fentin acetate

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361d ***: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311 (94.4%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361 (59.2%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361d (40.8%): Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371 (53.5%): May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 71 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

Signs and Symptoms of Stannane, Acetoxytriphenyl- Exposure: Acute exposure to stannane, acetoxytriphenyl- may result in severe headache, nausea, vomiting, cramping, abdominal pain, skin burns or dermatitis, visual defects including photophobia (sensitivity to light), convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Occasionally bronchitis may also be noted.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to stannane, acetoxytriphenyl- may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victim to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to stannane, acetoxytriphenyl-.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to stannane, acetoxytriphenyl-.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of stannane, acetoxytriphenyl- is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of stannane, acetoxytriphenyl- may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Organotin pesticide, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

(Non-Specific -- Organotin pesticide, n.o.s.) Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

The compounds should not be allowed to enter drains or watercourses. /Triphenyltin compounds/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Fentin acetate should be buried. It is stable when dry, but relatively easily decomposed when exposed to air and light finally forming inorganic tin compounds. Recommendable method: Landfill.

Keep out of reach of children. Keep away from food, drink & animal feeding stuffs. If you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the label where possible).

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

(Non-Specific -- Organotin pesticide, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

STORE UNDER DARK & DRY CONDITION.

0.002 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Sn[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

0.69 [mg/m3]

20 [mg/m3]

28 [mg/m3]

0.1 [mg/m3], as Sn

25.0 [mg/m3], as Sn

0.2 [mg/m3], as Sn

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.2 mg/cu m, skin. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

WHEN HANDLING THIS MATERIAL, WEAR GOGGLES, A RESPIRATOR, RUBBER GLOVES, & PROTECTIVE CLOTHES.

Stannane, acetoxytriphenyl- appears as a white crystalline solid. Melting point 123-131 °C (253-268 °F). Used as a fungicide, algaecide and molluscicide. Controls early and late blight on potatoes.

Colorless solid; [HSDB] White solid; [CAMEO] White odorless solid; [INCHEM] White powder; [MSDSonline]

Colorless crystals

Small needles

252 °F (EPA, 1998)

122-123 °C

121 - 123 °C

In water, about 9 mg/l at pH 5 and 20 °C.

In ethanol 22, ethyl acetate 82, dichloromethane 460, hexane 5, toluene 89 (all in g/l at 20 °C).

0.009 mg/mL at 20 °C

1.55 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.55 g/cu cm @ 20 °C

1.4e-08 mmHg at 140 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00000048 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 1.43X10-5 mm Hg @ 60 °C

log Kow = 3.43

Stable when dry. Converted to fentin hydroxide in the presence of water. Unstable in acids & alkalis (22 °C). Decomposed by sunlight & by atmospheric oxygen.

IT IS NEITHER FLAMMABLE NOR AUTOIGNITIBLE.

Converted to fentin hydroxide in the presence of water.

When heated to decomp it emits acrid smoke and fumes /of tin/.

Unstable in acids & alkalis (22 °C), decomp half-time <3 hr (pH 5,7 or 9).

Decomposed by sunlight and by atmospheric oxygen.

Converted to fentin hydroxide (triphenyltin hydroxide) in presence of water. Unstable in acids and alkalis at 22 °C. Decomposed by sunlight and atmospheric oxygen.

Metals -> Tin Compounds, Organic

Fungicides, Herbicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Slowly oxidized, hydrolyzed when exposed to air and moisture.

Organometallics

ACETOXYTRIPHENYLSTANNANE is subject to decomposition when exposed to air, light and moisture [EPA, 1998].

Incompatible with emulsifiable preparations and pastes.

RAPIDLY HYDROLYZED BY WATER TO HYDROXIDE

... Incompatible with oil emulsions and EC formulations.

IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyltin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling paints since the 1960s. Use of triorganotins in antifouling paints has been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effects on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning the occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports does describe neurotoxic effecys, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily in the feces and partly in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, and monophenyltin, and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in the kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltin compounds, applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin exerts a variety of health effects in various animal species, including effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near those that are maternially toxic, hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells, and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are co-clastogenic. Reproductive and developmental effects include a decrease in the number of inplantations and live fetuses (at 1.0 mg triphenyltin acetate/kg body weight per day in a rabbit gavage study), reduction in litter size/pup weight and in relative thymus or spleen weightin the weanlings (at 1.5 mg triphenyltin acetate/kg body weight per day in the diet of a two generation reproduction study in rats). Triphenyltin compounds affect the immune system. Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterous effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered an endocrine disruptor, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs. /Triphenyltin cmpd & Triphenyltin acetate/

Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. (L307, L308)

Oral (L308) ; inhalation (L308) ; dermal (L308)

Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation. (L308)

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.0005 mg/kg bw /Fentin/

LC50 (rat) = 44 - 69 mg/m3/4h

LD50: 44 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 18 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 10 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rabbit) (T18)

LD50: 10 mg/kg (Oral, Guinea pig) (T18)

LC50: 0.044 mg/L (Inhalation, Rat) (T58)

LD50 Rat female oral 140-298 mg/kg (Technical AI, in starch mucilage)

LD50 Rat oral 125 mg/kg

LD50 Rat intraperitoneal 8.5 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse male ip 7.9 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Several human poisonings from occupational exposures have been described but no deaths. Severe headache is a common symptom, as are nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain, even in respiratory exposures. Glycosuria and hyperglycemia were encountered in several victims, as was dizziness, ... loss of consciousness occurred in 2 farmers after spraying.

Liver damage, in one case irreversible, has been reported in people spraying triphenyltin acetate, although exposure to other toxic compounds cannot be excluded. General malaise, headache, dizziness, & enlarged liver were the main symptoms in a patient who had 48 ug tin/l in his blood & 113 ug tin/l in his urine at the time of admission to hospital, after spraying a 60% triphenyltin acetate solution. Nine days after admission he developed diffuse erythema, but completely recovered 3 days later.

The majority of accidental poisonings involving systemic effects have been due to occupational exposure to triphenyltin acetate. Systemic effects reported to have followed both dermal & inhalation exposure include general malaise, gastric pain, dryness of the mouth, visual disturbances & shortness of breath. An enlarged liver & elevated levels of liver aminotransferase activity have been found in some cases. Recovery has generally been complete but in one case, where a man spilled an agricultural cmpd on his hands & chest, the liver damage persisted for 2 yr.

A case of triphenyltin acetate poisoning is described. The patient, who had been exposed mainly to cutaneous absorption, showed acute stages of an urticarial eruption, signs of hepatic injury, slight glucose intolerance, & EEG abnormalities. Concomitant with the highest concns of tin in plasma & the peak of tin excretion in urine, neutrophils did not show the normal incr in actin polymerization after stimulation with a chemotactic peptide (100 nM fMLP). The peak of urinary excretion of tin occurred between the fifth & the sixth day after poisoning; subsequently, the rate of excretion became slow, suggesting biphasic kinetics with the possibility of a cumulative trend.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... ACUTE PERCUTANEOUS LD50 FOR RATS IS 500 MG/KG THOUGH IT IS IRRITANT TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES. IN 2 YR FEEDING TRIALS DOGS & GUINEA PIGS RECEIVING 10 MG/KG DIET SHOWED NO SYMPTOM.

... 5-25 MG/KG /GIVEN ORALLY TO RATS/ OVER 170 DAYS CAUSED NO SYMPTOMS.

SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE ADMIN AQ DOSE BY GAVAGE AT 0, 5, 10, & 15 MG/KG ON DAYS 6-15 OF GESTATION; SACRIFICED ON 15TH DAY. DOSE-DEPENDENT REDUCTION IN WT GAIN WAS OBSERVED IN FEMALES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE IS NOT TERATOGENIC IN OFFSPRING OF RATS.

EXPOSURE OF 5TH INSTAR DYSDERCUS CINGULATUS (RED COTTON BUG) TO TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE FILMS LED TO ABNORMAL ADULT EMERGENCE & TO HIGH MORTALITY. INTENSITY OF EFFECTS INCR WITH DOSE & EXPOSURE TIME.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Triphenyltin acetate's production and former use as an agricultural fungicide and as a biocide in marine antifouling paints resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates triphenyltin acetate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triphenyltin acetate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days. Particulate-phase triphenyltin acetate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, triphenyltin acetate is expected to have low mobility since triphenyltins are strongly adsorbed to soil. In moist soil and water, triphenyltin acetate will dissociate to form triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations; these species are not expected volatilize from moist soil or water surfaces. If released into water, triphenyltin acetate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Triphenyltin acetate undergo biodegradation in the environment. Triphenyltin acetate degraded in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions. A BCF of 800 for rainbow trout suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure to triphenyltin acetate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triphenyltin acetate is produced or used. (SRC)

Triphenyltin acetate's production and former use(1) as an agricultural fungicide(2), and as a biocide in marine antifouling paints(3) resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: AROMATIC LABELED (14)C-TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE ... ADDED TO SOIL AT LEVELS OF 5.0 & 10.0 PPM & SHIELDED FROM LIGHT ... /HAD HALF-LIFE OF/ APPROX 140 DAYS. CONSTANT LINEAR RATE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EVOLUTION OCCURRED UP TO 80TH DAY, AT WHICH TIME 1/3 OF PHENYL CARBON HAD BEEN RELEASED. RATE THEN FELL TO LESS THAN HALF INITIAL RATE.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If triphenyltin acetate is released to soil, it either exists as or is rapidly converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin acetate) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin acteate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-7 mm Hg(4). Triphenyltin acetate undergoes biodegradation in the environment(SRC). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(5). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(6).

AQUATIC FATE: If triphenyltin acetate is released to soil, it either exists as or is rapidly converted to triphenyltin oxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(2). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride(2). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(1). Cations, such as triphenyltin cation, generally adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin cation may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(3). Triphenyltin acetate on a watch glass is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl-, and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm(1). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 800 for rainbow trout(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration of triphenyltin cation in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Triphenyltin may biodegrade in aquatic environments(SRC). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(6). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triphenyltin acetate, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase triphenyltin acetate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase triphenyltin acetate may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

SEVERAL ASPERGILLUS SPECIES WERE ABLE TO DEGRADE FENTIN IN LIQ CULTURE WITH RELEASE OF (14)CARBON DIOXIDE. A GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIUM WAS ALSO ABLE TO METABOLIZE FENTIN.

In soil, the half-life for total mineralization of triphenyltin acetate has been determined to be approximately 140 days(1). In the field of a variety of crops, the half-life of triphenyltins has been reported to be 3-14 days(1). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(2). Triphenyl tin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(3).

Triphenyltin acetate on sugar beet leaves was rapidly broken down during the silage process. Within 5 weeks, triphenyltin acetate, originally present at a concentration of 2470 mg/kg of fresh leaves, had degraded completely.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triphenyltin acetate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Triphenyltin compounds in environmental waters either exist as, or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(2). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(3). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride in the mixture of triphenyltin species(3). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin sulfide(2). Triphenyltin acetate on a watch glass is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl-, and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm(2). It may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(4).

A BCF of 800 was measured in rainbow trout for triphenyltin acetate(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). The uptake and elimination rates of structurally-related radiolabeled triphenyltin hydroxide in guppies were 41 l/kg-day and 0.014/day, giving a BCF (uptake: elimination ratio) of 2900 l/kg (wet weight) during 30 days of exposure(1). For rainbow trout larvae the uptake and elimination rates were 22 l/kg-day and 0.031/day, respectively giving a BCF of 650 ml/g after 4 days; the lower BCF in the trout than the guppies being a result of the higher elimination rate. Since equilibrium was not reached, the bioconcentration factor was underestimated(1). The log BCFs of triphenyltin in crucian carp obtained in a 7-day experiment were 1.70 (muscle), 1.70 (vertebra); 2.05 (liver); and 1.49 (kidney)(3). In studies in which the bioaccumulation and elimination of triphentyltin in Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) was by direct uptake from water, from diet, and from both simultaneously, about a quarter of the bioaccumulation was due to dietary uptake(4). The bioaccumulation factor was 0.257. The elimination rate was 0.020/day and was independent of the source of uptake, water or diet. Bioaccumulation was also independent of the form of triphenyltin in the diet(4). Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) embryos/larvae and freshly hatched larvae were exposed to triphenyltin chloride in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland water at 16 °C(5). The BCF for embryo larvae was 530 at the end of a 192 hr uptake period. Newly hatched larvae had BCFs of 457 and 930 after 96 and 144 hours. At this time the BCF had not reached a plateau so the actual BCF was higher. While uptake of triphenyltin from water was rapid, elimination was absent during a 96-hr depuration period. The concn of the metabolites monophenyltin and diphenyltin were very low(5).

Triphenyltin acetate's production and former use as an agricultural fungicide and as a biocide in marine antifouling paints resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates triphenyltin acetate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triphenyltin acetate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days. Particulate-phase triphenyltin acetate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, triphenyltin acetate is expected to have low mobility since triphenyltins are strongly adsorbed to soil. In moist soil and water, triphenyltin acetate will dissociate to form triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations; these species are not expected volatilize from moist soil or water surfaces. If released into water, triphenyltin acetate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Triphenyltin acetate undergo biodegradation in the environment. Triphenyltin acetate degraded in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions. A BCF of 800 for rainbow trout suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure to triphenyltin acetate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triphenyltin acetate is produced or used. (SRC)

Triphenyltin acetate's production and former use(1) as an agricultural fungicide(2), and as a biocide in marine antifouling paints(3) resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: AROMATIC LABELED (14)C-TRIPHENYLTIN ACETATE ... ADDED TO SOIL AT LEVELS OF 5.0 & 10.0 PPM & SHIELDED FROM LIGHT ... /HAD HALF-LIFE OF/ APPROX 140 DAYS. CONSTANT LINEAR RATE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EVOLUTION OCCURRED UP TO 80TH DAY, AT WHICH TIME 1/3 OF PHENYL CARBON HAD BEEN RELEASED. RATE THEN FELL TO LESS THAN HALF INITIAL RATE.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If triphenyltin acetate is released to soil, it either exists as or is rapidly converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin acetate) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin acteate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-7 mm Hg(4). Triphenyltin acetate undergoes biodegradation in the environment(SRC). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(5). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(6).

AQUATIC FATE: If triphenyltin acetate is released to soil, it either exists as or is rapidly converted to triphenyltin oxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(2). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride(2). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(1). Cations, such as triphenyltin cation, generally adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin cation may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(3). Triphenyltin acetate on a watch glass is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl-, and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm(1). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 800 for rainbow trout(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration of triphenyltin cation in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Triphenyltin may biodegrade in aquatic environments(SRC). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(6). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triphenyltin acetate, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase triphenyltin acetate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase triphenyltin acetate may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

SEVERAL ASPERGILLUS SPECIES WERE ABLE TO DEGRADE FENTIN IN LIQ CULTURE WITH RELEASE OF (14)CARBON DIOXIDE. A GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIUM WAS ALSO ABLE TO METABOLIZE FENTIN.

In soil, the half-life for total mineralization of triphenyltin acetate has been determined to be approximately 140 days(1). In the field of a variety of crops, the half-life of triphenyltins has been reported to be 3-14 days(1). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(2). Triphenyl tin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(3).

Triphenyltin acetate on sugar beet leaves was rapidly broken down during the silage process. Within 5 weeks, triphenyltin acetate, originally present at a concentration of 2470 mg/kg of fresh leaves, had degraded completely.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triphenyltin acetate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Triphenyltin compounds in environmental waters either exist as, or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(2). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(3). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride in the mixture of triphenyltin species(3). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin sulfide(2). Triphenyltin acetate on a watch glass is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl-, and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm(2). It may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(4).

A BCF of 800 was measured in rainbow trout for triphenyltin acetate(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). The uptake and elimination rates of structurally-related radiolabeled triphenyltin hydroxide in guppies were 41 l/kg-day and 0.014/day, giving a BCF (uptake: elimination ratio) of 2900 l/kg (wet weight) during 30 days of exposure(1). For rainbow trout larvae the uptake and elimination rates were 22 l/kg-day and 0.031/day, respectively giving a BCF of 650 ml/g after 4 days; the lower BCF in the trout than the guppies being a result of the higher elimination rate. Since equilibrium was not reached, the bioconcentration factor was underestimated(1). The log BCFs of triphenyltin in crucian carp obtained in a 7-day experiment were 1.70 (muscle), 1.70 (vertebra); 2.05 (liver); and 1.49 (kidney)(3). In studies in which the bioaccumulation and elimination of triphentyltin in Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) was by direct uptake from water, from diet, and from both simultaneously, about a quarter of the bioaccumulation was due to dietary uptake(4). The bioaccumulation factor was 0.257. The elimination rate was 0.020/day and was independent of the source of uptake, water or diet. Bioaccumulation was also independent of the form of triphenyltin in the diet(4). Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) embryos/larvae and freshly hatched larvae were exposed to triphenyltin chloride in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland water at 16 °C(5). The BCF for embryo larvae was 530 at the end of a 192 hr uptake period. Newly hatched larvae had BCFs of 457 and 930 after 96 and 144 hours. At this time the BCF had not reached a plateau so the actual BCF was higher. While uptake of triphenyltin from water was rapid, elimination was absent during a 96-hr depuration period. The concn of the metabolites monophenyltin and diphenyltin were very low(5).

If triphenyltin acetate is released to soil, it either exists as, or rapidly converted to oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or cations are not expected to leach through soil into groundwater(SRC). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin acetate) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3).

In water, triphenyltin compounds are expected to exist as triphenyltin oxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). For example, no volatilization loss of triphenyltin was observed over a period of 6 days from a one ppm distilled water solution of triphenyltin hydroxide at pH 8.2 (unbuffered) and 32 °C with a solution surface area of 54 sq cm(2). Triphenyltin acetate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.8X10-8 mm Hg(3).

Triphenyltin acetate is one of the many pesticides present in surface water in The Netherlands, primarily in the Rhine River(1). It is one of the most widely used pesticides in the Rhine and Meuse basins(1).

SEDIMENT: The concns of triphenyltin in harbor sediment in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland was high, up to 380 ug/g(1). High concns were restricted to the upper 4 cm and decreased significantly below. The dating of cores suggest that triphenyltin may persist for more than a decade in sediment. Small amounts of the mono- and di- phenyltin were also found in the upper layers of sediment.

During oral dosing of sheep for 20 days with fentin acetate at the rate of 10 mg/day, (113)tin was found in the milk at an average concentration of 0.0017 ppm.

Cows fed sugar beets leaves containing triphenyltin acetate at 1 mg/kg had concn of 0.004 mg/kg in their milk(1).

Inhalation, skin contact, swallowing.

Occupational exposure to triphenyltin acetate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triphenyltin acetate is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Fentin acetate should be buried. It is stable when dry, but relatively easily decomposed when exposed to air and light finally forming inorganic tin compounds. Recommendable method: Landfill.

UN 3146; Organotin cmpd, solid, not otherwise specified

UN 2788; Organotin cmpd, liquid, not otherwise specified

IMO 6.1; Organotin cmpd, liquid or solid, not otherwise specified

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