eggs collected from the Lake Baikal region (Selenga River estuary, Russia)(1).[Table#2866]

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 2-nitrophenol is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 480 workers (female number not specified) were potentially exposed to 2-nitrophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-nitrophenol is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2-nitrophenol via inhalation of ambient air(SRC).

AIR INTAKE: (assume air concentration 24 ng/cu m(1)) 0.48 ug; WATER INTAKE - insufficient data; FOOD INTAKE - insufficient data(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The effectiveness of various wastewater treatment processes (ie, use of activated sludge, powdered activated carbon added to activated sludge, a granular activated carbon column, and a resin column) in removing the major pollutants from wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry was studied on a field pilot plant scale. The addition of powdered activated carbon to activated sludge produced a better effluent than the extended aeration of activated sludge. However, the powdered activated carbon pilot plant did not always produce a better effluent than the granular activated carbon plant. In general, the granular activated carbon pilot plant produced a better effluent than the resin column.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Nitrophenols/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1663; Nitrophenols

IMO 6.1; Nitrophenols

49 633 94; Nitrophenol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III