salicylaldehyde

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (53.3%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (53.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (53.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341 (53.2%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3872 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P308+P316, P316, P318, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P260, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Call a doctor.

INHALATION: Remove from exposure. Treat respiratory depression with artificial respiration and oxygen.

EYES: Irrigate with water for at least 15 minutes.

SKIN: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing.

INGESTION: Induce vomiting with ipecac. Delay absorption by giving activated charcoal. Use saline cathartic. in mild poisoning with adequate urine output and no vomiting, give milk and fruit juice every hour. Treat acidosis with sodium bicarbonate (7.5% solution). (USCG, 1999)

Extinguish with water fog, alcohol foam, CO2 or dry chemical. (USCG, 1999)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use alcohol foam, spray, mist, dry chemical.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition. No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Avoid contact with liquid or vapor. Keep people away. Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus. Stop discharge if possible. Isolate and remove discharged material. Notify local health and pollution control agencies. (USCG, 1999)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

1.6 [mg/m3]

17 [mg/m3]

100 [mg/m3]

Residues of salicylaldehyde are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Penetration aid. Limit: Not to exceed 14% by weight of pesticide formulation.

Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Liquid; colorless or pale yellow; bitter almond odor. Sinks and mixes slowly in water. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless or dark red liquid with a bitter odor of almonds; [Hawley] Colorless or pale yellow liquid; [CAMEO] Colorless or light yellow oily liquid with almond-like odor; [MSDSonline]

colourless to straw coloured oily liquid with a pungent, bitter, almond-like odour

Colorless, oily liquid or dark-red oil

Colorless to straw, oily liquid

Bitter, almond-like odor

Pungent, irritating odor similar to benzenaldehyde, acetophenone, and nitrobenzene, but with phenolic notes

Nut-like, coumarin flavor at low levels

Burning taste

386 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

196.00 to 197.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

196-197 °C

197 °C @760 [mm Hg]

19.4 °F (USCG, 1999)

172 °F (USCG, 1999)

ca.78 °C (172 °F) - closed cup

Solubility in water, 1.7X10+4 mg/L at 86 °C

Slightly soluble in water

Slightly soluble in chloroform; miscible with ethanol; very soluble in acetone, benzene

Soluble in most organic solvents and oils

17 mg/mL at 86 °C

slightly soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents, oils

miscible at room temperature (in ethanol)

1.1674 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.167 g/cu cm at 20 °C/4 °C

1.159-1.170

1.167 @25 °C

4.2 (USCG, 1999) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.2 (Air = 1)

1.09 mmHg at 90 °F (USCG, 1999)

0.59 [mmHg]

0.593 mm Hg at 25 °C /calculated from experimentally derived coefficients/

0.593 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.81

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions: Carbon oxides

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Dynamic viscosity = 2.50X10-3 Pa.s at 25 °C

-27.29 kJ/g at 20 °C and constant pressure

42X10-3 N/m at 25 °C

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Aldehydes

Phenols and Cresols

SALICYLALDEHYDE is an aldehyde. Aldehydes are frequently involved in self-condensation or polymerization reactions. These reactions are exothermic; they are often catalyzed by acid. Aldehydes are readily oxidized to give carboxylic acids. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of aldehydes with azo, diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. Aldehydes can react with air to give first peroxo acids, and ultimately carboxylic acids. These autoxidation reactions are activated by light, catalyzed by salts of transition metals, and are autocatalytic (catalyzed by the products of the reaction). The addition of stabilizers (antioxidants) to shipments of aldehydes retards autoxidation.

Incompatible materials: May react violently with: Strong oxidizing agents, halogens, strong acids and strong bases, fluorine.

It can react with oxidizing materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Salicylaldehyde is a liquid. It is used in analytical chemistry, perfumery (violet), synthesis of coumarin, as an auxiliary fumigant, and flavoring. HUMAN STUDIES: An elk researcher who had handled leaves from various trees presented with eczema of the hands, face, flexures, trunk and extremities. Patch testing showed sensitivity to salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde, balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae resin), aspen wood dust and an extract prepared from the bark of aspen (Populus tremula). Besides salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde is also recommended to be used to screen for contact allergy to aspen. Both of these chemicals should be tested in forest workers in areas where aspen is growing. ANIMAL STUDIES: Salicylaldehyde fed to male rats for 10 days or more caused an increase in the number and size of hepatic and renal microbodies and caused fibrillar material to appear. The drug did not cause fibrillar material to appear in hepatic microbodies of mice or microbodies of transplantable rat hepatomas. Salicylaldehyde evoked a hypocalcemia in rats and mice. Salicylaldehyde and its acetyl derivatives are all less potent analgesics and antinflammatory agents in rodents than salicylic acid and aspirin.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LD50 Rat oral 520 mg/kg (from table)

LD50 Rat skin 600 mg/kg

LD50 Rat sc 900 mg/kg (from table)

LD50 Mouse oral 504 mg/kg (from table)

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory distress. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Considering administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/CASE REPORTS/ Salicyl alcohol or 2-methylolphenol is a well-known allergen in phenol-formaldehyde resins and a strong sensitizer in guinea pigs. There is 1 previous report of allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol in aspen bark. We describe a second case with concomitant allergy to salicylaldehyde. An elk researcher who had handled leaves from various trees presented with eczema of the hands, face, flexures, trunk and extremities. Patch testing showed sensitivity to salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde, balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae resin), aspen wood dust and an extract prepared from the bark of aspen (Populus tremula). Weaker reactions were observed to bark extracts of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), tea-leaved willow (Salix phylicifolia) and goat willow (Salix caprea). We analyzed salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde in the bark extracts and found the 2 chemicals in equal amounts, about 0.9 ug/mg in aspen bark and in lower concentrations in rowan and the willows. We did not find either of the chemicals in the test substance of balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae). Besides salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde is also recommended to be used to screen for contact allergy to aspen. Both of these chemicals should be tested in forest workers in areas where aspen is growing.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Salicylaldehyde fed to male rats for 10 days or more caused an increase in the number and size of hepatic and renal microbodies and caused fibrillar material to appear. The drug did not cause fibrillar material to appear in hepatic microbodies of mice or microbodies of transplantable rat hepatomas.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ In the present study, we investigated a correlation of fetotoxicity induced by salicylic acid (SA) analogues to their hypocalcemic effect. Among of SA analogues, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, salicyl-alcohol, methyl salicylate and SA evoked a hypocalcemia in rats and mice but the other analogues had no effect by their single administration. The additional administration of dihydroxybenzoic acids elicited the hypocalcemia following the fetal toxicities induced by SA analogues paralleled to that of their hypocalcemic effect. A hypocalcemic effect was induced only by the benzoic acids with hydroxy group existing in ortho-position.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Salicylaldehyde and its acetyl derivatives are all less potent analgesics and antinflammatory agents in rodents than salicylic acid and aspirin.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of November 16, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 11000 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 22000 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde's production and use as an intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, medicinal chemicals and electroplating chemicals, and as a flavor ingredient in foods, beverages, and tobacco products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use in perfumes and in fumigants will result in its direct release to the environment. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke, tobacco, and tobacco substitute smoke. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent in the tissues and essential oils of several plant species. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 73. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg and exists as a liquid under environmental conditions; therefore, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil. Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 57 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, inhalation of wood smoke, ingestion of plants or food products containing 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and dermal contact with plants and plant oils and consumer products containing 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. (SRC)

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent in various tissues and essential oils of several plant species(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde occurs in the flowers of Spirea ulmaria and in the essential oils of several plants of the genus Spirea, in the roots of Crepis foetida, in the fruits of Pinus avium, in the rind of Rauqolfia caffra, in the leaves of Ceanothus velutinus and in the essential oil of Cinnamonum cassia and tobacco leaves. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been reported in pennyroyal, cinnamon bark, cassia leaf, cassia oil, pepperment oil, and mastic gum oil(2,3).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde's production and use as an intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, medicinal chemicals and electroplating chemicals, and as a flavor ingredient in foods, beverages, and tobacco products(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use in perfumes, fumigants(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(5). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a vapor pressure close to one and exists as a liquid under environmental conditions; therefore, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil(SRC). Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-hydroxybenzaldehydeis not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(7), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 57 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is likely an important environmental fate process in water(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, present at 30 mg/L, reached 2% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test; the test substance formed salicylic acid, 100% by HPLC(1). In an inherent degradation test 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was confirmed to be biodegradable, proliferation in the sludge was observed, and neither salicylaldehyde nor salycylic acid remained(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.80X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the estimated OH radical reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 8.6X10+9 L/mol-sec(2); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of approximately 90 at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(3). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated in fish for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is estimated as 73(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is estimated as 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that salicylaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 57 days(SRC). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of salicylaldehyde from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure close to one and the compound exists as an odorous liquid under environmental conditions.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected, but not quantified, in exhaust samples from 9 test fuels employed in an automobile under simulated city driving conditions(1).

SEDIMENT: 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in Manaus, Mainz, and Berlin, Germany soils at concentrations of 6.2, 9.7, 41 ng/g, respectively; soils were collected from the Terra Firme of the Amazon basin in Brazil, sampling dates not reported(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in atmospheric samples collected from Niteroi City, RJ, Brazil, between January 9th and 14th, 2010, with a reported mean and maximum of 3.73 and 7.64 ug/m cu, respectively(1).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been reported in grapes, tomato, baked potato, parmesan cheese, butter, milk powder, roasted chicken, beer, rum, Japanese whiskey, sherry, coffee, tea, soybean, mushroom, buckwheat, Bourbon vanilla, Chinese quince, Muscat grape, and vanilla(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified, but not quantified, as a volatile constituent of baked potatoes(2).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde detections in plants(1).[Table#2034]

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in the vapor phase, but not the particulate phase, at concentrations ranging from 14.4 - 161 mg/kg dry wood burned of volatile emissions from 2 types of wood heaters burning White gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) firewood(1). A mean emission factor of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in smoldering smoke from wood was reported as 0.015 g/kg; it was not detected in smoke from flaming wood(2). Emissions collected from burning ponderosa pine wood, from northwestern Montana, contained mean emission factors for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, in the smoldering smoke of its needles, litter, and duff, of 0.016, 0.019, and 0.01 g/kg, respectively(2). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was not detected in smoldering smoke or self-sustained smoldering smoke from bark, or the self-sustained smoldering smoke from litter, duff, or humus fires(2).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in dust from fine particulate organometallic brake lining wear at a concentration of 4.7 ug/g of particle sample; it was not detected in fine particulate paved road dust nor in particulate tire wear debris(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke, tobacco, and tobacco substitute smoke(2).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility, operating fewer than 10 sites, estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the United States is fewer than 10 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 11000 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 22000 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde's production and use as an intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, medicinal chemicals and electroplating chemicals, and as a flavor ingredient in foods, beverages, and tobacco products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use in perfumes and in fumigants will result in its direct release to the environment. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke, tobacco, and tobacco substitute smoke. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent in the tissues and essential oils of several plant species. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 73. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg and exists as a liquid under environmental conditions; therefore, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil. Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 57 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, inhalation of wood smoke, ingestion of plants or food products containing 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and dermal contact with plants and plant oils and consumer products containing 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. (SRC)

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent in various tissues and essential oils of several plant species(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde occurs in the flowers of Spirea ulmaria and in the essential oils of several plants of the genus Spirea, in the roots of Crepis foetida, in the fruits of Pinus avium, in the rind of Rauqolfia caffra, in the leaves of Ceanothus velutinus and in the essential oil of Cinnamonum cassia and tobacco leaves. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been reported in pennyroyal, cinnamon bark, cassia leaf, cassia oil, pepperment oil, and mastic gum oil(2,3).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde's production and use as an intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, medicinal chemicals and electroplating chemicals, and as a flavor ingredient in foods, beverages, and tobacco products(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use in perfumes, fumigants(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(5). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a vapor pressure close to one and exists as a liquid under environmental conditions; therefore, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil(SRC). Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-hydroxybenzaldehydeis not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(7), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 57 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is likely an important environmental fate process in water(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, present at 30 mg/L, reached 2% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test; the test substance formed salicylic acid, 100% by HPLC(1). In an inherent degradation test 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was confirmed to be biodegradable, proliferation in the sludge was observed, and neither salicylaldehyde nor salycylic acid remained(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.80X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the estimated OH radical reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 8.6X10+9 L/mol-sec(2); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of approximately 90 at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(3). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated in fish for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is estimated as 73(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is estimated as 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that salicylaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 57 days(SRC). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of salicylaldehyde from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure close to one and the compound exists as an odorous liquid under environmental conditions.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected, but not quantified, in exhaust samples from 9 test fuels employed in an automobile under simulated city driving conditions(1).

SEDIMENT: 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in Manaus, Mainz, and Berlin, Germany soils at concentrations of 6.2, 9.7, 41 ng/g, respectively; soils were collected from the Terra Firme of the Amazon basin in Brazil, sampling dates not reported(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in atmospheric samples collected from Niteroi City, RJ, Brazil, between January 9th and 14th, 2010, with a reported mean and maximum of 3.73 and 7.64 ug/m cu, respectively(1).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been reported in grapes, tomato, baked potato, parmesan cheese, butter, milk powder, roasted chicken, beer, rum, Japanese whiskey, sherry, coffee, tea, soybean, mushroom, buckwheat, Bourbon vanilla, Chinese quince, Muscat grape, and vanilla(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified, but not quantified, as a volatile constituent of baked potatoes(2).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde detections in plants(1).[Table#2034]

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in the vapor phase, but not the particulate phase, at concentrations ranging from 14.4 - 161 mg/kg dry wood burned of volatile emissions from 2 types of wood heaters burning White gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) firewood(1). A mean emission factor of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in smoldering smoke from wood was reported as 0.015 g/kg; it was not detected in smoke from flaming wood(2). Emissions collected from burning ponderosa pine wood, from northwestern Montana, contained mean emission factors for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, in the smoldering smoke of its needles, litter, and duff, of 0.016, 0.019, and 0.01 g/kg, respectively(2). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was not detected in smoldering smoke or self-sustained smoldering smoke from bark, or the self-sustained smoldering smoke from litter, duff, or humus fires(2).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was detected in dust from fine particulate organometallic brake lining wear at a concentration of 4.7 ug/g of particle sample; it was not detected in fine particulate paved road dust nor in particulate tire wear debris(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke, tobacco, and tobacco substitute smoke(2).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility, operating fewer than 10 sites, estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the United States is fewer than 10 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,597 workers (234 of these are female) were potentially exposed to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where salicylaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, inhalation of wood smoke, ingestion of plants or food products containing 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and dermal contact with plants and plant oils and consumer products containing 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(SRC).

Workers involved in welding or straightening painted steel, and individuals near this activity, may potentially be exposed to 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde; this chemical was identified as degradation product and in the emissions (2 mg/cu m) from heated steel ship plates coated with the shop primer PVB (polyvinylbutyral)(1).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.