(1,1'-Biphenyl)-2-ol

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (97.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 515 reports by companies from 24 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P260, P264, P264+P265, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264, P264+P265, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, and P362+P364 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

EYES: Check for contact lenses and remove them at once if present. You should then immediately flush eyes with water from any source for 15 minutes. Do not use oil or ointment in eyes. Arrange immediate transportation to a medical facility.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this chemical can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Special Protective Equipment for Firefighters: Wear positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and protective fire fighting clothing (includes fire fighting helmet, coat, trousers, boots, and gloves). If protective equipment is not available or not used, fight fire from a protected location or safe distance. / DOWICIDE* 1 ANTIMICROBIAL/

Fire Fighting Procedures: Keep people away. Isolate fire and deny unnecessary entry. Cool surroundings with water to localize fire zone. Do not use direct water stream. May spread fire. Burning liquids may be moved by flushing with water to protect personnel and minimize property damage. Water fog, applied gently may be used as a blanket for fire extinguishment. Contain fire water run-off if possible. / DOWICIDE* 1 ANTIMICROBIAL/

Extinguishing Media: Water fog or fine spray. Dry chemical fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Foam. Do not use direct water stream. May spread fire. Alcohol resistant foams (ATC type) are preferred. General purpose synthetic foams (including AFFF) or protein foams may function, but will be less effective. Water fog, applied gently may be used as a blanket for fire extinguishment. / DOWICIDE* 1 ANTIMICROBIAL/

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: Violent steam generation or eruption may occur upon application of direct water stream to hot liquids. Do not permit dust to accumulate. When suspended in air dust can pose an explosion hazard. Minimize ignition sources. If dust layers are exposed to elevated temperatures, spontaneous combustion may occur. Dense smoke is produced when product burns. / DOWICIDE* 1 ANTIMICROBIAL/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waterse.

If a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Don't wash it away. Instead, sprinkle the spill with sawdust, vermiculite, or kitty litter. Sweep it into a plastic garbage bag, and dispose of it as directed on the pesticide product label.

After Applying a Pesticide, Indoors or Outdoors. To remove pesticide residues, use a bucket to rinse tools or equipment three times, including any containers or utensils that you used when mixing the pesticide. Then pour the rinsewater into the pesticide sprayer and reuse the solution by applying it according to the pesticide product label directions. After applying any pesticide wash your hands and any other parts of your body that may have come in contact with the pesticide..To prevent tracking pesticides inside, remove or rinse your boots or shoes before entering your home. Wash any clothes that have been exposed to a lot of pesticide separately from your regular wash.

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with alcohol, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with alcohol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminate area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and food and feedstuffs. Store only in original container. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from water. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where o-phenylphenol is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.

5.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction (can also occur as vapor and aerosol)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

8.1 [mg/m3]

89 [mg/m3]

530 [mg/m3]

2.5 mg/cu m

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract.

Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans.

Tolerances are established for combined residues of the fungicide o-phenylphenol and sodium o-phenylphenate, each expressed as o-phenylphenol, from postharvest application of either in or on the following food commodities: [Table#3530]

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact ... Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn ... Use a MSHA/NIOSH approved full facepiece respirator with a high efficiency particulat filter ...Where the potential for high exposures exists, use a MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied air respirator with a full facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the continuous flow mode, or use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Avoid inhalation of dust and mist. Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

2-phenylphenol appears as light lavender crystals or solid. (NTP, 1992)

White solid with a characteristic odor; [Merck Index] Light pink crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

WHITE CRYSTALS.

White to light purple crystals

Needles from petroleum ether

Colorless to pinkish crystals

White, flaky crystals

Mild characteristic odor

Sweetish odor

Phenolic odor

527 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

282.00 to 285.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

286 °C @760 [mm Hg]

131.9 to 135.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

58-60 °C

255 °F (NTP, 1992)

Value: 138 degree C Type: closed cup

124 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 68.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

FORMS SALTS OF WHICH THOSE OF THE ALKALI METALS ARE WATER-SOLUBLE; THE SODIUM SALT CRYSTALLIZES AS A TETRAHYDRATE, SOLUBILITY CIRCA 1.1 KG/KG WATER (35 °C), GIVING A SOLUTION OF PH 12.0-13.5.

Soluble in fixed alkali hydroxide solutions and most organic solvents.

Soluble in sodium hydroxide

Soluble in ethanol, acetone, benzene, chloroform, and ligroin; very soluble in ethyl ether and pyridine.

Sol in most organic solvents, including ethanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol, glycolethers, and polyglycols.

For more Solubility (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.7 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/l at 20 °C: 0.2 (very poor)

insoluble in water

moderately soluble (in ethanol)

1.213 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.213 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.213 @25 °C

1 mmHg at 212 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.002 [mmHg]

2.0X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.07

log Kow = 3.09

Stable at normal conditions.

Ignition temperature: >=520 degree C

Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

2-PHENYLPHENOL react as a weak organic acid. Exothermically neutralizes bases. May react with strong reducing substances such as hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides to generate flammable gas (H2) and the heat of the reaction may ignite the gas. Is sulfonated very readily (for example, by concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature) in exothermic reactions. May be nitrated very rapidly. Nitrated phenols often explode when heated and also form metal salts that tend toward detonation by rather mild shock. Can react with oxidizing agents (NTP, 1992).

Strong oxidizers, acids, alkalis.

Strong bases, strong oxidizers.

Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ortho-phenylphenol and sodium ortho-phenylphenate. Overall evaluation: ortho-Phenylphenol is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). Sodium ortho-phenylphenate is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

ortho-Phenylphenol

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 73: (1999) Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances

o-Phenylphenol

TR-301: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of ORTHO-Phenylphenol (CASRN 90-43-7) Alone and with 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (CASRN 57-97-6) in Swiss CD-1 Mice (Dermal Studies) (1986 )

03/29/85

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal application studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male or female Swiss CD-1 mice administered o-phenylphenol alone or as a promoter following initiation with DMBA. o-Phenylphenol, however, caused nonneoplastic lesions, which included ulceration, inflammation, and hyperkeratosis, at the site of application.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

No acute symptoms expected.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.02 mg/kg

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) > 237 mg/m3/4h

LD50 Cat oral 500 mg/kg

LD50 Rat single oral dose 1 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 2.7 g/kg

LD50 Guinea pig single oral 3,500 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

F344/DuCrj rats were fed 10,000 or 20,000 mg sodium o-phenylphenol/kg diet, mixed with 2000 mg/kg thiabendazole in diet. The mean body weight of both sexes of both dose groups showed a statistically significant reduction throughout the study. The survival rates were not affected. At a dose level of 1.0% OPP-Na 1/15 males developed a papilloma and 11/15 carcinomas of the urinary bladder, while females were not affected. At a dose level of 2.0% OPP-Na 4/15 males developed papillomas and 10/15 carcinomas of the urinary bladder. 6/15 females showed papillomas and also 6/15 carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Transitional cell hyperplasia of the renal pelvis appeared in 2/15 males and 3/15 females at the 2.0% dose level. Thiabendazole apparently enhanced the carcinogenic effects of OPP-Na in the rat urinary bladder. /Sodium o-phenylphenol/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ When tested on 200 ... subjects as a 5.0% soln in sesame oil and as a 0.1% aq soln of the sodium salt, o-phenylphenol failed to cause either primary skin irritation or skin sensitization.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ For the skin and mucous membranes, ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) has to be considered as irritating, and sodium (SOPP) and potassium (POPP) salts as corrosive.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ May cause corneal injury (necrosis), esp the sodium salt. /o-Phenylphenol sodium salt/

/CASE REPORTS/ ... A suicidal 39-yr-old woman with stage II cervical cancer drank a potentially lethal dose of ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) in the form of a commercial antiseptic, which led to the complication of liver and renal function impairment, severe lung damage with acute respiratory distress syndrome and subsequent severe lung fibrosis. Open lung biopsy showed diffuse alveolar damage. She was discharged after 34 days of hospitalization with continuing domiciliary oxygen therapy.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats ingestion causes death from nervous depression, as does phenol. ... In cats oral lethal doses ... in aq suspensions cause hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and hemorrhages in liver, lung, amd myocardium.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ o-Phenylphenol (OPP) and its sodium salt are severe (Toxicity Category I) dermal irritants /in rabbits/. OPP and its sodium salt are not dermal sensitizers /in guinea pigs/.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single oral administration of orthophenyl-phenol (OPP, 1400 mg/kg; about half the LD50) to male Fischer 344 rats produced an elevation of serum transaminase activity 24 hr later. Pretreatment with L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO, 900 mg/kg) in the OPP-treated rats potentiated the hepatic and renal damage which was accompanied by necrosis. Six hr after the administration of OPP (700 or 1400 mg/kg), hepatic and renal glutathione (GSH) levels decreased with increasing dosage. Hepatic GSH depletion with OPP was enhanced with BSO pretreatment and the recovery of GSH in both organs was slow in the high-dose OPP group. These results suggest that hepatic and renal damage is associated with a serious and prolonged GSH depletion. When either phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ) or phenylhydroquinone (PHQ), which are /metabolites/ of OPP, was administered orally to rats at 700 or 1400 mg/kg, the mortality with the high dose of PBQ was 75% at 24 hr. The serum transaminase activity and UN (urea nitrogen) level increased with the low dose of PBQ, accompanied by necrotic hepatocytes. The toxic effects of PHQ on kidney or liver were less than those on PBQ.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ /These/ studies provide information on changes in urinary composition and urinary metabolites, urothelial cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia, and DNA adducts in male F344 rats fed ortho-phenylphenol (OPP). An initial experiment evaluated dietary doses of 0, 1,000, 4,000, and 12,500 ppm OPP fed for 13 wk. There was no evidence of urinary calculi, microcrystalluria, or calcium phosphate-containing precipitate, but urothelial cytotoxicity and hyperplasia occurred at the highest dose only. In a second experiment, rats were fed dietary OPP levels of 0, 800, 4,000, 8,000, and 12,500 ppm. Urinary pH was > 7 in all groups. Urinary volume was increased at the 2 highest doses with consequent decreases in osmolality, creatinine, and other solutes. Total urinary OPP metabolite excretions were increased, mostly excreted as conjugates of OPP and of phenylhydroquinone. Free OPP or free metabolites accounted for less than 2% excreted in the urine without a dose response. Urothelial toxicity and hyperplasia occurred only at doses of 8,000 and 12,500 ppm. OPP-DNA adducts were not detected in the urothelium at any dose. In summary, OPP produces cytotoxicity and proliferation of the urothelium at dietary doses > or = 8,000 ppm without formation of urinary solids ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (54 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral >2250 mg a.i./kg /99.2%/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) dietary >5620 ppm (subacute) /99.2%/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) dietary >5620 (subacute) /99.2%/ /from table/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, 6-24 hr old); Concentration: 2.1 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: immobilization /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for o-Phenylphenol (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In order to establish the toxicity of 2-phenylphenol to avian species, the /Environmental Protection/ Agency required an acute oral toxicity study... The preferred test species is either mallard duck (a waterfowl) or bobwhite quail (an upland game bird). The results ... are provided in the table. The results indicate that 2-phenylphenol is slightly toxic to avian species on an acute oral basis.

Table: Avian Acute Oral Ecotoxicity Endpoint for o-Phenylphenol [Table#3534]

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ A subacute dietary study... was required /by EPA/ for the wood preservation use of 2-phenylphenol. Results of these studies are provided in the Table. The results indicate that 2-phenylphenol is practically non-toxic to avian species on a subacute dietary basis.

Table: Subacute Dietary Toxicity of 2-phenylphenol to Birds [Table#3535]

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In order to establish the acute toxicity of pesticides to freshwater fish, the /Environmental Protection/ Agency requires freshwater fish toxicity studies ... The preferred test species are rainbow trout (a coldwater fish) and bluegill sunfish (a warmwater fish). Results of submitted studies ... indicate that orthophenylphenol and its sodium salt are moderately toxic to freshwater fish. The guideline requirements for freshwater fish acute studies (850.1075/72-1a and c) have been fulfilled.

Table: Ecotoxicity Endpoints of o-Phenylphenol in Freshwater Fish (from Reregistration Eligibility Decision for 2-phenylphenol and Salts (from: Regregistration Eligibility Decision for 2-Phenylphenol and Salts (Orthophenylphenol or OPP) EPA 739-R-06-004 (July 2006) p.47 [Table#3536]

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of sea urchin sperm to 0.00001 M, 0.000001 M o-phenylphenol (OPP) for 10 min. did not result in any spermiotoxic effect. Mitotic abnormalities, namely % total mitotic aberrations, mean number of mitoses per embryo, and metaphase/anaphase ratio were induced by OPP.

2.80e+02

1.20e+03

3.00e+01

1.5E+01(G)

4.10e-01

1.94e-03

Volatile

2.80e+04

1.20e+05

3.00e+03

1.5E+01 (G)

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

o-Phenylphenol's production and use in rubber chemicals, in food packaging, as an intermediate for dyes, and as a food preservative may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a pesticide and household disinfectant and for sapstain control in freshly cut lumber is expected to result in its direct release to the environment. o-Phenylphenol may be formed in the environment as a microbial metabolite of biphenyl. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.002 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates o-phenylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase o-phenylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 hours. o-Phenylphenol absorbs light in the environmental UV spectrum and may undergo direct photolysis. If released to soil, o-phenylphenol is expected to be immobile based upon an estimated Koc of 6,700. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. o-Phenylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, o-phenylphenol reached 47-86% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, o-phenylphenol is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water is expected based on a 50% reduction of o-phenylphenol concentration within 1 week in river water. Volatilization from water surfaces may occur based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 51 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to o-phenylphenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where o-phenylphenol is produced or used. Field workers or sorters and packers in the citrus and pear industry are at the greatest risk of exposure to o-phenylphenol. The general population may be exposed to o-phenylphenol via inhalation of indoor and outdoor air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and household disinfectant products, such as "Lysol", containing o-phenylphenol. o-Phenylphenol has been designated by the EPA as an active ingredient and food contact sanitizer due to its use as a post harvest antimicrobial agent and preservative on fruits and vegetables. (SRC)

o-Phenylphenol may be formed in the environment as a microbial metabolite of biphenyl(1).

o-Phenylphenol's production and use in rubber chemicals, in food packaging, as an intermediate for dyes(1), and as a food preservative(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a pesticide and household disinfectant(3) and for sapstain control in freshly cut lumber(4) is expected to result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6,700(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that o-phenylphenol is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of o-phenylphenol from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.0X10-3 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 700 mg/L(5). o-Phenylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, o-phenylphenol reached 47-86% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks(6), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6,700(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that o-phenylphenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces may occur(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.0X10-3 mm Hg(6), and water solubility, 700 mg/L(7). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 46 days and 366 days, respectively(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 490 days when adsorption is considered(8). According to a classification scheme(9), an estimated BCF of 51(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(10), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation in water is expected to occur based on a 50% reduction of carbon-14 labeled o-phenylphenol observed in approximately 1 week in river water(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), o-phenylphenol, which has a vapor pressure of 2.0X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase o-phenylphenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Reaction to nitrate radical may be important based on o-phenylphenol structural similarity to phenol. Phenol has a half-life of 12 minutes in night-time air based on its reaction with nitrate radical; the rate constant for this reaction is 3.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule sec(4). By analogy to phenol, o-phenylphenol may degrade very rapidly in night-time air(4). o-Phenylphenol oxidizes in contact with air to form phenylbenzoquinone(5).

Persistence of 50 ppm o-phenylphenol in an activated sludge screening test was less than 9 days(1); an initial concn of 50 ppm was reduced 30% in 7 days in an anaerobic digestion test(1); an initial concn of 100 ppm was reduced 43% in 54 hr in an aerated lagoon simulation(1); an initial concn of 100 ppm was reduced 20% in 168 hr in retention pond simulation(1). Acclimated treatment plant cultures completely degraded 50 ppm o-phenylphenol within 30 hr in a BOD study(2). In an aerobic BOD dilution study using an activated sludge inocula, 100-150 ppm were completely degraded in 8-16 days, although lag periods of 5-13 days were observed(3). Five-day theoretical BODs of 1.2-29.7% were measured using 1-50 ppm o-phenylphenol with the theoretical BOD generally decreasing with an increase in concn(4). In Sapromat respirometer studies using industrial activated sludge, inoculum from a communal clarification plant, or a sewage inocula, 5-day theoretical BODs ranged from 50-100%(5).

Incubation of 10-40 ppm o-phenylphenol for 21 days in mineral salts solutions containing synthetic sewage, resulted in 100% degradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(1). Using the EEC manometric respirometer method, o-phenylphenol was observed to undergo mean theoretical BODs of 76 and 85% after 10 and 28 respective days of incubation(2). Using carbon-14 labeled o-phenylphenol, a 50% reduction was observed in approximately 1 week in river water from Midland, MI, 24 hr in non-acclimated sludge, and 3 hr in acclimated sludge(3); conversion of o-phenylphenol to 14-CO2 was about 50-65% after 16 days in the river water and 48 hr in the activated sludge(3).

AEROBIC: After 3 weeks of adaption of o-phenylphenol at 10-40 mg/L and 22 °C, 100% degradation occurred under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with o-phenylphenol being used as the sole carbon source(1). o-Phenylphenol, present at 30 mg/L, reached 47-86% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(2).

ANAEROBIC: After 3 weeks of adaption of o-phenylphenol at 10-40 mg/L and 22 °C, 100% degradation occurred under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with o-phenylphenol being used as the sole carbon source(1). The degradation potential of o-phenylphenol under methanogenic conditions was examined with an anaerobic digesting sludge from the United Kingdom(2). It was found that o-phenylphenol inhibited anaerobic degradation(2). However, high concentrations of o-phenylphenol were used in the experiment which could have inhibited microbial degradation(2). In a closed bottle test, o-phenylphenol reached 84% of its theoretical oxygen demand(3). At 16 mg/L, o-phenylphenol was found to inhibit biodegradation(3). The metabolic fate of o-phenylphenol under different anaerobic conditions was tested with sediment slurries and enrichment cultures obtained from a shallow anoxic aquifer(4). In a sulfate-reducing slurry, o-phenylphenol degraded at a rate of 2.12 uM/day with 97% degradation after 22 days incubation(4). In a methanogenic slurry, o-phenylphenol was degraded at a rate of 1.65uM/day with 70% degradation after 22 days(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of o-phenylphenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.7 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). At 50 °C, the vapor-phase reaction of o-phenylphenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(2). o-Phenylphenol coated on filter paper was found to react with nitrogen oxides in urban air and in a reaction chamber to yield 3-nitro-, 5-nitro, and 3,5-dinitrophenylphenol(3); the reaction occurred in the dark, although the presence of light accelerated the reaction rate(3). Reaction to nitrate radical in night-time air may be important based on o-phenylphenol's structural similarity to phenol. Phenol has a half-life of 12 minutes in night-time air based on its reaction with nitrate radical; the rate constant for this reaction is 3.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule sec(4). By analogy to phenol, o-phenylphenol may degrade very rapidly in night-time air(4). o-Phenylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(5). In both dilute aqueous and hexane solutions, o-phenylphenol exhibits a UV absorption max at 282 nm with decreasing absorption extending into the environmental spectrum to slightly above 310 nm(6,7). This absorption suggests a potential for direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). When o-phenylphenol was exposed to sunlight in a neutral aqueous nitrate solution, it completely degraded in 14 days(8). However, when it was kept in the dark, only 20% of the initial concentration of o-phenylphenol degraded after 56 days(8). When o-phenylphenol was irradiated at 253.7 nm in acidic solution, three main degradation products were formed(9). These included phenylhydroquinone, phenylbenzoquinone, and 2-hydroxydibenzofuran(9). o-Phenylphenol oxidizes in contact with air to form phenylbenzoquinone(10).

Stable to hydrolysis and photolysis

An estimated BCF of 51 was calculated for o-phenylphenol(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. However, bioconcentration studies on compounds which are structurally similar suggest that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression-derived equations due to the ability of aquatic organisms to readily metabolize this class of compounds. Animals excrete o-phenylphenol as the parent compound and as the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates(4).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for o-phenylphenol can be estimated to be 6,700(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that o-phenylphenol is expected to be immobile in soil. In laboratory aqueous sorption studies using two types of bentonite clay, between 47 and 96.4 percent of added o-phenylphenol was sorbed after 24 hr(3).

The Henry's Law constant for o-phenylphenol is estimated as 1.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.0X10-3 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 700 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that o-phenylphenol may volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 46 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 336 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 490 days when adsorption is considered(4). o-phenylphenol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Laboratory tests involving both aerated and non-aerated aqueous solutions of o-phenylphenol found only slight volatilization(5). o-phenylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: o-Phenylphenol was qualitatively detected in drinking water sampled from Ames, IA in 1972(1). o-Phenylphenol has been found in West German drinking water at a concn of 0.02 ppb(2).

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.

Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.

Symbol: Xi, N; R: 36/37/38-50; S: (2)-22-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III