Methyl Benzoate

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (7 of 2105) of reports.

H302 (99.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2105 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 7 of 2105 reports by companies.

There are 9 notifications provided by 2098 of 2105 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P280, P370+P378, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P330, P370+P378, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention if irritation persists.

Rinse mouth. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Extinguishing methods: Water may be used to blanket fire.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Store only in original container. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible liquids.

3.5 [ppm]

39 [ppm]

230 [ppm]

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in impaired functions.

Approved respirator, chemical safety goggles, chemical-resistant gloves. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

NO open flames. Above 83 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

Use ventilation.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Methyl benzoate appears as a crystalline solid or a solid dissolved in a liquid. Denser than water. Contact may slightly irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be slightly toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid with a fragrant odor; [Hawley]

COLOURLESS OILY LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless liquid with a pungent, heavy, floral odour with fruity undertones

Colorless, transparent liquid

Liquid...colorless, oily

Fragrant odor

FRUITY ODOR, ALSO SIMILAR TO CANANGA

MEDICINAL ODOR

FRUITY, NUTTY, ... WITH CHERRY TASTE

388 to 390 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

198.00 to 199.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

199.6 °C @760 [mm Hg]

10 °F (NTP, 1992)

-12.35 °C

-12.3 °C

-12.5 °C

181 °F (NTP, 1992)

181 °F (83 °C) (Closed cup)

83 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 72.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 2100 mg/L at 20 °C

In water, 2.038X10+3 mg/L at 25 deg

Soluble in ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, methanol; miscible with diethyl ether

Miscible with alcohol, ether, methanol

For more Solubility (Complete) data for METHYL BENZOATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.1 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/l at 25 °C: 2 (slightly soluble)

insoluble in water, glycerol; soluble in organic solvents, oils

miscible at room temperature (in ethanol)

1.0888 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0837 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.09 (20 °C)

1.082-1.089

1.082 @25 °C

4.69 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.69 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.7

1 mmHg at 102 °F ; 20 mmHg at 197.2 °F; 760 mmHg at 391.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.38 [mmHg]

Slightly soluble in water. Hydrolyzes slowly in contact with water (NTP, 1992).

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

METHYL BENZOATE is an ester. Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides. This compound reacts with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases and hydrolyzes slowly in contact with water. (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible with strong acids, strong bases, nitrates, oxidizers.

Combustible liquid when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Methyl benzoate is a colorless, transparent liquid. It is used in perfumery, as a solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, resins, rubber, and as a flavoring. It is also used as a dye carrier for dyeing polyester fibers, additive for disinfectants, soy sauce, and pesticides. Methyl benzoate is an intermediate in the production of other benzoic esters. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Humans using methyl benzoate have experienced irritation to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Inhalation can cause coughing and wheezing. Swallowing the liquid may cause chemical pneumonia. A maximization test was carried out on 25 volunteers. Methyl benzoate was tested at a concentration of 4% in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions. Generally, methyl benzoate is of low to moderate toxicity by ingestion and inhalation. ANIMAL STUDIES: Sublethal doses of methyl benzoate have been reported to increase leucocyte, erythrocyte, and reticulocyte counts and prothrombin time, and in a dose of 500 mg/kg, to reduce cholinesterase activity and ascorbic acid levels. Chronic admin of high doses resulted in damage to the central nervous system. In nonoccluded skin irritation test carried out on clipped rabbits, no signs of erythema were observed in any of the animals (14/14), 4 and 24 hr after the application of 0.5 mL undiluted methyl benzoate. Very slight erythema was observed in the remaining (12/12) rabbits 24 hr after a second application. Redness increased with successive treatments. Moderate to severe edema was observed in animals (4/4) receiving 6 applications. Methyl benzoate received a score of 1 (out of 10) in a rabbit corneal necrosis test, indicating that it causes minimal eye injury. In an Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA 1537), methyl benzoate (6666 ug/plate) was not mutagenic with or without metabolic activation.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LD50 Mouse acute oral 3.0 g/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 4100 mg/kg

LD50 Rat acute oral 3.4 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1177 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 2.17 g/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A maximization test was carried out on 25 volunteers. /Methyl benzoate/ ... was tested at a concentration of 4% in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Occluded patch tests were conducted on methyl benzoate (0.05%-0.5% in a perfumed base cream, a nonperfumed base cream, or 99% ethanol) in multiple studies (total n=4737; 2341 Japanese men and 2396 Japanese women). There were no visible reactions to the test substaance observed.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Humans using methyl benzoate have experienced irritation to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation can cause coughing and wheezing. Swallowing the liquid may cause chemical pneumonia.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for METHYL BENZOATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GENOTOXICITY/ At doses of 10-666 ug/plate, methyl benzoate is not a mutagen in Ames S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA 1537, TA97, or TA98, with or without metabolic activation.

/GENOTOXICITY/ In an Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA 1537), methyl benzoate (6666 ug/plate) was not mutagenic with or without metabolic activation.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Methyl benzoate (100% was administered to the center of the cornea while the lids were retracted in rabbits (n=5). The eyelids were released after about 1 minute. The eyes were scored after 18 to 24 hours in daylight and with staining. Methyl benzoate was given a grade 1 (iritis, slight internal congestion).

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Methyl benzoate (2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL) inhibited mycelia growth and aflatoxin release by Aspergillis flavus and A. parasiticus.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for METHYL BENZOATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Methyl benzoate's production and use as an additive in perfumes, disinfectants, soy sauce, and pesticides, an additive or preservative in cosmetics and personal care products, and as a solvent or dye carrier may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Methyl benzoate occurs in oils of clove, ylang ylang, and tuberose. It is also produced by some microorganisms and has been reported in tobacco. If released to air, a a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates methyl benzoate will exist solely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl benzoate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 38 days. Methyl benzoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, methyl benzoate is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 95 to 178. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Methyl benzoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Using a Modified Sturm test, methyl benzoate achieved 62% biodegradation in activated sewage sludge after 29 days, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, methyl benzoate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 22 hours and 14 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 12 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis of methyl benzoate is both base and acid catalyzed; the base catalyzed reaction is faster than the acid-catalyzed reaction. Reported half-lives for the hydrolysis of methyl benzoate at pH 9 and pH 7 are 10 days and 2.8 years, respectively. Occupational exposure to methyl benzoate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl benzoate is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl benzoate via ingestion of food and inhalation and dermal contact with consumer products containing methyl benzoate. (SRC)

Methyl benzoate occurs in oils of clove, ylang ylang, and tuberose(1,2). It occurs naturally in plants, flowers(3) and some fruit(4-5) and is produced by microorganisms(6).

Methyl benzoate's production and use in cosmetics and personal care products(1), as a dye carrier for dyeing polyester fibers(3-5), as an additive for disinfectants, soy sauce, and pesticides; perfume manufacturing; solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, resins and rubber; and as a flavoring(4-6) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It is also a by-product of ozonolysis of a surface water source(3) and may be released during purification of water. Methyl benzoate may be released in stack emissions of coal burning plants(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 95-178(2-3) indicate that methyl benzoate is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of methyl benzoate from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant estimated as 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 0.38 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.1X10+3 mg/L(5). Methyl benzoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Using a Modified Sturm test, methyl benzoate achieved 62% biodegradation in activated sewage sludge after 29 days(6), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 95-178(2-3) indicate that methyl benzoate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant estimated as 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.38 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.1X10+3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 22 hours and 14 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 12(SRC), its log Kow of 2.12(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Using a Modified Sturm test, methyl benzoate achieved 62% biodegradation in activated sewage sludge after 29 days(10), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), methyl benzoate, which has a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl benzoate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 38 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Methyl benzoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Methyl benzoate, present at 28 mg/L in activated sewage sludge, achieved 62% biodegradation in 29 days using a Modified Sturm test measuring carbon dioxide evolution and is considered readily biodegradable(1).

AEROBIC: Methyl benzoate is judged to biodegrade without much difficulty based on its susceptibility to biological waste water treatment(1). The second order biolysis rate reported for methyl benzoate is 7.0X10-13 L/org-hr(2). Assuming microbial populations of 1X10+9, 1X10+11, and 1X10+8 organisms/L, typical of a pond, eutrophic lake, and oligotrophic lake(3), respectively, the biodegradation half-lives would be 41, 0.41 and 412 days, respectively(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of methyl benzoate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 8.66X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 18.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). In a survey of photochemical reactivity among solvents, methyl benzoate ranked in the lowest category in terms of oxidant production and time to oxidize NO to NO2(2) and reactivity toward hydroxyl radicals(3). The hydrolysis of methyl benzoate is both base and acid catalyzed; the base catalyzed reaction is faster than the acid catalyzed reaction(4). The second order alkaline hydrolysis rate for methyl benzoate in water of 7.87X10-2 L/mol-sec, indicates a half-life of 10 days at pH 9 and 2.8 yr at pH 7(5). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 4X10-2 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(6); this corresponds to half-lives of 5 years and 200 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(6). Methyl benzoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 12 was calculated in fish for methyl benzoate(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.12(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The adsorption of methyl benzoate was determined by a modified version of the OECD guideline 106, a batch equilibrium method, in three soils with different characteristics: an acid forest soil (Podzol), an agricultural soil (Alfisol), and a sediment. The respective Freundlich constants, Kf (1/n), for the three soils were 8.64 (0.81), 1.29 (0.85), and 1.51 (0.84)(1). Koc values for the Podzol, Alfisol and sediment were 178, 103, and 95, respectively(1). Methyl benzoate also has a reported log Koc value of 2.10 (Koc = 126)(2). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(3), the Koc of methyl benzoate can be estimated to be 70(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), methyl benzoate is expected to have moderate to high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for methyl benzoate is estimated as 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.38 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.1X10+3 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that methyl benzoate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 22 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 14 days(SRC). Methyl benzoate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Methyl benzoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Methyl benzoate was not detected in groundwater surveyed in England between 1977 and 1979(1).

DRINKING WATER: Tap water from the Kitakyushu Municipal Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Japan had detectable concentrations of methyl benzoate of 1.8 ppb, sampled in 1980(1). EPA water supply data as of November 25, 1974 lists methyl benzoate as identified but not quantified in drinking water from New Orleans, LA(2). Methyl benzoate was detected in the treated waters from 7 of 14 water supplies surveyed in England between 1977 and 1979. Five of the water samples with methyl benzoate detections were collected from surface river waters, one from an upland reservoir and one from potentially polluted groundwater source. Methyl benzoate was detected in the treated waters only and not in the raw water samples examined(3). Methyl benzoate was detected in drinking water in China near areas irrigated by sewage effluent(4). Methyl benzoate was identified in drinking water concentrate from the Cincinnati, OH, water supply, but not in samples from six other US cities(5,6).

SURFACE WATER: Methyl benzoate was identified (major GC peak), but not quantified, in water samples from Spirit Lake, Castle Lake, and Smith Creek, 2.5 to 3 months after the eruption of Mount St Helens on May 18, 1980(1). The compound was identified not quantified in river water in Japan(2). Methyl benzoate was not detected in surface river water surveyed in England between 1977 and 1979(3).

SEAWATER: Methyl benzoate was was identified not quantified in sea water in Japan(1).

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, methyl benzoate was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median concn in ppb): nonferrous metals (1; 51.0), organics and plastics (2; 407.4), inorganic chemicals (1; 6.0), textile mills (1; 17.1), plastics and synthetics (2; 5727.5), rubber processing (2; 164.8), pharmaceuticals (1; 286.6), electronics (1; 142.1), organic chemicals (2; 953.1), publicly owned treatment works (2; 10.2). The highest effluent concn was 11,444 ppb in the plastics and synthetics industry(1).

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Methyl benzoate's production and use as an additive in perfumes, disinfectants, soy sauce, and pesticides, an additive or preservative in cosmetics and personal care products, and as a solvent or dye carrier may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Methyl benzoate occurs in oils of clove, ylang ylang, and tuberose. It is also produced by some microorganisms and has been reported in tobacco. If released to air, a a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates methyl benzoate will exist solely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl benzoate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 38 days. Methyl benzoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, methyl benzoate is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 95 to 178. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Methyl benzoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Using a Modified Sturm test, methyl benzoate achieved 62% biodegradation in activated sewage sludge after 29 days, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, methyl benzoate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 22 hours and 14 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 12 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis of methyl benzoate is both base and acid catalyzed; the base catalyzed reaction is faster than the acid-catalyzed reaction. Reported half-lives for the hydrolysis of methyl benzoate at pH 9 and pH 7 are 10 days and 2.8 years, respectively. Occupational exposure to methyl benzoate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl benzoate is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl benzoate via ingestion of food and inhalation and dermal contact with consumer products containing methyl benzoate. (SRC)

Methyl benzoate occurs in oils of clove, ylang ylang, and tuberose(1,2). It occurs naturally in plants, flowers(3) and some fruit(4-5) and is produced by microorganisms(6).

Methyl benzoate's production and use in cosmetics and personal care products(1), as a dye carrier for dyeing polyester fibers(3-5), as an additive for disinfectants, soy sauce, and pesticides; perfume manufacturing; solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, resins and rubber; and as a flavoring(4-6) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It is also a by-product of ozonolysis of a surface water source(3) and may be released during purification of water. Methyl benzoate may be released in stack emissions of coal burning plants(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 95-178(2-3) indicate that methyl benzoate is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of methyl benzoate from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant estimated as 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 0.38 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.1X10+3 mg/L(5). Methyl benzoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Using a Modified Sturm test, methyl benzoate achieved 62% biodegradation in activated sewage sludge after 29 days(6), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 95-178(2-3) indicate that methyl benzoate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant estimated as 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.38 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.1X10+3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 22 hours and 14 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 12(SRC), its log Kow of 2.12(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Using a Modified Sturm test, methyl benzoate achieved 62% biodegradation in activated sewage sludge after 29 days(10), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), methyl benzoate, which has a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl benzoate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 38 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Methyl benzoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Methyl benzoate, present at 28 mg/L in activated sewage sludge, achieved 62% biodegradation in 29 days using a Modified Sturm test measuring carbon dioxide evolution and is considered readily biodegradable(1).

AEROBIC: Methyl benzoate is judged to biodegrade without much difficulty based on its susceptibility to biological waste water treatment(1). The second order biolysis rate reported for methyl benzoate is 7.0X10-13 L/org-hr(2). Assuming microbial populations of 1X10+9, 1X10+11, and 1X10+8 organisms/L, typical of a pond, eutrophic lake, and oligotrophic lake(3), respectively, the biodegradation half-lives would be 41, 0.41 and 412 days, respectively(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of methyl benzoate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 8.66X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 18.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). In a survey of photochemical reactivity among solvents, methyl benzoate ranked in the lowest category in terms of oxidant production and time to oxidize NO to NO2(2) and reactivity toward hydroxyl radicals(3). The hydrolysis of methyl benzoate is both base and acid catalyzed; the base catalyzed reaction is faster than the acid catalyzed reaction(4). The second order alkaline hydrolysis rate for methyl benzoate in water of 7.87X10-2 L/mol-sec, indicates a half-life of 10 days at pH 9 and 2.8 yr at pH 7(5). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 4X10-2 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(6); this corresponds to half-lives of 5 years and 200 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(6). Methyl benzoate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 12 was calculated in fish for methyl benzoate(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.12(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The adsorption of methyl benzoate was determined by a modified version of the OECD guideline 106, a batch equilibrium method, in three soils with different characteristics: an acid forest soil (Podzol), an agricultural soil (Alfisol), and a sediment. The respective Freundlich constants, Kf (1/n), for the three soils were 8.64 (0.81), 1.29 (0.85), and 1.51 (0.84)(1). Koc values for the Podzol, Alfisol and sediment were 178, 103, and 95, respectively(1). Methyl benzoate also has a reported log Koc value of 2.10 (Koc = 126)(2). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(3), the Koc of methyl benzoate can be estimated to be 70(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), methyl benzoate is expected to have moderate to high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for methyl benzoate is estimated as 3.24X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.38 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.1X10+3 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that methyl benzoate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 22 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 14 days(SRC). Methyl benzoate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Methyl benzoate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.38 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Methyl benzoate was not detected in groundwater surveyed in England between 1977 and 1979(1).

DRINKING WATER: Tap water from the Kitakyushu Municipal Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Japan had detectable concentrations of methyl benzoate of 1.8 ppb, sampled in 1980(1). EPA water supply data as of November 25, 1974 lists methyl benzoate as identified but not quantified in drinking water from New Orleans, LA(2). Methyl benzoate was detected in the treated waters from 7 of 14 water supplies surveyed in England between 1977 and 1979. Five of the water samples with methyl benzoate detections were collected from surface river waters, one from an upland reservoir and one from potentially polluted groundwater source. Methyl benzoate was detected in the treated waters only and not in the raw water samples examined(3). Methyl benzoate was detected in drinking water in China near areas irrigated by sewage effluent(4). Methyl benzoate was identified in drinking water concentrate from the Cincinnati, OH, water supply, but not in samples from six other US cities(5,6).

SURFACE WATER: Methyl benzoate was identified (major GC peak), but not quantified, in water samples from Spirit Lake, Castle Lake, and Smith Creek, 2.5 to 3 months after the eruption of Mount St Helens on May 18, 1980(1). The compound was identified not quantified in river water in Japan(2). Methyl benzoate was not detected in surface river water surveyed in England between 1977 and 1979(3).

SEAWATER: Methyl benzoate was was identified not quantified in sea water in Japan(1).

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, methyl benzoate was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median concn in ppb): nonferrous metals (1; 51.0), organics and plastics (2; 407.4), inorganic chemicals (1; 6.0), textile mills (1; 17.1), plastics and synthetics (2; 5727.5), rubber processing (2; 164.8), pharmaceuticals (1; 286.6), electronics (1; 142.1), organic chemicals (2; 953.1), publicly owned treatment works (2; 10.2). The highest effluent concn was 11,444 ppb in the plastics and synthetics industry(1).

Methyl benzoate was identified in the raw effluent of a polyester textile finishing plant(1). Methyl benzoate was present in the effluent of stack emissions from Ames power plant in Iowa, a coal-burning power plant, monitored for 4 years starting in 1977(2). Methyl benzoate was detected in effluent concentrates from the advanced treatment plant in Lake Tahoe, CA, but not in that of five other communities(3). Methyl benzoate was detected in the emissions of a municipal incineration plant at 0.12 ug/cu m, the location and date were not reported(4). The compound is a by-product of ozonolysis of a surface water source(5) and may be released during purification of water. Methyl benzoate may be released in stack emissions of coal burning plants(6).

SEDIMENT: Methyl benzoate was listed as tentatively detected in sediments from North Fork Elk River above mouth near Clark, CO and Fourmile Creek near Deckers, CO at concentrations of 1.67 and 65.9 ug/kg, respectively, in a USGS water quality study conducted over 5 years starting in 2003(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Methyl benzoate was detected but not quantified in ambient air and source air samples collected from Thane Belapur Industrial Area in Mumbai, India, which has various petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceutical, engineering, plastics industries with working facilities. Samples were taken at 16 locations during summer, monsoon, and winter seasons of 2004(1).

Methyl benzoate has been identified in ripening kiwi fruit(1), pineapple guava(2), clove oil(3), and a gruyere-type cheese from the Swiss Alps(4).

Methyl benzoate was detected, but not quantified, in ground and whole grains of Musty Sorghum(1) and in the volatiles of pineapple essence(2). Methyl benzoate was detected at a concentration of 39 ug/kg in Lonicera japonica flowers 12 hours after opening; samples collected in May and June 1993 at locations in Lane and Bosewell OK (3). Methyl benzoate was not detected in the fresh Lonicera japonica flowers and not detected in the flowers 24 hours after opening(3).

Methyl benzoate detections in plants(1).[Table#5339]

Methyl benzoate is reported as a component in tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(1). Methyl benzoate was detected in alfalfa silage emissions from a commercial dairy located in Yolo County, California at a concentration of 0.61 nL/L, sample collection date not reported(2). Methyl benzoate was detected in the emissions of 7 of 44 chamber samples of wood-based materials treated with commercially available lacquers and foils for furniture coatings(3). Methyl benzoate was identified in weathered, black crusted limestone from Sevilla Cathedral in Spain and Mechelen Cathedral in Belgium(4).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 3 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of methyl benzoate in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 49 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 73,641 workers (25,030 of these are female) were potentially exposed to methyl benzoate in the US(1). Based on results from an environmental survey conducted prior to 1991, occupational exposure to methyl benzoate may occur during the production of dimethyl terephthalate; concentrations of methyl benzoate were detected in the breathing zone and select areas of a plant manufacturing dimethyl terephthale(2). Occupational exposure to methyl benzoate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl benzoate is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl benzoate via ingestion of food and inhalation and dermal contact with consumer products containing methyl benzoate. (SRC)

A German survey performed in 1990 and 1991 of 113 people (ages 25-69) investigated personal atmospheric exposures for 1 week; methyl benzoate was detected at an average concentration of 1.8 ug/cu m (geometric mean) and 35 samples were less than 0.7 ug/cu m(1).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.