naphthalene

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 2947) of reports.

H228 (38.8%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H302 (99.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H351 (98.9%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (99.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P240, P241, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P370+P378, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2947 reports by companies from 52 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 2947 reports by companies.

There are 51 notifications provided by 2946 of 2947 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264+P265, P273, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P240, P241, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P240, P241, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P318, P319, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Molten flush immediately/solid-liquid soap wash promptly

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING METAL PIGMENTS OR PASTES (E.G. "ALUMINUM PASTE"): Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see ERG Guide 170.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Naphthalene, crude or refined/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Solid streams of water may spread fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use dry chemical, graphite or dry earth. /Naphthalene, molten/

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Molten naphthalene spatters and foams in contact with water.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Naphthalene, molten/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Naphthalene, crude or refined/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Naphthalene, crude or refined/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /Naphthalene, molten/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U165, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for naphthalene: biological treatment.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for naphthalene: chemical precipitation.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Naphthalene, molten/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Naphthalene, crude or refined/

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /Naphthalene, crude or refined/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Without inert-gas blanketing and at the temperature normally used for the storage of molten naphthalene, i.e., 90 °C, the vapors above the liquid are within the flammability limits. Thus, storage tanks containing molten naphthalene have a combustible mixture in the vapor space and care must be taken to eliminate all sources of ignition around such systems. Naphthalene dust can form explosive mixtures with air which necessitates the design and operation of solid handling systems.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials. May be stored under nitrogen gas.

Always store in a cool, dry, dark place.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - 1-Naphthol + 2-Naphthol (with hydrolysis) at end of shift; The recommended urinary background levels for the sum of 1- and 2-naphthol is 35 ug/L for nonsmokers and 60 ug/L for the general population including smokers. [TLVs and BEIs]

15 [ppm]

83 [ppm]

500 [ppm]

10 ppm (50 mg/m³)

15 ppm (75 mg/m³)

TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (75 mg/m3)

10.0 [ppm]

TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) See Appendix G

250 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

250 ppm [From NPG: Naphthalene] (NIOSH, 2024)

250.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The probable oral lethal dose has been reported to be between 5 and 15 grams [Gerarde 1960]. [Note: An oral dose between 5 and 15 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 600 to 1,800 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]

See: 91203

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm, skin.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

10 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

10 ppm (52 mg/m³) [2013]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 3B

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metal Pigments or Pastes (e.g. "Aluminum Paste")

· Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Arab Republic of Egypt: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m); Australia: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m), STEL 15 ppm (75 mg/cu m); Belgium: TWA 10 ppm (52 mg/cu m), STEL 15 ppm (79 mg/cu m); Denmark: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m); Finland: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m), STEL 20 ppm (100 mg/cu m); France: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m); Hungary: TWA 40 mg/cu m, STEL 80 mg/cu m, skin; Ireland: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m), STEL 15 (75 mg/cu m); The Netherlands: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m); The Philippines: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m); Poland: TWA 20 mg/cu m, STEL 75 mg/cu m; Russia: STEL 20 mg/cu m; Switzerland: TWA 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m); United Kingdom: TWA 10 ppm (53 mg/cu m), STEL/CEIL (C) 15 ppm (08 mg/cu m). /from table/

West Germany: 10 ppm; East Germany and USSR: 4 ppm

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in lesions of blood cells (haemolysis). The effects may be delayed. Ingestion could cause death. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in chronic haemolytic anaemia. The substance may have effects on the eyes. This may result in development of cataract. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Naphthalene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Naphthalene appears as a white crystalline volatile solid with a strong coal-tar odor. The solid is denser than water and insoluble in water. Burns, but may be difficult to ignite. In the molten form it is very hot. Exposure to skin must be avoided. Also the vapors given off by the material may be toxic. Used as a moth repellent, fumigant, lubricants, and to make other chemicals, and for many other uses

Naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes appears as a black liquid with the odor of coal tar. Negligibly soluble in water. Slightly denser than water. Vapors, fumes or direct contact may irritate the eyes. Direct skin contact may produce severe burns. Inhalation may produce mucous irritation, dizziness, loss of coordination, cardiovascular collapse and death.

Liquid; Other Solid; Gas Vapor; CBI; Large Crystals

Colorless to brown solid with an odor of mothballs. [Note: Shipped as a molten solid.] [NIOSH] White crystals that sublime at room temperature; [ACGIH]

WHITE SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

A white crystalline volatile solid with a strong coal-tar odor.

Colorless to brown solid with an odor of mothballs. [Note: Shipped as a molten solid.]

White crystalline flakes ... Plates from ethanol

WHITE SCALES, BALLS, POWDER OR CAKES

Monoclinic prismatic plates from ether or by sublimation; also sold as white scales, powder, balls, or cakes

Colorless to brown solid ... [Note: Shipped as a molten solid]

Aromatic odor

Odor of mothballs

Characteritic odor (plates)

424 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

217.9 deg C

217.00 to 219.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

217.9 °C @760 [mm Hg]

176.4 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sublimes appreciably at temperatures above melting point; volatile with steam

80.26 °C

190 °F (NTP, 1992)

174 °F (NFPA, 2010)

174 °F; 79 °C (Closed cup)

80 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 31 mg/L at 25 °C

1 g/13 mL ethanol or methanol; 1 g/3.5 mL benzene or toluene; 1 g/8 mL olive oil or tupentine; 1 g/2 mL chloroform or carbon tetrachloride; 1 g/1.2 mL carbon disulfide. Very soluble in ether, hydronaphthalenes, and in fixed and volatile oils.

0.031 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water at 20 °C: very poor

1.15 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

1.162 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.16 g/cm³

1.0253 @ 20°C

4.42 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.42 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.42

0.05 mmHg at 68 °F ; 1 mmHg at 126.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.08 [mmHg]

0.085 mm Hg at 25 °C

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Negligibly soluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Bases, Strong

Highly Flammable

Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons, such as NAPHTHALENE, and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction. Naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, or turpentine will react violently with chromic anhydride [Haz. Chem. Data 1967. p 68]. Friedel-Crafts acylation of naphthalene using benzoyl chloride, catalyzed by AlCl3, must be conducted above the melting point of the mixture, or the reaction may be violent [Clar, E. et al., Tetrahedron, 1974, 30, 3296].

A mixture containing NAPHTHALENE and METHYLNAPHTHALENES may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. Can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Naphthalene reacts violently with chromic anhydride [Haz. Chem. Data 1967. p 68]. Friedel-Crafts acylation of naphthalene using benzoyl chloride, catalyzed by AlCl3, must be conducted above the melting point of the mixture, or the reaction may be violent [Clar, E. et al., Tetrahedron, 1974, 30, 3296].

Naphthalene ...will react violently with chromic anhydride.

Strong oxidizers, chromic anhydride.

Reacts violently with chromium trioxide, aluminum chloride and benzoyl chloride.

Explosive reaction with dinitrogen pentaoxide.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, chromic anhydride

PAH's such as naphthalene are transported throughout the body after binding blood proteins such as albumin. Binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase induces the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes (especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1). These cytochrome enzymes metabolize PAH's into various toxic intermediates (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations). The reactive metabolites of PAHs covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (10, 12, 2, 3). In humans, the metabolite alpha-naphthol has been linked to the development of hemolytic anemia in some cases following ingestion or extensive dermal or inhalation exposure. Susceptibility appears to be exacerbated by a deficiency in the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, or G-6-PD. Over 400 million people have an inherited condition called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Exposure to naphthalene is more harmful for these people and may cause hemolytic anemia at lower doses. Some naphthalene metabolites deplete glutathione stores in affected tissues such as the lungs, leading to toxicity. The metabolites responsible for glutathione depletion have been identified as naphthalene oxide or 1,2-naphthoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone.

Naphthalene

Respiratory

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

3 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and(or) Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

An exception to the HBSL methodology was made as recommended by USEPA OW to use the IRIS RfD instead of the most recent RfD from OPP.

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Using criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, naphthalene is classified in group C, a possible human carcinogen. This is based on the inadequate data of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to naphthalene via the oral and inhalation routes, and the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals via the inhalation route. Using the 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the human carcinogenic potential of naphthalene via the oral or inhalation routes "cannot be determined" at this time based on human and animal data; however, there is suggestive evidence (observations of benign respiratory tumors and one carcinoma in female mice only exposed to naphthalene by inhalation). Additional support includes increase in respiratory tumors associated with exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene. At the present time the mechanism whereby naphthalene produces benign respiratory tract tumors are not fully understood, but are hypothesized to involve oxygenated reactive metabolites produced via the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system. However, based on the many negative results obtained in genotoxicity tests, a genotoxic mechanism appears unlikely. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Available data are inadequate to establish a causal association between exposure to naphthalene and cancer in humans. Adequately scaled epidemiological studies designed to examine a possible association between naphthalene exposure and cancer were not located. Overall, no data are available to evaluate the carcinogenic potential in exposed human populations.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of naphthalene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of naphthalene. Overall evaluation: Naphthalene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Naphthalene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence from studies in experimental animals.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 82: (2002) Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene

TR-500: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Naphthalene (CASRN 91-20-3) in F344/N Rats (Inhalation Studies) (2000 )

05/18/00

Clear Evidence

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

Under the conditions of this 2-year inhalation study, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in male and female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of respiratory epithelial adenoma and olfactory epithelial neuroblastoma of the nose.

In male and female rats, exposure to naphthalene caused significant increases in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the nose.

TR-410: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Naphthalene (CASRN 91-20-3) in B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1992 )

03/11/91

No Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 10 or 30 ppm. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in female B6C3F1 mice, based on increased incidences of pulmonary alveolar/ bronchiolar adenomas.

In both male and female mice, naphthalene caused increased incidences and severity of chronic inflammation, metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium, and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium in the nose and chronic inflammation in the lungs.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Inhalation of naphthalene vapor has been associated with headaches, nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, may occur following ingestion or sufficient dermal exposure to either naphthalene or to naphthalene-treated fabric. In humans, cataracts and other ocular injury have been reported following acute and chronic occupational exposure to naphthalene. Additional signs of toxicity in children include convulsions and coma. Infants may develop encephalopathy and kernicterus, a form of brain damage, due to the presence of increased levels of methemoglobin, hemoglobin, and bilirubin in their plasma. Naphthalene appears to be mildly carcinogenic. Rats exposed to naphthalene vapors at 10, 30, or 60 ppm for 6 hours a day, five days a week for two years developed respiratory epithelial adenomas and olfactory epithelial neuroblastomas.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L10); inhalation (L10)

Headache. Weakness. Sweating. Nausea. Vomiting. Further see Ingestion.

See Inhalation.

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Sweating. Headache. Fever. Jaundice. Weakness. Dark-coloured urine. Symptoms may be delayed.

irritation eyes; headache, confusion, excitement, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; irritation bladder; profuse sweating; jaundice; hematuria (blood in the urine), renal shutdown; dermatitis, optical neuritis, corneal damage

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia include fatigue, lack of appetite, restlessness, and pale skin. Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may cause confusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the urine, and jaundice (yellow coloration of the skin).

Eyes, skin, blood, liver, kidneys, central nervous system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon); Concentration: 1.4 mg/L for 96 hr at 4 °C; 1.8 mg/L for 96 hr at 8 °C; 1.2 mg/L for 96 hr at 12 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Pandalus goniurus (shrimp); Concentration: 2.2 mg/L for 96 hr at 4 °C; 1.02 mg/L for 96 hr at 8 °C; 0.97 mg/L for 96 hr at 12 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Parhyale hawaiensis (amphipod); Concentration: 15 ppm for 24 hr open bowl; 6.5 ppm for 24 hr closed bottle /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) weight 116 mg; Conditions: flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/L, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/L as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/L CaCO3, 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C; Concentration: 7.76 (7.39-8.14) mg/L for 24 hr /Purity 98%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Exposure of the 4th instar larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus attenuatus to 1 mg/L for 1 hr resulted in ... the loss of ionic regulation. ... /This was/ due to inhibition of specific enzyme systems and not to a general alteration of membrane integrity.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The pattern of naphthalene uptake and accumulation from a flow-through system into oyster tissues was relatively constant after only a few hr of exposure. Accumulation was influenced by nutritional state, lipid concentration, length of exposure to naphthalene and external naphthalene concentration.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The renal epithelium of the marine prosobranch gastropod Littorina littorea consists of two cell types, namely, vacuolated excretory cells and ciliated cells. The present work investigates the fine structure of the kidney of winkles after experimental exposure to low levels (30 ug/liter) of naphthalene in sea water. Ultrastructural changes within excretory cells consisted of increased formation or accumulation of lipid droplets, increased occurrence of membrane bound dark bodies which became enlarged after 96 hr of exposure to naphthalene, distortion of the Golgi complex, and altered mitochondrial structure. An increase in the numbers of residual bodies was observed in napthalene-exposed ciliated cells, together with numerous lipid droplets. In addition, hemocytes were seen to infiltrate the renal tissue of treated female winkles.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ It was noted that although data on the metabolism of 70 xenobiotic compounds in fish and enzyme activities in 80 fish exist, there are very few data that enable one to predict the metabolism of a given compound from a knowledge of enzyme activity. Existing data on the rates of metabolism of xenobiotic compounds in fish were reviewed. Only five studies that relate metabolism reactions to enzyme activity existed: the oxidation of benzo(a)pyrene, fenitrothion, carbaryl, and naphthalene, and the glucuronidation of phenol. These have shown that in a few cases the metabolic rates can be correlated with enzyme activity. For example, in some fish the rates of oxidation of benzo(a)pyrene, fenitrothion, and carbaryl can be correlated with increases in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. This correlation was not seen in studies of the rates of oxidation of naphthalene. The /data suggest/ that there are very few data that relate in vivo metabolism rates of xenobiotic compounds in fish to the in vivo enzyme activity. In many cases where such data exist the in vivo metabolism data do not correlate well with the enzyme activity data.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.00e+00

8.60e+00

8.30e-02

3.60e-01

1.20e-01

2.00e-01

3.80e-04

2.00e-02

3.00e-03

Volatile

2.00e+02

8.60e+02

8.30e+00

3.60e+01

1.20e+01

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish.

Naphthalene's production and use in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, which is used as an intermediate in the production of phthalate plasticizers, resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, insect repellents, and other materials may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Naphthalene was found in various species marine algae and in cork samples from camphor trees, us found in oak, ash and hazel leaves, and has been detected in needles from Pinus pinea and needles from Pinus pinaster. Naphthalene has been detected in plants such as catnip, saffron, and clove. Naphthalene is also a component of crude oil. The largest releases of naphthalene result from the combustion of wood and fossil fuels or the production of coal tar. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.085 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates naphthalene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase naphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and with nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 14-16 and 60 hours, respectively. If released to soil, naphthalene is expected to have high to no mobility based upon Koc values of 112 to 9,333, depending on the nature of the soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. The estimated volatilization half-life for naphthalene from soil is 1.1 days, and 14 days when incorporated at a depth of 1 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Naphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. In soils previously exposed to naphthalene or other PAHs, half-lives of 2-18 days have been reported, due to biodegradation. If released into water, naphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Naphthalene has been shown to biodegrade in water with half-lives ranging from about 0.8 to 43 days. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 5 days, respectively. BCF values of 36.5-714 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Photolysis in sunlit surface waters may be an important fate process based upon an aqueous photolysis half-life of 71 hours. Occupational exposure to naphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where naphthalene is produced or used. The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to naphthalene is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from combustion fuels, moth repellents, and cigarette smoke. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to naphthalene via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation. (SRC)

Naphthalene was found in various species marine algae in Southern Norway areas(1) and in cork samples from camphor trees in south eastern China(2). Naphthalene was also found in oak, ash and hazel leaves from Meathrop Wood, UK(3). The compound was detected in needles from Pinus pinea and needles from Pinus pinaster collected across Portugal(4). Naphthalene has been detected in plants such as catnip, saffron, and clove(5). Naphthalene is also a component of crude oil(6).

Naphthalene's production and use in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, which is used as an intermediate in the production of phthalate plasticizers, resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, insect repellents, and other materials(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The largest releases of naphthalene result from the combustion of wood and fossil fuels or the production of coal tar(1).

Naphthalene has been identified in cigarette smoke condensate(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 112 to 9,333(2-4) indicate that naphthalene is expected to have high to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of naphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(5). The estimated volatilization half-life for naphthalene from soil is 1.1 days, and 14 days when incorporated at a depth of 1 cm and 10 cm, respectively(6). Naphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 0.085 mm Hg at 25 °C(7). In soils previously exposed to naphthalene or other PAHs, half-lives of 2-18 days have been reported(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 112 to 9333(2-4) indicate that naphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). Naphthalene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). According to a classification scheme(7), BCFs of 36.5-168 in carp(8) and 692-714 in minnows(9), suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Naphthalene has been shown to biodegrade in water with half-lives ranging from about 0.8 to 43 days(10-11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), naphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.085 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase naphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14-16 hours(3), calculated from its rate constants of 2.73X10-11 to 2.16X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3-5). Vapor-phase naphthalene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the nighttime half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 60 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.4X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(6). Naphthalene absorbs light in the environmental UV spectrum and, therefore, direct photolysis may occur(7).

AEROBIC: Although there are some conflicting data, data suggest that naphthalene degrades after a relatively short period of acclimation and that degradation can be rapid in oil polluted water, slow in unpolluted water and that the rate of degradation increases with the concentration of naphthalene(1). In laboratory tests with sewage or sludge inoculums, 100% degradation was obtained in 7 days(2-3) while others got 0% BOD in 5 days(4-5). The lag period for naphthalene degradation decreased as groundwater was more polluted with fuel oil; the lag period was 1.2 and 1.9 days in heavily polluted and slightly polluted water, respectively versus 12 days for unpolluted water(6). Approximately 70% of naphthalene was lost in a pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant due to biodegradation(7). In water, bacteria can utilize naphthalene only when it is in the dissolved state(8). Naphthalene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 2% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(9).

AEROBIC: Twenty percent of naphthalene was degraded to CO2 when incubated in water from an oil polluted creek(1) and rapid degradation, sometimes as fast as 95% degradation in 1.5 hr has been reported(2). The half-life of naphthalene in a river die-away test was 70 hours in a highly PAH contaminated water(3). The half-life of naphthalene was reported as 7, 24, 63, and 1700 days in an oil polluted estuarine stream, clean estuarine stream, coastal waters and a gulf stream near Georgia, respectively(4). A half-life of 9 days in water near a coal-coking wastewater discharge was also reported(5). In water from the Alaskan Continental Shelf degradation rates averaged 0.5%/week; however, when nutrient levels are lower as in late spring-early summer (after algae blooms), the degradation rate is reduced(6). In a mesocosm experiment using Narragansett Bay, RI seawater, the half-life in late summer was 0.8 days and is principally due to biodegradation(7). Biodegradation half-life of naphthalene was 43 days in microbe-supplemented filtered Lake Superior Harbor water and 39 days in nutrient and microbe-supplemented water(8).

AEROBIC: Degradation rates in sediment are much higher than in water, being 8-20 times higher than in the water column above the sediment(1). Half-lives in sediment include 4.9 hr and >88 days in oil contaminated and uncontaminated sediment, respectively(1); 9 days in sediment near a coal coking discharge(2); and 3, 5, and >2,000 hours in sediments with high, medium and low PAH levels respectively(3). When incubated in a slurry with sediment from an uncontaminated pond, the mineralization rate increases, reaching a peak after 6-12 days corresponding to a half-life of 78 days(4). Biodegradation half-lives ranged from 2.4 weeks in sediments chronically exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons to 4.4 weeks in sediment from a pristine environment(5).

ANAEROBIC: No degradation under anaerobic conditions was observed in 6 and 11 weeks in a lab reactor with seed from a well near a source of contamination(1), or with sewage seed(2), respectively, but complete degradation occurred in 8 days in gas-oil saturated groundwater which was circulated through aerobic conditions(3). The latter case indicates that some species of ubiquitous micro flora present in clean groundwater is capable of degrading naphthalene(3). Naphthalene was found to biodegrade anaerobically in a Fe(III)-reducing, petroleum-contaminated sediment from an aquifer in Bemidji, MN; degradation was not found in methanogenic conditions or in Fe(III)-reducing sediments from other aquifers(4). In a sulfate reducing enriched culture of contaminated sediment, naphthalene was biodegraded to 2-naphthoic acid, which was further reduced to derivatives of 2-naphthoic acid(5). Naphthalene biodegraded 8, 8, and 22% in anoxic coal tar contaminated Boston Harbor sediment in 105, 220 and 342 days, respectively(6). Naphthalene at 7 mg/L degraded to undetectable levels in 45 days with a 2 week lag time, under denitrifying conditions (anaerobic with 75 mg nitrate/L)(7). Little degradation occurred in 50 days under anaerobic conditions(7). Biodegradation occurred in groundwater contaminated with creosote(8).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of naphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.73X10-11 to 2.16X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1-3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14-16 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(3). The rate constant for the reaction of naphthalene with nitrate radicals has been measured as 6.4X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 60 hours at nighttime concentration of 5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). Naphthalene absorbs light in the environmental UV spectrum and the direct photolysis half-life of naphthalene in water has been reported as 71 hours(5). Naphthalene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6).

The BCF of naphthalene at a water concentration of 0.15 mg/L ranged from 36.5 to 168 in carp, over an 8 week exposure period(1). BCF values in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) exposed for 36 days to 1.34 and 12.5 ug/L of naphthalene were 692 and 714, respectively(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high(SRC). BCF values in amphipods (Diporeia spp) exposed for 28 days to 453.2 to 2201.1 ug/L of naphthalene were 490 to 736(4).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U165, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for naphthalene: biological treatment.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for naphthalene: chemical precipitation.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Health: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Protection Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for NAPHTHALENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1334 133(crude or refined)

2304 133(molten)

UN 1334; Naphthalene, crude or Naphthalene, refined

UN 2304; Naphthalene, molten

IMO 4.1; Naphthalene, crude, Naphthalene, molten, Naphthalene, refined

49 403 60; Naphthalene or naphthalin, crude (tar camphor)

49 403 61; Naphthalene or naphthalin, other than crude (tar camphor)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Solid

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 22-40-50/53; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-46-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 4.1; UN Pack Group: III