4-aminobiphenyl

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H340 (35.1%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H341 (27.6%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (99.3%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 134 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

To fight fire use water spray, mist, dry chemical.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Cover spills with dry lime or soda ash and collect powdered material, then collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Transformation of amines to water/methanol soluble salts and if necessary, conversion to corresponding Schiff base.

A new method was developed for the removal of carcinogenic aromatic amines from industrial aqueous effluents. It includes the treatment of aqueous solutions containing the carcinogens with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Such treatment results in a nearly complete precipitation of carcinogenic aromatic amines from water due to enzymatic crosslinking. This method was used to remove 4-aminobiphenyl from water.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/= 100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Controlled incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal devices.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-BIPHENYLAMINE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it at refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants and acids. Well closed.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Store in accordance with OSHA Standard 1910.1011. Storage area should be marked, regulated, and maintained under negative pressure. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition, oxidizers.

/Store/ Separated from strong oxidants. Well closed

0.22 [mg/m3]

2.5 [mg/m3]

14 [mg/m3]

Ca See Appendix A

[1910.1011] See Appendix B

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. skin notation.

(skin); A1 (confirmed human carcinogen).

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may have effects on the bladder. This may result in inflammation and tissue lesions. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 4-Aminodiphenyl:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 4-BIPHENYLAMINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See OSHA respirator requirements for selected chemicals)

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters. 

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames.

See EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM OR REPEATED EXPOSURE. AVOID ALL CONTACT!

4-aminobiphenyl appears as colorless to yellowish-brown crystals or light brown solid. (NTP, 1992)

Colorless crystals with a floral odor; Note: Turns purple on contact with air; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS PURPLE ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Colorless crystals with a floral odor.

Colorless crystals with a floral odor. [Note: Turns purple on contact with air.]

Colorless crystals

Leaflets from alcohol or water

Colorless to yellowish-brown crystals or light brown solid

Floral odor

Characteristic odor

576 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

331 °C @760 [mm Hg]

127 °F (NTP, 1992)

greater than 235 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flash point > 235 °F

113 °C (235 °F) - closed cup

153 °C (closed cup)

113 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Slightly soluble in cold water; readily soluble in hot water

Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform

Soluble in dichloromethane, DMSO, methanol

Soluble in lipids

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.2 (poor)

1.16 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.16 at 68 °F (20 °C)

1.2 g/cm³

5.8 (Air = 1) at boiling point of 4-aminodiphenyl

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.8

1 mmHg at 227 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.00032 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg at 227 °F (108 °C)

3.2X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C /Extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 0.077

1 mmHg at 227 °F

(227 °F): 1 mmHg

log Kow = 2.86 at pH 7.5

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

842 °F (NTP, 1992)

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Is oxidized by air (darkens on oxidation). Insoluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

4-AMINOBIPHENYL is a weak base. Incompatible with acids and acid anhydrides. Forms salts with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Can be diazotized, acetylated and alkylated. (NTP, 1992). May react with strong oxidizing agents.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, strong acids, and acid anhydrides.

Oxidized by air.

Oxidized by air

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 4-Biphenylamine (BPA) is a solid. It is used in detection of sulfates, and as carcinogen in cancer research. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: BPA is a known human carcinogen. It is an occupational bladder carcinogen and may cause cancer of the ureters and renal pelves. Eleven percent of 171 workers in a plant manufacturing BPA developed bladder tumors. Tumors appeared 5 to 19 years after initial exposure, which ranged in duration from 1.25 to 10 years. BPA forms BPA-DNA adducts in normal human urothelial mucosa and bladder tumor tissues. Levels of BPA- hemoglobin adducts in smokers of blond (flue-cured) and black (air-cured) tobacco have been found to be proportional to bladder cancer risk. Risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to occupational carcinogens is elevated in genetically determined slow acetylators. ANIMAL STUDIES: A comparison between DNA adducts and tumorigenesis indicated a linear correlation between adduct levels and the incidence of liver tumors in female mice. In the bladders of male mice, however, the relationship was markedly nonlinear. Seven rabbits were given BPA orally, and the treatment was continued until the onset of the final illness. Bladder carcinomas were observed in three rabbits, the earliest after four years of treatment. Four young adult female mongrel dogs were given BPA orally. Bladder carcinomas were observed in all four dogs after 21- 34 months. The total dose until first appearance of tumors was 87.5-144.0 g per dog (8.2-14.1 g/kg bw). In BPA- treated mice dose-related neoplasms were angiosarcomas, bladder urothelial carcinomas and hepatocellular neoplasms. The non-neoplastic dose-related lesions were left atrial thrombosis, bladder urothelial hyperplasia, splenic hemosiderosis and splenic erythropoiesis. The incidences of bladder carcinoma and atrial thrombosis were higher in the males and the incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms and angiosarcomas were higher in the females. BPA gave positive results in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. BPA produced both frameshift and base pair substitution mutations In Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The system most sensitive to BPA was D. magna immobilization, followed by development of zebrafish embryos, and inhibition of mammalian cell proliferation.

4-Aminobiphenyl requires metabolic activation in order to exert its toxicity. This is catalyzed by N-hydroxylation via cytochrome P450 1A2, then followed by O-sulfation and O-acetylation by sulfotransferase 1A1 and arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2. The metabolites of 4-aminobiphenyl may form adducts with DNA, inducing mutations. 4-Aminobiphenyl and its metabolites may also cross the placenta and have fetal effects. (A2454, A2455, A2456, A2457)

Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 1: The agent is carcinogenic to humans.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

4-Aminobiphenyl: known to be a human carcinogen.

4-Aminobiphenyl

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume 1: (1972) Some Inorganic Substances, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Amines, N-Nitroso Compounds, and Natural Products

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 99: (2010) Some Aromatic Amines, Organic Dyes, and Related Exposures

Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

4-Aminobiphenyl is a known human carcinogen. It may also cause methemoglobinemia. (L135, T36)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of dust, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (T36) ; inhalation (T36) ; dermal (T36)

No acute symptoms expected.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

Further see Inhalation.

headache, dizziness; drowsiness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); ataxia, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); methemoglobinemia; urinary burning; acute hemorrhagic cystitis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Symptoms of 4-aminobiphenyl may include dyspnea, headache, dizziness, lethargy, and ataxia. (T36)

Bladder, skin

[bladder cancer]

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

LD50: 205 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 500 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 205 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 690 mg/kg

... In the present study, we analyzed possible interactions between the aromatic amines 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) as well as 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). For this purpose we incubated primary porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) with concentrations of 1 to 50 uM 4-ABP with and without co-exposure to B[a]P. As expected B[a]P increased mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), whereas 4-ABP had no effect. However, when co-exposed 4-ABP enhanced the induction of CYP1A1 by B[a]P. This result was confirmed by Western blot analysis of CYP1A1 protein expression. A similar effect as for CYP1A1 was also observed for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1). Next, we studied co-exposures of 2-NA and B[a]P. Similar as for 4-ABP also 2-NA enhanced B[a]P-mediated induction of CYP1A1. Our results demonstrate that some aromatic amines may enhance the influence of B[a]P on Ah receptor-dependent genes.

Administration of a dietary supplement of 6 g d,l-tryptophan/day for 4 1/2 yr following the administration of a single dose of 50 mg 4-aminobiphenyl/kg produced a bladder tumor in 1 of 4 beagle dogs. No tumors were observed in 6 dogs given the same dose of 4-aminobiphenyl without supplemental tryptophan. Experiment suggest that d,l-tryptophan plays as role as a co-carcinogen or promoter in the induction of bladder cancer.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Nitrates, Nitrites, and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Nitrates, Nitrites, and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress, Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nitrates, Nitrites, and Related Compounds/

First Aid: If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ...

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... 4 Aminobiphenyl (xenylamine), a byproduct of aniline dye manufacturing used as a rubber antioxidant, is another occupational bladder carcinogen and may cause cancer of the ureters and renal pelves as well.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... In this study, the effects of 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) were investigated using a battery of ecotoxicological model systems, including immobilization of Daphnia magna, development of zebrafish embryos, and inhibition of mammalian cell proliferation. The growth inhibition effects of 4-ABP were assessed on mouse connective tissue fibroblast cells (L929 cells) and human hepatocelluar carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) by using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-trazolium bromide reduction assay. The results reveal that 4-aminobiphenyl is toxic for aquatic organisms and mammalian cells. The system most sensitive to 4-aminobiphenyl is D. magna immobilization, followed by development of zebrafish embryos, and inhibition of cell proliferation. L929 and HepG2 cell growth inhibition bioassays show low sensitivity. These findings indicate that a single model for the possible harmful effect of 4-ABP has its limitations; only a test battery, composed of bioassays on different species, can provide an accurate assessment of the action of 4-ABP in the whole environment.

2.60e-02

1.10e-01

4.70e-04

2.00e-03

3.00e-03

4.00e+00

2.10e+01

6.00e-03

Volatile

2.60e+00

1.10e+01

4.70e-02

2.00e-01

3.00e-01

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

4-Biphenylamine's production and use as a carcinogen in cancer research, in the detection of sulfates, and its former use as a rubber antioxidant and dye intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 4-Biphenylamine can occur as a contaminant in 2-aminobiphenyl which is used in the manufacture of dyes. 4-Biphenylamine and other aromatic amines can be formed as metabolites from the degradation of azo dyes. 4-Biphenylamine ocurs in cigarette smoke. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 3.2X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-biphenylamine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-biphenylamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours. 4-Biphenylamine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-biphenylamine is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2470. Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that 4-biphenylamine may be immobile in some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation rates of 0-50% over 28 days and 50% after 7 days in static system procedures suggest that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, 4-biphenylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 36 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Photooxidation may be an important fate process on water surfaces exposed to sunlight. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 4-biphenylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-biphenylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 4-biphenylamine via inhalation of cigarette smoke. Potential exposure may occur through dermal contact with hair dyes and ingestion of foods with food additives that may contain trace amounts of 4-biphenylamine as an impurity. (SRC)

4-Biphenylamine is not known to occur in nature(1).

4-Biphenylamine's production and use as a carcinogen in cancer research, in the detection of sulfates(1), and its former use as a rubber antioxidant and dye intermediate(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 4-Biphenylamine can occur as a contaminant in 2-aminobiphenyl which is used in the manufacture of dyes(3). 4-Biphenylamine has been detected in hair dyes(3). 4-Biphenylamine and other aromatic amines can be formed as metabolites from the degradation of azo dyes(4,5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2470(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-biphenylamine is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that 4-biphenylamine may be immobile in some soils. Volatilization of 4-biphenylamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(1). 4-Biphenylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 3.2X10-4 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation rates of 0-50% over 28 days and 50% after 7 days in static system procedures(6,7) suggest that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). 4-Biphenylamine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(8) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC).[(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Aug 22, 2016: http://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (3) Bollag JM et al; J Agric Food Chem 26: 1302-6 (1978) (4) Adrian P et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 20-21: 109-20 (1989) (5) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Institute for Physical Property Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. New York, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (2002) (6) Tabak HH et al; pp. 267-328 in Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of toxicants. AOAC 94th Mtg (1981) (7) Fochtman EG; Biodegradation and Carbon Adsorption of Carcinogenic and Hazardous Organic Compounds. EPA-600/S2-81-032. Cincinnati, OH (1981). Available from, as of August 22, 2016: https://nepis.epa.gov/ (8) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2470(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-biphenylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 36(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.86(5) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation rates of 0-50% over 28 days and 50% after 7 days in static system procedures(6,7) suggest that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Analogous compounds, aniline and biphenyl, were classified as readily biodegradable by the Japanese MITI test with respective theoretical BODs of 85 and 66% over 2 weeks(8) which also suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). 4-Biphenylamine is an aromatic amine and aromatic amines in surface waters exposed to sunlight react with photo-oxidants with a half-life on the order of 30 days(9). Humic acids in natural water photosensitize the photo-oxidation reaction of aromatic amines and enhances degradation rates(10). 4-Biphenylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-biphenylamine, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 3.2 X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-biphenylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 4-Biphenylamine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).[(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Institute for Physical Property Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. New York, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (2002) (3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Aug 22, 2016: http://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (4) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook.

AEROBIC: 4-Biphenylamine was 0-50% degraded at the end of a 28 day test period in a static biodegradability test in which 2 mg/L of the compound was seeded with sludge, mineral salts, 5 mg/l yeast, with 7-day static incubation followed by 3 weekly subcultures(1); this was considered as slowly degraded with acclimation under the conditions of this test system(1). In another static system procedure where a 1% solution of the chemical in an emulsifier was added to a bacterial suspension at a concentrations of 1 to 2 ppm, 4-biphenylamine was 50% degraded at the end an initial 7-day incubation period(2). Two analogous compounds, aniline (phenylamine) and biphenyl, were classified as readily biodegradable by the Japanese MITI test (OECD Guideline 301C)(3). Aniline and biphenyl, present at 100 mg/L, reached 85 and 66% of their respective theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-biphenylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 8.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Biphenylamine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). 4-Biphenylamine is an aromatic amine and aromatic amines in surface waters exposed to sunlight react with photo-oxidants (such as hydroxyl radicals, peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen) with a half-life on the order of 30 days(3). Humic acids in natural water photosensitize the photo-oxidation reaction of aromatic amines such as aniline(4); for example, when aniline in distilled water and aniline in Georgia river water (high in humic acid content) was exposed to sunlight, the respective half-lives were 1 week and 4-8 hours(4). 4-Biphenylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5).[(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Aug 22, 2016: http://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (2) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook.

An estimated BCF of 36 was calculated in fish for 4-biphenylamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.86(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 4-biphenylamine can be estimated to be 2470(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-biphenylamine is expected to have slight mobility in soil. Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be lower in some soils(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-biphenylamine is estimated as 1.5X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-biphenylamine is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 4-Biphenylamine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 4-Biphenylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 3.2X10-4 mm Hg(3).

4-Biphenylamine was not detected in tire leachate water samples, detection limit of 1.0 ug/L(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: From 1967 through 1992, no ambient measurements were found for 4-biphenylamine in the computerized survey of published and unpublished data(1). The concentration of 4-biphenylamine in a sample of outdoor air from Brindisi, Italy was a small, unquantified amount, sampling date not reported(2).

Occurrence of 4-biphenylamine in foods may be possible because food additives (specific food dyes) may contain trace amounts of 4-biphenylamine as an impurity(1,2).

According to toxicological studies, there are several unidentified mutagens derived from cooking oil fumes appearing in kitchens of Chinese homes where women daily prepare food. Data are limited to an analysis of aromatic amines from cooking oil fumes, which are known to be carcinogenic for bladder cancer. Fume samples from three different commercial cooking oils frequently used in Taiwan were collected and analysed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Aromatic amines were extracted from the samples and identified by HPLC and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Extracts from three cooking oil fumes were found to be mutagenic in the presence of S-9 mix. All samples contained 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). Concentrations of 2-NA and 4-ABP were 31.5 and 35.7 ug/cu m in fumes from sunflower oil, 31.9 and 26.4 mg/cu m in vegetable oil, and 48.3 and 23.3 ug/cu m in refined-lard oil, respectively. Mutagenicities of the three cooking oil condensates were significantly reduced (P<0.05) by adding the antioxidant catechin (CAT) into the oils before heating. Significant difference existed between the amounts of aromatic amines with and without adding CAT (P<0.05). These results indicate that exposure to cooking oil fumes in Taiwan might be an important but controllable risk factor in the aetiology of bladder cancer.

4-Biphenylamine has been detected in tobacco smoke(1,2). The mainstream and sidestream smoke have been reported to contain about 4.6 and 140 ng 4-biphenylamine per cigarette, respectively(3). Levels of 2.4-4.6 ng per cigarette without a filter and 0.2-23 ng per cigarette with a filter are reported(4).

4-Biphenylamine may occur as a trace amount impurity in the production of the dye intermediate 2-aminobiphenyl(1). 4-Biphenylamine, as an impurity, was detected at concentrations of 0.31, 0.068 and 0.062 ppm in three batch samples of commercial Acid Black 1 dye that is used as a direct hair coloring agent up to an on-head concentration of 0.5% in non-oxidative hair dye formulations(2). In a US study, 4-biphenylamine was detected in 8 of 11 different oxidative and direct hair dyes at levels form non-detectable (<0.29 ppb) to 12.8 ppb(3). It was found in blonde, red and black hair dyes, but not in brown dyes(3).

Occupational exposure to 4-biphenylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-biphenylamine is produced or used. The general public may be potentially exposed through ingestion of foods with food additives that may contain trace amounts of 4-biphenylamine as impurity as well as through environmental exposure to tobacco smoke(1). Laboratory technicians and scientists who use 4-biphenylamine for research purposes may constitute the group with the greatest risk of potential exposure(1). Occupational exposure may also occur to workers (estimated to be about 130 in the United States by OSHA) involved in the production of 2-aminobiphenyl, a dye intermediate, which may contain trace amounts of 4-biphenylamine as impurity(1). In addition to cigarette smoke, the general population has potential sources of exposure from emissions from cooking oils, hair dyes, and food and other dyes contaminated with 4-biphenylamine(2).

The General Risk Index for personal direct and environmental exposure to 4-biphenylamine is 2.1 percent(1).

Among 41 confirmed nonsmokers, the geometric mean 4-biphenylamine concentration in urine was 1.64 pg/mg creatinine (1.30-2.07); conversely, in 89 smokers, the geometric mean 4-biphenylamine concentration was significantly greater, at 8.69 pg/mg creatinine (7.43-10.16)(1). Smokers (N = 10) excreted significantly higher amounts of 4-biphenylamine (15.3 versus 9.6 ng/24 h) than nonsmokers (N = 10)(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/= 100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Controlled incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal devices.

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

Symbol: T; R: 45-22; S: 53-45; Note: E