1-chloronaphthalene

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (88.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (88.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (86.5%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (80.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 52 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam.

Fires involving /1-chloronaphthalene/ can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.

Water or foam may cause frothing.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL. 2. COLLECT SPILLED MATERIAL IN MOST CONVENIENT & SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. LIQUIDS CONTAINING HALOWAX 1014 SHOULD BE ABSORBED IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.

First remove all sources of ignition. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Absorb the spills with paper towel or the like materials. Place in hood to evaporate. Dispose by burning the towel.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Ensure plentiful supply of hydrocarbon fuel. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Dissolve in a combustible solvent. Scatter the spray of the solvent into the furnace with afterburner and alkaline scrubber.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Condenser impregnation and other operations involving melting of chloronaphthalene should be enclosed or provided with effective local exhaust ventilation. /chloronaphthalenes/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

... store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.60 [mg/m3]

51 [mg/m3]

310 [mg/m3]

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the liver. This may result in impaired functions.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Wear butyl rubber gloves, protective clothing, self-contained breathing apparatus and protective boots.

NO open flames.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

1-chloronaphthalene is a clear colorless to amber oily viscous liquid. (NTP, 1992)

Colorless to amber oily liquid; [CAMEO]

Liquid; [HSDB]

OILY COLOURLESS LIQUID.

Oily liquid

/1-Chloronaphthalene/ gives water a sweetish, astringent taste, the perception threshold for which is higher than for odor. /Odor threshold (0.01 mg/L)/.

505 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

328 °C (initial boiling point)

259.3 °C @ 760 mm Hg

259 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-9 to -4 °F (NTP, 1992)

-25 °C APPROX

250 °F (NTP, 1992)

165 °C (OPEN CUP)

250 °F (121 °C) (closed cup)

121 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

POLYCHLORONAPHTHALENES HAVE GOOD SOLUBILITY IN CHLORINATED & AROMATIC SOLVENTS, & PETROLEUM NAPHTHAS; LIMITED IN KETONES, ETHERS, ACETATES, MINERAL OILS; INSOL IN ALC, WATER. /POLYCHLORONAPHTHALENES/

Sol in benzene, petroleum ether, alcohol

In water, 17.4 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.02 (poor)

1.1938 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.20 @ 25 °C

1.19382 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.188 @25 °C

5.6 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.6

1 mmHg at 177.1 °F ; 100 mmHg at 356.7 °F; 760 mmHg at 498.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.02 [mmHg]

0.01 [mmHg]

0.029 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 4

log Kow = 4.08

log Kow= 4.0

Henry's Law constant= 0.000355 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

> 558 °C; 1036 °F

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

35 SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS (SUS) @ 25 °C (APPROX)

0.01 mg/L

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

1-CHLORONAPHTHALENE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

/1-chloronaphthalene/ is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

IDENTIFICATION: Halowax 1031 contains 95% monochlorinated naphthalenes and 5% dichloronaphthalenes. It has a 22% chlorine content. Halowax 1031 is insoluble in water. There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. The higher chlorinated naphthalene products have been used as impregnants for condensers and capacitors and dipping encapsulating cmpd in electronic and automotive applications and as temporary binders in the manufacture of ceramic components, in paper coating and in precision casting of alloys, in electroplating, stop-off cmpd, as additive in gear oils and cutting cmpd, in flame proofing and insulation of electrical cable and conductors and moisture proof sealants, as separators in batteries, in refractive index testing oils, masking cmpd in electroplating and in grinding wheel lubricants. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. Halowaxes containing mono-, di-chloronaphthalenes did not induce chloracne to individuals after dermal application. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. The main target organs are the liver and fat tissue (besides the kidney and lung) showing a high retention, especially for the higher chlorinated congeners The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. 1-Monochloronaphthalene demonstrated no mutagenicity in the Salmonella Ames test. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. Lower chlorinated naphthalenes are less toxic than the higher chlorinated naphthalenes. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Cattle developed severe systemic disease (bovine hyperkeratosis) during a 5 to 10 day oral exposure of pentachlorinated naphthalenes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. Short term exposure to higher chlorinated naphthalenes resulted in mortality, liver damage, degeneration of the kidneys etc in rats, rabbits and cattle. Inhalation of a penta/hexachloronaphthalene mixture for 143 days resulted in a slight to moderate histological liver damage in rats. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Halowaxes, Higher Chlorinated Naphthalenes/

IDENTIFICATION: There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. Their main uses have been in cable insulation, wood preservation, engine oil additives, electroplating masking compounds, capacitors and refractive index testing oils and as a feedstock for dye production. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. A single study on chlorinated tap water revealed 0.44 ng monochloronaphthalene/l. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin-like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes have been shown to be highly bioaccumulative in fish, but less so in shrimp and algae. The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. The most highly chlorinated naphthalenes do not appear to bioaccumulate. Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Chlorinated naphthalene concn in fish range up to a maximum of around 300 ug/kg lipid weight. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. The higher chlorinated congeners appeared to be more toxic than the lower chlorinated ones. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. 1-Monochloronaphthalene was not mutagenic in the Salmonella Ames test. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Monochloronaphthalenes/

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat. Nausea.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

LD50 Rat oral 1540 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1091 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 2000 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Start an IV with lactated Ringer's. Adequate hydration must be maintained to prevent renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria unless signs of cerebral or pulmonary edema are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Naphthalene and related compounds/

Maintain an open air way and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and seizures if they occur. Treat hemolysis and resulting hemoglobinuria if they occur by intravenous hydration and urinary alkalinization. There is no specific antidote. Administer activated charcoal if available. Do not induce vomiting, because of the risk of lethargy and seizures. Do not administer milk, fats or oils, which may enhance absorption

NAPHTHALENE toxicosis caused by vapor inhalation can usually be managed simply by removing the individual to fresh air. Skin contamination should be removed promptly by washing with soap and water. Eye contamination should be removed by flushing with copious amounts of clear water. Irritation may be severe, and if it persists, should receive medical attention. SRP: /It may be helpful to empty stomach and administer dose of activated charcoal/ Examine the plasma for evidence of hemolysis: a reddish-brown tinge. Examine the blood smear for "ghosts" and Heinz bodies. If /hemolysis is/ present, monitor red blood cell count and hematocrit for anemia, urine for protein, and cells. Measure direct- and indirect-reacting bilirubin in the plasma. Monitor fluid balance and blood electrolytes. If possible, monitor urinary excretion of naphthol to assess severity of poisoning and clinical progress. If hemolysis is clinically significnt, administer intravenous fluids to accelerate urinary excretion of the naphthol metabolite and protect the kidney from products of hemolysis. Use Ringer's-lactate or sodium bicarbonate to keep urine pH above 7.5. Consider use of mannitol, or furosemide, to promote diuresis. If urine flow declines, intravenous infusions must be carefully monitored to avoid fluid overload. Institute hemodialysis. Consider charcoal hemoperfusion in tandem to extract naphthalene and end-products. If anemia is severe, blood transfusions may be needed. Hydrocortisone may be of some benefit if significant hemolysis is present. /Fumigant poisoning/

Maintain an open air way and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and seizures if they occur. Treat hemolysis and resulting hemoglobinuria if they occur by intravenous hydration and urinary alkalinization. There is no specific antidote. Administer activated charcoal if available. Do not induce vomiting, because of the risk of lethargy and seizures. Do not administer milk, fats or oils, which may enhance absorption /Naphthalene/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Halowax-induced hepatic dysfunctioning was described in wire cable workers, assemblers and laborers, including the description of nine deaths due to occupational Halowax exposure

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms of exposure to /1-chloronaphthalene/ may include irritation of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes; headache, fatigue, vertigo and anorexia. Chloracne may develop after chronic exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The activities of several commercial polychlorinated napthalenes including Halowaxes 1000, 1001, 1099, 1013, 1014 and 1051 as hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers in the immature male rat were determined by measuring their effects on microsomal dimethylaminoantipyrine N-demethylase and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (or aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) activities, the cytochrome b5 content and the relative peak intensities and spectral shifts of the reduced microsomal cytochrome p450:CO and ethylisocyanide binding difference spectra. Results obtained for the Halowaxes were compared with the effects of animal pretreatment with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital plus 3-methylcholanthrene (coadministered) and Aroclor 1254, a commercial polychlorinated biphenyl. At the higher dose level (600 umol/kg) all Halowaxes enhanced microsomal benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity (2 to 15 fold) and the hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 content (1.2 to 2.5 fold); dimethylaminoantipyrene N-demethylase activities were increased < 40% compared to noninduced animals. Based on the enzymic and spectral properties of the microsomal enzymes from the Halowax pretreated animals, Halowaxes 1000, 1001 and 1099 were phenobarbital type inducers an Halowaxes 1013, 1014 and 1051 were mixed type inducers similar to Aroclor 1254 or phenobarbital plus 3-methylcholanthrene (coadministered).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The commercial mixtures Halowax 1013, 1014, and 1051 (containing highly chlorinated congeners) produce a mixed phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methyl cholanthrene (MC)-type induction (Ah receptor-dependent induction of CYP1A1, mostly measured as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase [EROD] and/or arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase [AHH] activity) in rat liver, whereas the lower chlorinated mixtures (Halowax 1000, 1001, 1099) are PB-type inducers (with a slight MC-type induction possible at high doses).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The commercial mixture Halowax 1014 and the more or less purified congeners mono-, di-, and hexa chloronaphthalenes (dissolved in acetone) have been topically applied to the ear canal skin of rabbits (1 ml of each solution, daily for 5 days). Both the Halowax mixture and the hexachloronaphthalene preparation showed hyperkeratotic activity at the applied concentration of 30 mg/g acetone (corresponding to 23.7 mg/day per ear), but the mono- and dichloronaphthalenes did not at concentrations of up to 590 and 290 mg/g acetone, respectively. The monochloronaphthalene (at 90 mg/g acetone) and dichloronaphthalene (at 45 mg/g acetone) congeners produced only very slight erythema without follicular accentuation and, histologically, a minimal inflammation. At the higher concentrations (590 and 290 mg/g acetone, respectively), severe primary irritant dermatitis resulted within 24 hr following a single application; histologically, severe inflammation was seen without sebaceous gland decrease, lysis, and necrosis.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Young swine that received 10 mg/lb of body wt for 8 or 9 days orally exhibited depression, wt loss, anorexia, and ataxia but they did not develop other signs (excessive lacrimation, salivation, & nasal discharge, necrosis of oral mucosa, & hyperkeratosis) characteristic of bovine hyperkeratosis. Degenerative changes were observed in the liver & kidneys. Hyperplastic changes occurred in the luminal surface of the vagina. Signs of subacute interstitial duodenitis were reported. Young growing swine demonstrated more tolerance to hexachloronaphthalene than calves. 2.5 mg/lb body wt produced hyperkeratosis & fatal poisoning in calf. Sheep also demonstrated more tolerance to hexachloronaphthalene than calves. /hexachloronaphthalene/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for HALOWAX 1031 (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The effect of alpha-monochloronaphthalene (MCN) on the level of vitamin A in blood sera and a storage of this vitamin in the liver of chickens was assayed. The experimental birds were given directly into the gizzard the MCN at doses from 5 to 200 mg/kg bw for 2 weeks. The level of vitamin A was determined by the method of Carr-Price four times: before the experiment, after the application of the two last doses of the MCN and after 2 and 4 weeks after the application of the last dose of the preparate. It was found that the MCN applied in high doses (100-200 mg/kg bw/day) decreased significantly the level of vitamin A in blood and in the liver. The decrease of the vitamin A in blood persisted for longer time, and this level did not return to the initial value by end of the experiment.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Rats were dosed by gavage /in a long-term toxicity study/. The treatment produced changes in the kidneys similar to those of subacute glomerulonephritis. Cholinesterase activity was reduced.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Effects on spermatogenesis in male offspring of rats have been observed after gestational administration of 1 ug 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene/kg body weight per day.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-CHLORONAPHTHALENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Frog ip 900 mg/kg

LC50 Shrimp 325-440 ug/l for 4 days /Mono-Dichloronaphthalene/

LD50 Frog (Rana esculenta) oral 900 mg/kg bw

LC50 Cyprinodon variegatus 690 ug/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassy not specified/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Results from bioassays ...show that the monochloro-isomer is more acutely toxic than the octachloro-isomer for a freshwater plant, a freshwater invertebrate species, a freshwater vertebrate species, and saltwater species. /Monochloronaphthalene/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow through, acute (96 hr) and early life stage (28 days after hatch) toxicity tests were performed on a saltwater fish, sheepshed minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus ). Chemical effects on survival, growth and development were determined. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 0.39-0.79 mg/l for 1-chloronaphthalene, with an application factor of 0.68. Test results were compared with results of static, acute toxicity tests conducted previously other aquatic organisms (alga, water flea, bluegill and mysid shrimp).

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Halowax 1031's former production and use in electrical insulation and fire-resisting materials, impregnants, sealing compounds, crankcase additives, plasticizers, protective coatings, and in penetrating oils may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Halowax 1031 contains 20 percent tetrachloronaphthalene, 50 percent pentachloronaphthalene, and 40 percent hexachloronaphthalene. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Halowax 1031 will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Halowax 1031 will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 25 hours. If released to soil, Halowax 1031 is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3900. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Halowax 1031 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions. No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms; however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability. If released into water, Halowax 1031 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.3 hours and 6 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 60 days when adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 280 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Halowax 1031 may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Halowax 1031 is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Halowax 1031 via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and household cleaning products containing Halowax 1031. (SRC)

1-Chloronaphthalene's production and use as an immersion liquid for the determination of refractive indices of crystals, and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloronaphthalene will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 day. If released to soil, 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. 1-Chloronaphthalene achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD in a screening test using sewage sludge; no biodegradation data were located for soil or water. If released into water, 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 6 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. BCF values in the range of 142-403 measured in fish, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. 1-Chloronaphthalene underwent 26% photodegradation in 20 hours when an aqueous solution was irradiated with light greater than 290 nm. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process since halogenated aromatic compounds do not readily hydrolyze. Occupational exposure to 1-chloronaphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloronaphthalene is produced or used. A segment of the general population may be exposed to 1-chloronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air in the vicinity of hazardous waste incinerators and publically owned waste treatment plants. (SRC)

Halowax 1031's former production and use in electrical insulation and fire-resisting materials, impregnants, sealing compound, crankcase additive, plasticizer, protective coating, and in penetrating oils(1) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Environmental contamination will come largely from leakage of old landfill sites and poor disposal of major electrical equipment containing PCNs. There will also be input from incineration of waste. Existing residues in the environment will also be redistributed. /Polychlorinated naphthalenes/

1-Chloronaphthalene's production and use as an immersion liquid for the determination of refractive indices of crystals, and as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Trace amounts of 1-chloronaphthalene may be present in wastewater streams generated at sites of its industrial manufacture(1).

The investigators reported the detection of a large number of polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics, incl chlorinated naphthalenes, in flue gas samples from two coal-fired boilers and one municipal incinerator. Monochloronaphthalene, dichloronaphthalene & trichloronaphthalene were some of the major polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics cmpd emitted from the tested boilers.

LD50 Frog ip 900 mg/kg

LC50 Shrimp 325-440 ug/l for 4 days /Mono-Dichloronaphthalene/

LD50 Frog (Rana esculenta) oral 900 mg/kg bw

LC50 Cyprinodon variegatus 690 ug/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassy not specified/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Results from bioassays ...show that the monochloro-isomer is more acutely toxic than the octachloro-isomer for a freshwater plant, a freshwater invertebrate species, a freshwater vertebrate species, and saltwater species. /Monochloronaphthalene/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow through, acute (96 hr) and early life stage (28 days after hatch) toxicity tests were performed on a saltwater fish, sheepshed minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus ). Chemical effects on survival, growth and development were determined. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 0.39-0.79 mg/l for 1-chloronaphthalene, with an application factor of 0.68. Test results were compared with results of static, acute toxicity tests conducted previously other aquatic organisms (alga, water flea, bluegill and mysid shrimp).

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Halowax 1031's former production and use in electrical insulation and fire-resisting materials, impregnants, sealing compounds, crankcase additives, plasticizers, protective coatings, and in penetrating oils may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Halowax 1031 contains 20 percent tetrachloronaphthalene, 50 percent pentachloronaphthalene, and 40 percent hexachloronaphthalene. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Halowax 1031 will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Halowax 1031 will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 25 hours. If released to soil, Halowax 1031 is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3900. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Halowax 1031 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions. No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms; however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability. If released into water, Halowax 1031 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.3 hours and 6 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 60 days when adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 280 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Halowax 1031 may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Halowax 1031 is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Halowax 1031 via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and household cleaning products containing Halowax 1031. (SRC)

1-Chloronaphthalene's production and use as an immersion liquid for the determination of refractive indices of crystals, and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloronaphthalene will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloronaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 day. If released to soil, 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. 1-Chloronaphthalene achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD in a screening test using sewage sludge; no biodegradation data were located for soil or water. If released into water, 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 6 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. BCF values in the range of 142-403 measured in fish, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. 1-Chloronaphthalene underwent 26% photodegradation in 20 hours when an aqueous solution was irradiated with light greater than 290 nm. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process since halogenated aromatic compounds do not readily hydrolyze. Occupational exposure to 1-chloronaphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloronaphthalene is produced or used. A segment of the general population may be exposed to 1-chloronaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air in the vicinity of hazardous waste incinerators and publically owned waste treatment plants. (SRC)

Halowax 1031's former production and use in electrical insulation and fire-resisting materials, impregnants, sealing compound, crankcase additive, plasticizer, protective coating, and in penetrating oils(1) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Environmental contamination will come largely from leakage of old landfill sites and poor disposal of major electrical equipment containing PCNs. There will also be input from incineration of waste. Existing residues in the environment will also be redistributed. /Polychlorinated naphthalenes/

1-Chloronaphthalene's production and use as an immersion liquid for the determination of refractive indices of crystals, and as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Trace amounts of 1-chloronaphthalene may be present in wastewater streams generated at sites of its industrial manufacture(1).

The investigators reported the detection of a large number of polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics, incl chlorinated naphthalenes, in flue gas samples from two coal-fired boilers and one municipal incinerator. Monochloronaphthalene, dichloronaphthalene & trichloronaphthalene were some of the major polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics cmpd emitted from the tested boilers.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.08(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Halowax 1031 is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Halowax 1031 from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Halowax 1031 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions(6). No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms(6); however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.08(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Halowax 1031 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Halowax 1031 may volatilize from water surfaces(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.3 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 60 days when adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 280(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions(8). No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms(8); however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Halowax 1031, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Halowax 1031 is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 25 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloronaphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3). However, adsorption to soil may attenuate this process. 1-Chloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg(4). 1-Chloronaphthalene achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD in a screening test using sewage sludge(5); however, no biodegradation data were located for soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 36 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), measured BCF values in the range of 142-403 measured in fish(7), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(3); therefore, 1-chloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC). 1-Chloronaphthalene achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD in a screening test using sewage sludge(7); however, no biodegradation data were located for water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloronaphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloronaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 day(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Laboratory exposure of an aqueous solution of 1-chloronaphthalene to light > 290 nm resulted in a photodegradation rate of 26% after 20 hrs of exposure(4).

Atmospheric Dispersion: Because chloronaphthalenes are solids at ambient temperatures /except for 1-Chloronaphthalene/ the compounds /will be/ transported as finely divided particles ... /and/ ... therefore atmospheric dispersion from terrestial point sources would be a strictly local phenomenon. /Chloronaphthalenes/

Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions(1). No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms(1); however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability(2).

Both 1- and 2-chloronaphthalene were metabolized by Pseudomonads grown on naphthalene as the sole source of carbon and energy(1). Using a sewage sludge inoculum grown on naphthalene, it was shown that 1- and 2-chloronaphthalene were both degraded on incubation with the inoculum(1). The metabolism of 1-chloronaphthalene by two species of naphthalene utilizing bacteria has been investigated(2). The bacteria were grown in mineral salts medium at pH 6.9, with 1-chloronaphthalene added as the sole source of carbon. Two metabolites were isolated 8-chloro-1,2-dihydro 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene and 3-chlorosalicylic acid. These metabolites demonstrated that the initial site of bacterial degradation is the ring which does not contain the chlorine constituent(2).

1-Chloronaphthalene, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Halowax 1031 with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 25 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Halowax 1031 is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloronaphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 day at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(2); therefore, 1-chloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC). Hexane solutions of 1-chloronaphthalene absorb UV light above 290 nm(3) which suggests a potential for direct photolysis in sunlight(SRC). Laboratory exposure of an aqueous solution of 1-chloronaphthalene to light > 290 nm resulted in a photodegradation rate of 26% after 20 hrs of exposure(4); addition of inorganic salts to the solution decreased the photodegradation rate(4).

An estimated BCF of 280 was calculated for Halowax 1031(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.08(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

BCF values in the range of 142-338 were measured for carp exposed to 0.005 mg/l solutions of 1-chloronaphthalene during an 8 week incubation period. BCF values in the range of 142-403 were measured for carp exposed to 0.05 mg/l solutions of 1-chloronaphthalene during an 8 week incubation period. According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of Halowax 1031 is estimated as 3,900(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.08(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that Halowax 1031 is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1-chloronaphthalene can be estimated to be 3000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for Halowax 1031 is estimated as 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Halowax 1031 may volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7.3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 60 days when adsorption is considered(3). Halowax 1031 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4).

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloronaphthalene is 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 36 days if adsorption is considered(3). 1-Chloronaphthalene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur; however, adsorption may also attenuate this process(SRC). 1-Chloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg(4).

DRINKING WATER: The presence of organics in tap water collected from Tsukuba, Japan and lake water from Lake Ksumigaura was determined. 1-Chloronaphthalene was present in tap A water collected from June 13 to 16, 1983 at a concn of 0.28 ng/l; 1-chloronaphthalene was present in tap A water collected from February 14 to 17, 1984 at a concn of 0.03 ng/l; 1-chloronaphthalene was present in tap B water collected from May 27 to 30, 1983 at a concn of 0.44 ng/l; 1-chloronaphthalene was not detected in lake water collected from February 20 to 23, 1983(1).

SURFACE WATER: Analysis of subsurface riverine and marine waters was conducted at the mouths of the Besos and Llobregat Rivers near Barcelona, Spain. The average Halowax 1031 concn in samples collected from March 1985 to March 1986 for the Llobregat River was determined to be 812 ng/l; the average Halowax 1031 concn in samples collected from March 1985 to March 1986 for the Besos River was determined to be 602 ng/l(1). Monochlorinated naphthalenes were detected in the lagoons of Venice and Orbetello, Italy at concentrations ranging from 0.82 pg/g to 43.05 pg/g dry weight. Concentrations were higher in samples taken closer to Industrial areas(2).

1-Chloronaphthalene was detected in drinking water from Japan in 1983 and 1984 at concns of 0.03-0.44 ng/l(1). 1-Chloronaphthalene was detected in the Rhine River, Germany at a concn of 0.15 ug/l(2).

SURFACE WATER: A 1-chloronaphthalene concn of 0.15 ug/l was detected in surface water collected from the Rhine River in Germany in 1979(1).

Organic cmpd present at trace levels were extracted from fly ash samples collected from municipal incinerators in Japan, Canada, and the Netherlands. Chloronaphthalene, pentachloronaphthalene, and hexachloronaphthalene were found to be present in the fly ash samples. /Chloronaphthalenes/

The investigators reported the detection of a large number of polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics, incl chlorinated naphthalenes, in flue gas samples from two coal-fired boilers and one municipal incinerator. Monochloronaphthalene, dichloronaphthalene, and trichloronaphthalene were some of the major polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics cmpd emitted from the tested boilers.

Samples of leachate from a commercial coal tar were analyzed. Results showed that Halowax 1031 was identified in the coal tar leachate at concns unknown(1). Chemical species were extracted from trichloroethylene (TCE) soot generated from the combustion of TCE and methane. Halowax 1031 was detected in a 15.6 percent TCE mole fraction methane mixture at a concn of 43 ug/g soot. Halowax 1031 was detected in a 52 percent TCE mole fraction in methane mixture at a concn of 80 ng/g fuel in gas phase(2). Chlorinated organic compounds were detected during the combustion of propane in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Two components in Halowax 1031, identification and concns unknown, were detected(3). Analysis of sample extracts from modified method 5 from four different incineration test sites was conducted. Halowax 1031 was present in the forms of 1-chloronaphthalene at a concn of 10 ug/ml and 2-chloronaphthalene at a concn of 12 ug/ml. Halowax 1031 as a mixture was detected but not quantified(4). The thermolysis of chlorinated organics at different temperatures was conducted at various temperatures. Combustion of Halowax 1031 at 600 °C and 800 °C generated 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic ester, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, pentachlorophenol, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, and polychlorinated biphenyls(5). Total Halowax 1031 concn from the combustion of octachlorodibenzofuran in mineral oil was determined to be <5 ug(6).

Samples were taken from a municipal waste site and compounds of waste gasification and combustion were identified. Crude gas samples had an average Halowax 1031 concn of 18,750 ng/N-cu m; purified gas samples had an average Halowax 1031 concn of 190,000 ng/N-cu m; emission flue gas samples had an average Halowax 1031 concn of 6,650 ng/N-cu m(1). Flue gas samples were taken from a 700 MW power station with circulating fluid bed combustion of coal in Flensburg, Germany. Concn of Halowax 1031 after burning of German Ruhr coal was reported as 400 ng/N-cu m; concn of Halowax 1031 after burning of Poland coal was reported as 110 ng/N-cu m; Halowax 1031 was not detected after combustion of South Africa coal and Spitsbergen coal(2). Organic compounds were identified in the flue gas (from the stack of the second combustion line) of a hazardous waste incinerator in Beibsheim, Germany during September 1992. Halowax 1031 in the form of monochloronaphthalene had an average concn of 0.215 ng/N-cu m; Halowax 1031 in the form of dichloronaphthalene had a concn of 0.32 ng/N-cu m(3).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Ensure plentiful supply of hydrocarbon fuel. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Dissolve in a combustible solvent. Scatter the spray of the solvent into the furnace with afterburner and alkaline scrubber.

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III