2-methylnaphthalene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.2% (50 of 1564) of reports.

H302 (95%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H411 (10.4%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1564 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 50 of 1564 reports by companies.

There are 12 notifications provided by 1514 of 1564 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P337+P317, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P330, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be use. (NTP, 1992)

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Control of environmental exposure: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for naphthalene: Biological treatment. /Naphthalene/

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Appropriate engineering controls Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Safe storage: Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

8.7 [mg/m3]

54 [mg/m3]

320 [mg/m3]

0.5 [ppm], TLV Surface Limit = 3 mg/100 cm2

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 ppm, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.5 ppm as TWA; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen)

0.5 ppm [2006]

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes.

Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause effects on the lungs.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

2-methylnaphthalene is a white crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992)

Crystals; [ACGIH]

CRYSTALS.

White crystalline solid.

Monoclinic crystals from alcohol

Solid or crystalline

466 to 468 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

241.1 °C

466-468 °F

241.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

94.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

208 °F (NTP, 1992)

98 °C (208.4 °F) Closed cup

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 24.6 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with alcohol and ether

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.003

1.0058 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0058 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.00

1.0058 @ 20°C

0.05 [mmHg]

0.055 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at °C: 9

0.75 [mm Hg] @57 °C

log Kow = 3.86

Henry's Law constant = 5.18X10-4 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Decomposes on heating. This produces acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Odor Threshold Low: 0.01 [ppm]

1.00X10-2 ppm at room temp (detection in air, chemically pure)

2.00X10-2 ppm at room temp and 60 °C (detection in air, chemically pure)

5.00X10-2 ppm at 60 °C (detection in air, chemically pure)

Index of refraction: 1.6019 at 20 °C

124.57 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

123.1 Ų [M+H]+

121.8 Ų [M*]+

Heat of fusion: 12.13 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of formation: 44.9 kJ/mol (crystal); 106.7 kJ/mol (gas)

Gibbs (free) energy of formation: 46.03 kcal/mole

Standard molar entropy: 220.0 J/mol K

Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. It is also incompatible with peroxides and oxygen. (NTP, 1992)

It... is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2-Methylnaphthalene is a solid. It is used in organic synthesis; insecticides, pesticide adjuvant. It is also used as dye carrier. Pure 2-methylnaphthalene is used primarily as a raw material for the production of vitamin K preparations. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In contrast to naphthalene, the only reported effects of methylated naphthalene in man are skin irritation and skin photosensitization. It is not a human carcinogen. Chromosome analyses were carried out in human lymphocytes treated in vitro with 2-methylnaphthalene in the presence and absence of the mammalian metabolic activation system. Without metabolic activation there was no indication of induction of any significant cytogenetic effect by either compound. With metabolic activation a weak clastogenic effect was apparent at 4 mM 2-methylnaphthalene and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies were significantly increased at each dose of 2-methylnaphthale, yet always less than twice the control level. The present observations do not indicate that 2-methylnaphthalene must be classified as potential genotoxic substance. ANIMAL STUDIES: 2-Methylnaphthalene is an eye and skin irritant in rabbits. Single doses of 0 or 300 mg/kg 2-methylnaphthalene were administered to male mice by intraperitoneal injection, with sacrifice 24 hours later. Histological examinations identified bronchiolar necrosis in all treated animals, and no lesions among controls. 2-methylnaphthalene produced depression of the respiratory rate in rats under acute inhalation exposure. In mice treated by i.p. injection naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene were about equally toxic. In all cases the first evidence of cytotoxic effects was seen in the Clara cells of the bronchiolar epithelium, and, at the highest doses, toxic effects were found in the adjacent ciliated cells. Changes could be detected at the ultrastructural level at all doses, and within 6 hours after treatment. Only slight effects were seen in other cell types. Other studies demonstrated that a pulmonary toxic dose of 2-methylnaphtalene (400 mg/kg, i.p.) administered to mice significantly depleted reduced GSH in the liver and lung and to a lesser extent, in the kidney. Carcinogenicity studies in mice indicated that 2-methylnaphthalene induces pulmonary alveolar proteinosis but does not possess unequivocal carcinogenic potential in mice. 2-Methylnaphthalene was tested quantitatively using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation, the concentration used was 3 umol/plate. 2-Methylnaphthalene was not mutagenic. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: 2-Methylnaphthalene was toxic to Dungeness crab (C magister) larvae LC50 5 mg/L at 48 hr, LC50 1.3 mg/L at 96 hr.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

2-Methylnaphthalene

Respiratory

4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Not directly listed by IARC. 2-Methylnaphthalene is found in coal tar mixtures, and occupational exposures during coal-tar distillation and during paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch are classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (L135)

PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. Exposure to large amounts of 2-methylnapthalene may damage or destroy the red blood cells, resulting in hemolytic anemia. (L10, L12)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

Redness. Pain.

Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. Some symptoms of hemolytic anemia are fatigue, lack of appetite, restlessness, and pale skin. Exposure to large amounts of 2-methylnapthalene may also cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the urine, and a yellow color to the skin. (A10, L12)

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

4 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

See the IRIS entry for 2-Methylnaphthalene

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

LD50: 1630 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 1630 mg/kg

There is no known antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L10)

Pretreatment of rainbow trout with 2,3-benzanthracene resulted in an increase in the metabolism and biliary excretion of 2-methylnaphthalene in vivo.

Mixed function oxidase inducers... affect the metabolism of 2-methylnaphthalene. Inducers that influence cytochrome P-450 increase the oxidation of the side chain and the concentration of one dihydrodiol. Induction of cytochrome P-450 increased the production of two other dihydrodiols. The production of naphthoic acid in preference to the diols may explain why 2-methylnaphthalene is less toxic to Clara cells than naphthalene.

Emergency and supportive measures: 1. Maintain an open air way and assist ventilation if necessary. 2. Treat coma and seizures if they occur. 3. Treat hemolysis and resulting hemoglobinuria if they occur by intravenous hydration and urinary alkalinization. /Naphthalene/

Specific drugs and antidote: There is no specific antidote. /Naphthalene/

Decontamination: Administer activated charcoal orally if conditions are appropriate. Gastric lavage is not necessary after small ot moderate ingestions if activated charcoal can be given. Do not induce vomiting, because of the risk of lethargy and seizures. Do not administer milk, fats or oils, which may enhance absorption. /Naphthalene/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Naphthalene and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In contrast to naphthalene, the only reported effects of methylated naphthalene in man are skin irritation and skin photosensitization. /Methylated naphthalene/

/GENOTOXICITY/ Chromosome analyses were carried out in human lymphocytes treated in vitro with 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene (1-MN, 2-MN) in the presence and absence of the mammalian metabolic activation system, S9 mix. Without S9 mix there was no indication of induction of any significant cytogenetic effect by either compound. With S9 mix a weak clastogenic effect was apparent at 4 mM 2-MN only and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies were significantly increased at each dose of 1- and 2-MN, yet always less than twice the control level. The present observations do not indicate that 1- and 2-MN must be classified as potential genotoxic substances.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects of 1-methylnaphthalene (pure and practical grade) and 2-methylnaphthalene (pure and practical grade) on the hematocrit values, total and differential white blood cell counts, and reticulocyte counts were determined in intact and splenectomized dogs. Each compound was dispersed in the atmosphere in a refined kerosene base using a fogger. Exposures occurred on four consecutive mornings. Based on the information presented, it was not possible to determine the exposure concentration. Pure 1-methylnaphthalene increased the reticulocyte counts in the splenectomized dogs but not the intact dogs. Reticulocyte values remained elevated for 10 days after the fogging ceased. Practical grade 1-methylnaphthalene increased leukocyte counts in intact and splenectomized dogs and neutrophil counts in intact dogs, but pure 1-methylnaphthalene had no effect on these parameters. 2-Methylnaphthalene had no effect on any of the parameters monitored. Neither 1-methylnaphthalene nor 2-methylnaphthalene had an effect on hematocrit values, suggesting that these compounds do not cause hemolysis under the conditions of the study. Since the increased reticulocyte counts were seen only in splenectomized dogs, it is difficult to interpret whether or not this change signifies increased hematopoiesis in response to 1-methylnaphthalene exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...Single doses of 0 or 300 mg/kg 2-methylnaphthalene /were administered/ to male Swiss-Webster mice (5/group) by intraperitoneal injection, with sacrifice 24 hours later. Histological examinations identified bronchiolar necrosis in all treated animals, and no lesions among controls. Pulmonary necrosis was considered moderate (bronchiolar epithelial cell swelling, vacuolization, and exfoliation) for 3/5 mice and severe (extensive sloughing in terminal and larger airways with widespread exfoliation) for 2/5 mice. For this study, the LOAEL for bronchiolar necrosis in male Swiss Webster mice is 300 mg/kg 2-methylnaphthalene.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Both 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene produced depression of the respiratory rate in rats under acute inhalation exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 2-Methylnaphthalene /admin orally at concn 5.00 mg/kg/ is lethal to /rats/.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/L; Concentration: 13 mmol/cu m (95% confidence interval: 5-35 mmol/cu m); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or = 97% purity/

LC50; Species: Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) larvae; Concentration: 5.0 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) larvae; Concentration: 1.3 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/L; Concentration: 13 mmol/cu m (95% confidence interval: 5-35 mmol/cu m); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or = 97% purity/

LC50; Species: Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) larvae; Concentration: 5.0 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) larvae; Concentration: 1.3 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Palaemonetes pugio (Daggerblade Grass Shrimp) adult; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, pH 8.1, dissolved oxygen >5 mg/L; Concentration: 1100 ug/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicokinetics and bioavailabilities of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), fluorene and pyrene were studied in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdners) implanted with an indwelling cannula in the dorsal aorta. After intraarterial injection of one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (10 mg/kg) to trout, chemical concentration in the blood was found to decline triphasically with time. The terminal half-lives of elimination from the blood for 2-MN, fluorene and pyrene were 9.6, 10.5 and 12.8 hr, respectively. The toxicokinetics of the PAHs in trout were best described by a three-compartment open model with the central compartment and the deep peripheral compartment representing the blood and fatty tissues of trout, respectively. The PAHs were metabolized by trout mainly to water-soluble metabolites which were excreted into the urine and bile. When trout were exposed to water containing 2-MN, fluorene or pyrene (0.5 mg/L), the chemical was detected almost immediately in the blood. The apparent bioavailabilities of 2-MN, fluorene and pyrene in trout were 20, 36 and 35%, respectively. In contrast, little or no unchanged chemical was detected in the blood of trout following intragastric administration of 2-MN, fluorene or pyrene (50 mg/kg). These results indicate that the PAHs are absorbed systemically by trout via the branchial route at rates much faster than that of the oral route.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) larvae to seawater solution of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil showed that the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in WSF was inversely related to the degree of alkylation in naphthalene family, but the acute toxicity of the aromatic compound was directly related to the degree of alkyl substitution. The seawater concentration of 2-methylnaphthalene in WSF of Cook Inlet crude oil was 0.03 +/ - 0.001 mg/L.

2.40e+02

3.00e+03

3.60e+01

2.00e-01

1.90e-01

4.00e-03

Volatile

7.20e+02

9.00e+03

1.10e+02

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

2-Methylnaphthalene's production and use as a synthetic intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 2-Methylnaphthalene is found in coal tar and is a product of combustion. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.055 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-methylnaphthalene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylnaphthalene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrogen pentoxide; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 7.4 hours, >29 days and 9.6 days, respectively. 2-Methylnaphthalene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-methylnaphthalene is expected to have slight to no mobility based upon log Koc values of 3.00-5.96. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.18X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. 2-Methylnaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 2-Methylnaphthalene was observed to biodegrade rapidly in soil acclimated to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and at a slower rate in unacclimated environments. A lag-period of two weeks was observed followed by rapid degradation to 17% residual in the two weeks following the lag period and was not detected after 25 weeks, using microcosms filled with soil material and a coal derived wood-preservative. If released into water, 2-methylnaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. 2-Methylnaphthalene was completely removed within <7-14 days from acclimated groundwater aquifer grab samples; unacclimated material from the aquifer degraded 2-methylnaphthalene at an average rate of 3.5% per week. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.5 hours and 5.3 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 41-78 days if adsorption is considered. Reported BCF values of 30-2921 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to very high, the compound may be metabolized by the organism decreasing the BCF. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). 2-Methylnaphthalene was completely removed within <7-14 days from acclimated groundwater aquifer grab samples. Unacclimated material from the aquifer degraded 2-methylnaphthalene at an average rate of 3.5% per week. Occupational exposure to 2-methylnaphthalene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methylnaphthalene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-methylnaphthalene via inhalation of ambient air and cigarette smoke, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing 2-methylnaphthalene. (SRC)

2-Methylnaphthalene is a component of coal tar(1). 2-Methylnaphthalene is also a product of combustion(2) and can be released to the environment via natural fires associated with lightening, volcanic activity, and spontaneous combustion(SRC).

2-Methylnaphthalene's production and use as a synthetic intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2-Methylnaphthalene is released upon combustion of gasoline and diesel fuels, is found in tobacco smoke and smokeless tobacco products, and is released form landfills, waste treatment plants and other contaminated environments(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values of 3.00-5.96 reported in soil and sediment(2-3) indicate that 2-methylnaphthalene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-methylnaphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected given a Henry's Law constant of 5.18X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 2-Methylnaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.055 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). A lag-period of two weeks was observed followed by rapid degradation to 17% residual in the two weeks following the lag period and was not detected after 25 weeks, using microcosms filled with soil material and a coal derived wood-preservative(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values of 3.00-5.96 reported in soil and sediment(2-3) indicate that 2-methylnaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.18X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.5 hours and 5.3 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 41-78 days if adsorption is considered(6). 2-Methylnaphthalene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(7), BCF values of 30-2921 in Coho salmon(8), Starry flounder(8), sheepshead minnow(9) and bluegill sunfish(10), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to very high, the compound may be metabolized by the organism decreasing the BCF(SRC). The direct aqueous photolysis half-life for midday, midsummer sunlight at 40 deg N latitude was predicted to be 54 hours for 2-methylnaphthalene(11). 2-Methylnaphthalene was completely removed within <7-14 days from acclimated groundwater aquifer grab samples(12-13). Unacclimated material from the aquifer degraded 2-methylnaphthalene at an average rate of 3.5% per week(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methylnaphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.055 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylnaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.4 hour(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.23X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene with ozone has been reported as <4X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of >29 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene with nitrogen pentoxide has been measured to be 4.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 9.6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2X10+10 nitrogen pentoxide molecules per cu cm(3). 2-Methylnaphthalene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Aerobic aqueous screening test data showed a 84 and 95% loss of 0.1 ppm 2-methylnaphthalene in 1 and 5.6 days, respectively, for acclimated sewage inoculum and did not degrade with unacclimated sewage(1). When marine water was used to inoculate, 2-methylnaphthalene at a concentration of 0.067 ppm disappeared within 10 days under aerobic conditions at 25 °C(2). Using the Japanese MITI I procedure, <5% degradation of 2-methylnaphthalene occurred in 28 days; however, for the MITI II test with a freshwater inoculum, 72% was lost in 28 days under aerobic conditions at 25 °C(3). 2-Naphthoic acid was identified as a microbial co-oxidation product of 2-methylnaphthalene by mixed cultures of Norcardia sp. isolated from soil(4). 2-Methylnaphthalene showed a lag-period of two weeks, and then rapid degraded to 17% residual in the two weeks following the lag period and was not detected after 25 weeks, in a study using microcosms filled with soil (1.1% organic carbon, 6.5% kaolin) material and a coal derived wood-preservative(5). 2-Methylnaphthalene was aerobically biodegraded 100% in 4 different northern soils (arctic diesel fuel contaminated, PCB and associated oil contaminated, creosote-PAH contaminated, uncontaminated) incubated at 7 and 20 °C for 90 days(6).

AEROBIC: 2-Methylnaphthalene, at a concentration of 0.5 ppm, was completely removed within 14 days from acclimated fresh-wellwater grab samples from Tuffenwies and Zurich, Switzerland, with a pH of 8.0, at 10 and 25 °C and microbial populations of 300-400 cells/mL(1). Grab samples of groundwater aquifer soil that had acclimated to creosote wastes was able to degrade 2-methylnaphthalene, present at 0.02 to 0.12 ppm, under aerobic conditions at 25 °C in less than a week(2). An average loss of 6.5% per week was observed for autoclaved controls(2). Unacclimated material from the same aquifer degraded 2-methylnaphthalene at an average rate of 3.5% per week; however autoclaved controls lost 2-methylnaphthalene at an overall rate of 11.1% per week(2). A marine water die-away study with sediment inoculum from Dunstaffnage Bay, Oban, Scotland showed a 88.5% loss of 2-methylnaphthalene contained in crude oil after 7 days at 20 °C(3). After standardization to controls, the measure of radio-labeled CO2 evolution from radio-labeled 2-methylnaphthalene contained in crude oil was 0.8, 2.2 and 0.8% for marine water grab samples from Saanich Inlet, Canada incubated at 12 °C for 1, 2 and 3 days, respectively(4). 2-Methylnaphthalene contained in biodiesel B20 had a biodegradation half-life of 3.9 days when incubated with an inoculum of unacclimated rainwater from a detention pond(5). The biodegradation of 2-methylnaphthalene was enhanced when in the presents of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(6). In a bioslurry containing soil from a gasworks site 56, 51, 30 and 30% of 2-methylnaphthalene remained after 3, 7, 24 and 29 days of incubation, respectively(7).

PURE CULTURE: 2-Naphthoic acid was identified as a microbial co-oxidation product of 2-methylnaphthalene by mixed cultures of Norcardia sp. isolated from soil(1). 2-Methylnaphthalene, present at 10 ug/mL, was biodegraded 100% using enrichment cultures from 4 different soils (arctic diesel fuel contaminated, PCB and associated oil contaminated, creosote-PAH contaminated, uncontaminated) incubated at 7 and 20 °C for 90 days(2).

ANAEROBIC: Anaerobic in-situ degradation studies of 2-methylnaphthalene were done using coal tar-contaminated Boston Harbor sediment, collected near Everett, MA(1). The starting concentration was 99 umol/kg dry sediment. Degradation results were(1):[Table#5331]

ANAEROBIC: 2-Methylnaphthalene was anaerobically biodegraded 100% in 4 different northern soils (arctic diesel fuel contaminated, PCB and associated oil contaminated, creosote-PAH contaminated, uncontaminated) incubated at 7 and 20 °C for 90 days(1). In anaerobic ground water from a former gasworks site, Dusseldorf-Flingern, Germany, 2-methylnaphthalene was found to biodegrade to naphthoic acid, methylnaphthoic acid, naphthyl-2-methyl-succinic acid and naphthyl-2-methylene-succinic acid(2). In a sulfate reducing enriched culture of contaminated sediment, 2-methylnaphthalene was biodegraded to 2-naphthoic acid, which was further reduced to derivatives of 2-naphthoic acid(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 5.23X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene with ozone has been reported as <4X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of >29 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene with nitrogen pentoxide has been measured to be 4.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 9.6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2X10+10 molecules per cu cm(1). 2-Methylnaphthalene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 2-Methylnaphthalene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The direct aqueous photolysis half-life for midday, midsummer sunlight at 40 deg N latitude was predicted to be 54 hours(6).

After 2, 3 and 5 weeks exposure, the BCF of 2-methylnaphthalene in the muscle tissue of Coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) was 30, 100 and 190, respectively. The BCF dropped to 70 within one week following 6 weeks exposure(1). After 2 weeks exposure, the average BCF of 2-methylnaphthalene in the muscle tissue of Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) was 895(1). BCF values in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinidon variegatus) exposed for 36 days to 2.46 and 23.63 ug/L of 2-methylnaphthalene were 2852 and 2921, respectively(2). Exposure of fingerling rainbow trout to 14C-(8)-2-methylnaphthalene (2573 dpm/ug) at 0.02 mg/L for four weeks in a continuous- flow delivery system resulted in maximum tissue levels from 40 to 300 times the water concentration; maximum bile 14C levels were 23,500 times the water concentration(3). A BCF of 407 has been reported for bluegill sunfish after exposure to 14C-(8)-2-methylnaphthalene at 0.013 ug/L for 26 days in a continuous-flow delivery system(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest that 2-methylnaphthalene bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). A BCF of 8.1 was reported for 2-methylnaphthalene in clams after 24 hours of exposure to a water concentration of 2-methylnaphthalene of 480 ug/L(6). The biota-sediment accumulation factor for 2-methylnaphthalene determined using oligochaete worm (Lumbriculus variegatus) was 4.2 and 0.11 in Lake Erie sediment from Vermilion, OH and Dunkirk, NY, respectively(7).

A log Koc value of 3.67 was reported in soil(1). An average sediment- or soil-water partition coefficient (log Kp) for 2-methylnaphthalene of 2.00 was determined from 17 measurements(2). The log Koc values for 2-methylnaphthalene in 75 sediment samples was 3.00-5.96(3). Measured Koc values have been reported as 4,400(4) and 8,500(5) for 2-methylnaphthalene. According to a classification scheme(6), these Koc values suggest that 2-methylnaphthalene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-methylnaphthalene is reported as 5.18X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-methylnaphthalene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.3 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 41-78 days when adsorption is considered(3). 2-Methylnaphthalene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2-Methylnaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.055 mm Hg(4).

GROUNDWATER: 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected in a coal tar contaminated aquifer in St Louis Park, MN(1). Surrounding groundwater at a former pine-tar manufacturing site in Gainesville, FL contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 0.9-80 ug/L(2). 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected at 1.40, 0.63 and 0.84 mg/L in groundwater at depths of 6, 12 and 18 m, respectively, in Pensacola, FL in the vicinity of a wood treatment facility(3). At a Conroe, TX creosote waste facility groundwater contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 1.4-440.6 ug/L(4). 2-Methylnaphthalene was identified in the ground water leachate from the Waterloo and Northbay landfills, Ontario, Canada at 0.1-20 ug/L(5). 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected at 0.070 mg/L in groundwater at 15.5 feet below land surface in Feb 1990 from a field site in Galloway Township, NJ where an underground storage tank leaked gasoline(6). 2-Methylnaphthalene was not detected (detection limit 5 ug/L) at a former asphalt factory in Ringe, Denmark that operated from 1915 to 1954, in samples taken 0, 25, and 25 meters from the source(7). At Holte Sollerod Gasworks in Denmark, operated from 1907 to 1963, 2-methylnaphthalene concentrations were 600, 49 and 14 ug/L at 0, 5 and 10 meters from the source(7). At Frederica Gasworks in Denmark, operated from 1866-1966, 2-methylnaphthalene was detected at 54 ug/L at 25 m from the source, and not detected at the remaining wells(7). Groundwater collected in Mar 1990 from a well (21 m depth) on the site of a Florida creosote plant contained 2-methylnaphthalene at a concentration of 9.5 mg/L(8).

DRINKING WATER: 2-Methylnaphthalene was listed as a contaminant found in drinking water according to a survey of USA cities including Pomona, CA, Escondido, CA, Lake Tahoe, CA, Orange Co, CA, Dallas, TX, Washington, DC, Cincinnati OH, Philadelphia, PA, Miami, FL, New Orleans, LA, Ottumwa, IA, and Seattle, WA(1) and groundwater wells of WI(2). Four of five samples of Nordic tap water contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 0.63-6.9 ng/L(3). For a survey of drinking water supplies in the UK, 2-methylnaphthalene was detected in the treated water at 14 of 14 water treatment facilities(4). 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected in drinking water supplies where coal tar was employed on underground storage tanks to prevent corrosion(5).

SURFACE WATER: 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected in coastal waters at Vineyard Sound, MA at 0.5-22.0 ng/L with an average of 6.3 ng/L(1). 2-Methylnaphthalene is also listed as a contaminant of coastal waters off Narragansett Bay, RI(2), Los Angeles River storm waters(3) and Lake Ontario(4). Water samples collected from 1987 to 1989 from the head and mouth of the St. Clair River, which runs between Ontario Canada and Michigan, had 2-methylnaphthalene concentrations of 0.32-4.02 ng/L at Point Edward (head) and 0.7-19.5 ng/L at Port Lambton (mouth) with respective means of 0.96 and 1.04 ng/L(5). 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected in water samples collected Jun and Aug 1988 from four stations along the Rainy River on the Ontario, Canada and Minnesota boarder at concentrations of 2.8-287.5 ng/L(6). 2-Methylnaphthalene was found in the Rainy River where final effluent from two bleached kraft mills discharge directly into the river at 8.8-1720.0 ng/L(6). Surface water collected in Mar 1990 from a stream adjacent to a creosote works facility in Florida contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 0.0068 mg/L(7). Concentrations of 2-methylnaphthalene in the northeast and northwest branches of the Anacostia River in Maryland were 0.4-63 ng/L in the dissolved phase and 0.1-21 ng/L in the particulate phase with means of 6.8 and 3.3 ng/L, respectively(8). 2-Methylnaphthalene concentrations in the San Joaquin River, CA and its tributaries in 1992 were <1.0-4.2 ng/L(9). 2-Methylnaphthalene was not detected in six cave rivers located in northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, not detected in Little Osage Creek, AR, but was detected in an unnamed creek in Oklahoma at 48.3 ng/POCIS sample (polar organic chemical integrative sampler), samples were collected May to July 2006(10). 2-Methylnaphthalene was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ug/L) in 21 samples collected from rivers in Arkansas Mar, Apr and Aug 2004(11). 2-Methylnaphthalene was not detected in samples collected in 2001 from 23 stream locations upstream and downstream of 10 cities in Iowa at high flow or normal flow conditions, in 1 of 30 low flow samples from the same locations 2-methylnaphthalene was detected at 0.056 ug/L(12).

SURFACE WATER: Water samples taken in Aug 2005 from the Hun, Taizi and Daliao rivers, China, were analyzed for 2-methylnaphthalene. The following concentrations were found(1):[Table#5337]

RAIN/SNOW: Rain water in Portland, OR contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 19-69 ng/L in samples collected between Feb 12 and April 12, 1984(1). Snow samples collected from Fairbanks, Alaska contained 260 and 1780 ng/L of 2-methylnaphthalene in a composite snow pack sample from 2 urban and 1 rural location and from a composite sample from 2 snow dumps, respectively; samples were collected Feb 23-25, 2004(2). Snow pack from the city of St Marie, Canada contained 2-methylnaphthalene at <0.050-0.212 ug/L(3). Mean concentrations of 2-methylnaphthalene were 3.78, 3.08, 4.00, 4.74, 3.97, 5.56, 4.86, 6.02 and 4.23 ng/L at Sibley, Turkey Lakes, Burnt Island, Great Bend, St Clair, Pelee, Rock Point, Burlington and Petre, Canada, respectively; samples were collected 1995 to 1999(4). Snow samples collected Aug and Sep 2002 from the Punta Indren glacier, Italian Alps contained 2120-6040 and 3750-9220 pg/L of 2-methylnaphthalene in dirty (high particulate content) and clean (low particulate content) snow, respectively(5). 2-Methylnaphthalene was identified in 6 of 10 snow sample sites in Russia and Finland; 0.03 ug/kg at Muonio (Lapland, Finland), 0.02 ug/kg at Levi (Lapland, Finland), 0.004 ug/kg at Butovo (Moscow, Russia), 0.10 ug/kg at Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia), 0.10 ug/kg at a summer cottage region (Moscow, Russia) and 0.09 ug/kg at Shuchie (Volga River, Russia); it was not detected at Neulaniemi (Kuopio, Finland), Nellim (Lapland, Finland), Shosse Entuziastov (Moscow, Russia) or Baikal'sk (Lake Baikal, Siberia)(6).

2-Methylnaphthalene was detected in the leachate from a survey of 58 municipal landfills at an average concentration of 0.053 mg/L(1). 2-Methylnaphthalene was also detected in the municipal wastewaters from 4 major treatment plants in Southern California(2) and in Los Angeles County effluent at a 10 ug/L(3). Urban runoff to the Narragansett Bay, RI contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 4.471, 5.199, 6.492 and 6.314 log(ug/cm/sq km) from residential, commercial, industrial and highway land uses, respectively(4). 2-Methylnaphthalene concentrations in leachates from three hazardous waste sites in Germany ranged from 30 to 490 ug/L(5). Effluents from refineries, petrochemical industry, metallurgic industry and municipal wastewater treatment plants in Norway contained 2-methylnaphthalene in 62% of samples(6). Effluent from a textile finishing operation also contained 2-methylnaphthalene(7). Samples collected in May 1998 at the effluent of 4 industrial locations in DeTong City, China contained 2-methylnaphthalene at not detected to 27.01 ug/L(8). Coal tar leachate was found to contain 2-methylnaphthalene(9-10). 2-Methylnaphthalene was detected in the water discharged from a hydrocarbon vent of an offshore oil platform at 20 ug/L(11). The dissolved air floatation effluent of a Class B oil refinery contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 259 ng/g(12). Reactor tar from a coal gasification plant contained 2-methylnaphthalene at 29.6 mg/g(13).

2-Methylnaphthalene was identified as a stack emission(1) and a component of fly ash(2) from waste incinerators. Emissions factors for 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured during wind tunnel simulations of open burning for agricultural and forest biomass fuels; 2-methylnaphthalene average concentrations were 745, 10,970, 7307 and 16,960 ug/kg for wheat cereal, rice cereal, almond wood and pine wood, respectively(3). The 2-methylnaphthalene concentration in diesel powered medium duty truck emissions in the gas phase was 611 ug/km(4). Gas phase 2-methylnaphthalene emission rates from fireplace combustion of pine, oak and eucalyptus wood were 15.0, 9.61 and 5.69 mg/kg of wood burned, respectively(5). 2-Methylnaphthalene emission rates from combustion of craft lignin were 6-520 mg/kg depending on the starting mass and combustion temperature(6). Data from Aug 25 to Sept 7, 1979 showed for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles and diesel trucks emitted 2-methylnaphthalene at an average rate of 3.4 and 0.2 mg/km, respectively(7). 2-Methylnaphthalene concentrations in the emissions collected in Jul and Aug 1995 from two passenger ferries operating in the Skagurak-Kattegatt-Oresund Regions between Sweden and Denmark, were 80 and 7.1 ug/cu nm(8). 2-Methylnaphthalene concentrations were found to range from 1.60 to 475 ng/filter in outboard marine engine particulate matter(9). The water concentration of 2-methylnaphthalene was shown to increase from 3 to 276 ng/L as a result of motorboat traffic in a canal of a fresh water lake(10). The emission rate of 2-methylnaphthalene emitted from the vehicle fleet in the Van Nuys Tunnel in Los Angeles on Sept 21, 1993 from 6 to 10 am, during morning traffic, was 31 mg/L(11). Average emission rates of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured under the Federal Testing Procedure (FTP) driving cycle, which represents urban driving, and the REP05 driving cycle, which includes conditions outside of the FTP(12). 2-Methylnaphthalene emission rates under the FTP cycle were 3.787, 1.831, and 5.839 mg/mi for tier 0 federal emissions package, tier 1 federal emissions package, and a high emitter category(12). For the REP05 cycle, emission rates were 0.409, 0.298, and 2.482 mg/mi for the same vehicle categories(12).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for naphthalene: Biological treatment. /Naphthalene/

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Marine pollutant.