2-Naphthylamine

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350 (99.1%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 108 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P273, P280, P318, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, dry powder, foam.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

/Use:/ Dry powder, foam, water spray.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2004)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U168, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the soln into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace. Recommendable method: Incineration.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Keep well closed and protected from light. /2-Naphthylamine acetate/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.0010 [mg/m3]

24 [mg/m3]

140 [mg/m3]

Ca See Appendix A

[1910.1009] See Appendix B

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers beta-naphthylamine to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

A1 (confirmed human carcinogen).

Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible. [1979]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may be irritating to the respiratory tract and skin. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The substance may cause effects on the bladder. This may result in inflammation and blood in the urine. Medical observation is indicated. The effects may be delayed.

This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for beta-Naphthylamine:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Beta-naphthylamine appears as a white to reddish colored solid in the form of flakes. Slightly soluble in hot water and denser than water. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make dyes and agricultural chemicals.

Odorless, white to red crystals with a faint, aromatic odor; Note: Darkens in air to a reddish-purple color; [NIOSH]

WHITE-TO-REDDISH FLAKES WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS RED ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Odorless, white to red crystals with a faint, aromatic odor.

Odorless, white to red crystals with a faint, aromatic odor. [Note: Darkens in air to a reddish-purple color.]

COLORLESS CRYSTALS WHICH DARKEN IN AIR TO A REDDISH-PURPLE COLOR

White to red crystalls [Note: Darkens in air to reddish-purple color].

Faint aromatic odor

583 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

306 °C, also stated as 294 °C

306.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

232 to 235 °F (NTP, 1992)

111-113 °C

MP: 109.5 °C /Technical/

110.2-113 °C

315 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in alcohol, ether

SOL IN MANY ORG SOLVENTS

In water, 6.40 mg/L @ 18 °C

0.189 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: poor

Miscible in hot water

1.061 at 208 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.061 @ 98 °C/4 °C

1.061 g/cm³

1.06 at 208 °F

1.65 @ 98°C

(208 °F): 1.06

4.95 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.95 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.95

1 mmHg at 226.4 °F ; 5 mmHg at 286.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.000256 [mmHg]

2.56X10-4 mm Hg @ 25 °C

1 mmHg at 226 °F

(226 °F): 1 mmHg

log Kow =2.28

Henry's Law constant = 8.10X10-8 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

Stable in cold in absence of air; oxidizes in presence of air; volatile in steam

This chemical darkens in air to a reddish-purple color (oxidizes). Slightly soluble in hot water and denser than water. Napthyl amines can be slowly hydrolyzed, releasing NH3 as a byproduct [N.L. Drake, Org. React. 1, (1942), 105].

Amines, Aromatic

BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE is a weak base. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids. It is also incompatible with nitrous acid. It reduces warm ammoniacal silver nitrate. (NTP, 1992)

None reported

Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 1: The agent is a human carcinogen. /From table/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

2-Naphthylamine: known to be a human carcinogen.

2-Naphthylamine

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume 4: (1974) Some Aromatic Amines, Hydrazine and Related Substances, N-Nitroso Compounds and Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 99: (2010) Some Aromatic Amines, Organic Dyes, and Related Exposures

Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Dizziness. Convulsions. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

See Inhalation.

dermatitis; hemorrhagic cystitis; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); ataxia; methemoglobinemia, hematuria (blood in the urine); dysuria; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Bladder, skin

[bladder cancer]

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

PDF Document

Carcinogenic to humans

The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 18 mg/kg.

Oncogenic transformation human cell types 68 mg/L.

DNA inhibition HeLa cell 200 umol/L.

Pentachlorophenol, a known inhibitor of hepatic sulfotransferases, caused a 2-3 fold increased in urinary levels of n-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine and its glucuronide conjugate from 2-naphthylamine treated rats.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mg/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin bums with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Preplacement and periodic examinations should include an evaluation of exposure to other carcinogens, use of alcohol, smoking, medications, and family history. The general health of exposed persons should also be evaluated in periodic examinations.

Monthly urinalysis of exposed personnel, prostatic alkaline phosphatase (PAP) examinations every 6 months, and cystoscopy should be employed where indicated.

The urine cytology surveillance was found to be useful for two reasons: first, it detected tumors in 5 out of 6 cases surveyed, and second, 4 cases screened had tumors curable by transurethral operation, while other cases underwent cystectomy.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...It has been estimated that cigarette smoking accounts for 25-70% (the estimated ranges in three different reports were: 25-60%, 30-50%, and 40-70%) of all cases of bladder cancer... in industrialized developed countries with aromatic amines such as ...2-naphthylamine as the prime suspect causative carcinogens.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ To investigate the effects of benzidine (BZ) and beta-naphthylamine (BNA) on the immune system in man, the activity of natural killer (NK) cells as well as the relative number (percentage) of Leu 11a positive cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured in 63 dyestuff workers exposed to BZ and BNA (aromatic amines, AA). The cytotoxic potential per NK cell (unit NK cell activity) was approximated by dividing the NK activity per fixed numbers of unseparated mononuclear cells by the percentage of Leu 11a positive lymphocytes that mediated NK activity. Thirty one of these workers had previously been treated for bladder cancer and then cured (ex-cancer AA workers) whereas the remaining 32 had not been diagnosed as having bladder cancer (non-cancer AA workers). There was no significant difference in the gross NK activity per unseparated peripheral mononuclear cells among ex-cancer AA workers, non-cancer AA workers, and the control group (p greater than 0.05). The relative number of Leu 11a positive cells, on the other hand, was significantly higher in AA workers than in the control group (p less than 0.01). The unit NK cell activity, as a result, was significantly more reduced in both ex-cancer and non-cancer AA workers than in the control group (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). Between ex-cancer and non-cancer AA workers, no significant difference was observed in terms of unit NK cell activity. These results indicated that the function of NK cells per se was impaired in AA workers whereas the number of circulating NK cells was relatively increased.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of morbidity among former employees and family members of a Superfund site was initiated because of concern for possible exposure to beta-naphthylamine (BNA). The site, known as the Drake Superfund site, was located at Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. The study group consisted of 79 former workers (75 males) at the site and 71 family members. The subjects were interviewed by questionnaire to obtain information on demographic characteristics, personal health, occupational history, and occupational and environmental exposures. Urine samples were collected to screen for signs of possible hepatic, pancreatic, and urogenital conditions. Statistically significant health outcomes related to work at the site were irritation conditions among 34 employees who reported being exposed to herbicides or pesticides, and cancer (including one case of bladder cancer) among 12 employees exposed to BNA before 1962. Nine subjects tested positive for bladder cancer on one of two urine screening tests; however, only one subject tested positive on both tests. Death certificates obtained for 20 of 28 former employees who died before the survey indicated that five deaths were due to cancer, with two from bladder cancer. The authors conclude that two health risks, cancer among workers exposed to BNA before 1962 and irritation conditions among those exposed to herbicides and pesticides, can be related to work at the Drake site. A comprehensive health registry and medical surveillance program for the subjects has been established.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male beagle dogs administered (3)H-2-naphthylamine and sacrificed 2 or 7 days later in order to investigate the in vivo formation and persistence of 2-naphthylamine adducts in the liver and urothelium. The urothelial DNA binding of the adducts was higher than in the liver which is the nontarget organ.

3.00e-01

1.30e+00

3.90e-02

4.0E+03(G)

2.00e-04

1.80e+00

Volatile

3.00e+01

1.30e+02

3.90e+00

4.0E+03 (G)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

2-Naphthylamine's former production and use in the manufacture of rubber and dyes may have resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.56X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-naphthylamine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-naphthylamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours. 2-Naphthylamine was shown to photolyze in direct sunlight with half-lives ranging from 0.05 to 0.19 hours. If released to soil, 2-naphthylamine is expected to have low mobility based upon a Koc of 1,000. Results of a batch equilibrium study with various soils indicated that 1-naphthylamine, which is structurally analogous to 2-naphthylamine, binds to soil in two phases with an initial rapid and reversible equilibrium established between the inorganic and organic components of soil. This equilibrium is followed by a strong association with the humic fraction of soil via covalent binding. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.10X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. The pKa of 2-naphthylamine is 4.16, indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. 2-Naphthylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 2-Naphthylamine did not undergo primary biodegradation after 90 days in chernozem soil. The initial mineralization rate for 2-naphthylamine in soil/water suspension was 0.12 ug/g-day. These data suggest that biodegradation in soil will be slow. If released into water, 2-naphthylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Based on primary soil biodegradation and mineralization studies, 2-naphthylamine is expected to biodegrade slowly in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 11 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since 2-naphthylamine is no longer produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2-naphthylamine through the inhalation of cigarette smoke. (SRC)

2-Naphthylamine is not reported to occur naturally in the environment(1).

2-Naphthylamine's production and use in the manufacture of rubber and dyes(1,2) and as an antioxidant(3) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). However as of 1976 it was no longer produced or consumed commercially in the US(4). 2-Naphthylamine has been found in emissions from industries where nitrogen-containing organic matter is pyrolyzed(3). It is found in cigarette smoke (0.02 ug/cigarette)(2,5). 2-Naphthylamine is also found in coal tar and as contaminant (impurity) in commercial 1-naphthylamine(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 1,000(2), indicates that 2-naphthylamine is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Results of a batch equilibrium study with various soils indicated that 1-naphthylamine, which is structurally analogous to 2-naphthylamine, binds to soil in two phases with an initial rapid and reversible equilibrium established between the amine and the inorganic and organic components of soil followed subsequently by a strong association with the humic fraction of soil via covalent binding(3,4). Volatilization of 2-naphthylamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 8.10X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(5). 2-Naphthylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.56X10-4 mm Hg(6). Based on primary soil biodegradation and mineralization studies, 2-naphthylamine is expected to biodegrade slowly in soil(7,8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 1,000(2), indicates that 2-naphthylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.10X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4). The pKa of 2-naphthylamine is 4.16(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist as a cation in the environment. According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 11(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.28(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on primary soil biodegradation and mineralization studies, 2-naphthylamine is expected to biodegrade slowly in water(9,10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-naphthylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 2.56X10-4 mm Hg at 25 deg(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-naphthylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Naphthylamine was shown to photolyze in direct sunlight with half-lives ranging from 0.05 to 0.19 hours(4).

AEROBIC: In a test for primary biodegradation, 2-naphthylamine was not degraded in chernozem soil after 90 days at an initial concentration of 500 mg/kg(1). The maximum mineralization rate for 2-naphthylamine (conc. 50 ug/g) in a soil/water suspension over 220 days was 0.12 ug/g-day during a short initial phase and 0.027 ug/g-day during a longer second phase(2). Addition of fresh amounts of 2-naphthylamine (conc. 50 ug/g) at 220 days restored the mineralization to the initial phase rate value. The recalcitrance of aminonaphthalenes in soil has been attributed to their ability to form complexes with soil matter which, to a large extent, renders them biologically unavailable(3).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Naphthylamine (50 ug/g) in a soil water suspension was not mineralized under denitrifying, sulphate reducing, or methanogenic conditions(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-naphthylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The half-lives for 2-naphthylamine particles adsorbed onto silica and alumina plates in a fluidized bed photoreactor ranged from 0.20 to 10.8 hours under UV light and from 0.05 to 0.19 hours in direct sunlight(2). 2-Naphthylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

An estimated BCF of 11 was calculated for 2-naphthylamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.28(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The measured Koc for 2-naphthylamine is 1,000(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2-naphthylamine is expected to have low mobility in soil. Results of a batch equilibrium study with various soils indicated that 1-naphthylamine, which is structurally analogous to 2-naphthylamine, binds to soil in two phases with an initial rapid and reversible equilibrium established between the amine and the inorganic and organic components of soil followed subsequently by a strong association with the humic fraction of soil via covalent binding(3,4). Aminonaphthalenes are known to form complexes with soil matter(5). The pKa of 2-naphthylamine is 4.16(6), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-naphthylamine is 8.10X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-naphthylamine is not expected to volatilize from moist soil or water surfaces(2). 2-Naphthylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.56X10-4 mm Hg(3).

2-Naphthylamine was detected in aqueous industrial effluent extracts collected between Nov 1979-81 at a concentration of 9150 ng/ul(1). 2-Naphthylamine was identified at a concentration of 43.6 mg/g in a basic fraction sample of HYGAS low-temperature reactor tar from a HYGAS coal gasification plant in Chicago(2). 2-Naphthylamine was found in the waste streams of the Sumida River, Japan where it has been produced and used and has been reported to be present in the effluent from certain dyestuffs factories(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 2-Naphthylamine has been detected in airborne pollutants(1). The concentration of 2-naphthylamine in outdoor air from the Brindisi Centre in the province of Florence, Italy was below 1 ng/cu m(2).

INDOOR: The concentration of 2-naphthylamine in indoor air from an office with smokers in the province of Florence, Italy was below 1 ng/cu m(1).

Cigarette smoke has been reported to contain 0.02 ug 2-naphthylamine per cigarette(1). In a different study, the concentration of 2-naphthylamine was 0.002 ug per cigarette in mainstream smoke(2). The study reported that there is 20 to 30 times more 2-naphthylamine in sidestream cigarette smoke than in mainstream cigarette smoke.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 275 workers (265 of these are female) were potentially exposed to 2-naphthylamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since 2-naphthylamine is no longer produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2-naphthylamine through the inhalation of cigarette smoke(2). Gas retort houses have been shown to have atmospheric levels of 2-naphthylamine to give a human exposure of 0.2 ug/day(2).

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2004)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U168, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the soln into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace. Recommendable method: Incineration.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /beta-Naphthylamine; beta-Naphthylamine, solid; beta-Naphthylamine, solution; Naphthylamine (beta); Naphthylamine (beta), solid; Naphthylamine (beta), solution/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /beta-Naphthylamine; beta-Naphthylamine, solid; beta-Naphthylamine, solution; Naphthylamine (beta); Naphthylamine (beta), solid; Naphthylamine (beta), solution/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /beta-Naphthylamine; beta-Naphthylamine, solid; beta-Naphthylamine, solution; Naphthylamine (beta); Naphthylamine (beta), solid; Naphthylamine (beta), solution/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /beta-Naphthylamine; beta-Naphthylamine, solid; beta-Naphthylamine, solution; Naphthylamine (beta); Naphthylamine (beta), solid; Naphthylamine (beta), solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1650; Naphthylamine (beta)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 45-22-51/53; S: 53-45-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II