fenoprop

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 46 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P319, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water fog, foam, CO2 or dry chemical. (USCG, 1999)

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire ... .

WATER, FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE OR DRY CHEMICAL.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

... A mobile unit for detox and decontamination of water soluble organics spilled in water includes the use of activated carbon. Activated carbon effectively removes ... silvex ... /SRP: dependent on pH/ ... however, if other organic cmpds are present at the spill site, competition for activated carbon may prevent complete absorption ... adequate contact with carbon can alleviate ... this problem.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing 2,4,5-T should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /2,4,5-T/

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liq or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Water spill: If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants & precipitates.

If at all possible sprayer should be used for phenoxies only. If absolutely necessary, sprayer may be cleaned by repeated washes with detergent followed by dilute alkali followed by many flushings with water. Rubber hoses & gaskets are difficult if not impossible to clean; esters of the phenoxies tend to be absorbed by rubber & cannot be removed by any type of cleaning.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F027 & D017, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Several alternative means of disposal ... were evaluated ... led to the selection of at-sea incineration aboard a chemical waste incineration ship as the preferred alternative disposal action.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for silvex: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For several good reasons, .... herbicides ... should be handled and applied only with full attention to safety measures that minimize personal contact. Many formulations contain adjuvants (stabilizers, penetrants, surfactants) that may have significant irritating and toxic effects. A number of premixed formulations contain two or more active ingredients; the companion pesticides may be more toxic than the principal herbicide. Good hygienic practice should not be disregarded just because a pesticide is reported to have a high LD50 in laboratory rodents.

Avoid contact with skin, eyes, & clothing.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources & sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap & water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Handle carefully. Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage ... of this product.

2.0 [mg/m3]

21 [mg/m3]

130 [mg/m3]

Self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber gloves, hats, suits and boots, and goggles. (USCG, 1999)

Self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber gloves, hats, suits & boots, & goggles.

Respirator selection: Upper limit devices recommended by OSHA: Up to 50 mg/cu m: any dust and mist respirator except single-use respirators; 100 mg/cu m: any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators or any supplied air respirator or any self-contained breathing apparatus; 250 mg/cu m: any supplied air respirator operated in a continuous flow or any powered air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter; 500 mg/cu m: any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece or any powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece or any supplied-air respirator with tight-fitting facepiece operated in a continuous flow mode; 5000 mg/cu m: any supplied air respirator with a full facepiece & operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; Emergency or planned entry in unknown concn or IDLH conditions: any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece & operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece & operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; Escape: any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter or any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus. /2,4,5-T/

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots & goggles. /2,4,5-TP esters/

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid is a white powder. Sinks and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)

White solid; [HSDB] Faintly brown powder; [MSDSonline]

Colorless powder

WHITE POWDER

LOW ODOR /SRP: MAY BE DUE TO PHENOLIC IMPURITIES/

greater than 300 °F at 0.5 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

347 to 351 °F (NTP, 1992)

179-181 °C

181.6 °C

/2,4,5-TP's/ acidic forming amine & alkali-metal salts which are sol in water, acetone, lower alcohol; insol in aromatic & chlorinated hydrocarbons & most non-polar organic solvents. Its lower alkyl esters are slightly volatile .... They are sparingly sol in water; very sol in most organic solvents.

0.014% water at 25 °C, 15.2% acetone, 0.16% benzene, 0.024% carbon tetrachloride, 7.13% diethyl ether, 0.017% heptane, 10.5% methanol

In acetone 180, methanol 134, diethyl ether 98, heptane 0.86 (all in g/kg , 25 °C)

In water, 71 mg/L at 25 °C

1.2085 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2085 at 20 °C

BULK DENSITY: 27.4 LB/CU FT

1.2085 @ 20°C

0.00000997 [mmHg]

log Kow = 3.80

Emulsifiable concentrates of silvex ester have shelf lives of from 1 to 3 yr.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic chloride fumes.

Acid is slightly corrosive

pKa = 2.84

Surface area per molecule: 59.1 sq angstrom

Acid is practically nonvolatile

White solids /2,4,5-TP esters/

MW: 269.7. Slightly volatile ... sparingly soluble in water; very soluble in most organic solvents /Butotyl ester/

Fusion temperature

Melting temperature

Phase transition

Transition enthalpy

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Herbicides, Plant Growth Regulators

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Herbicides, Chlorophenoxy

Pesticide

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Acids, Carboxylic

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Aryl Halides

A halogenated organic acid derivative. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymer

2(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP)

8 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

2 (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) Propionic acid

Pesticide

Synonyms Silvex; 2,4,5-TP

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Human data are not available and the available animal cancer bioassay studies are considered to be inadequate. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: limited; Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides; From table/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /2,4,5-T/

Chemical: SILVEX

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

The NOEL was judged to be 0.9 mg/kg/day for male dogs and 2.6 mg/kg/day for female dogs.

... ADI /acceptable daily intake was/ calculated at 0.00075 mg/kg/day for 2,4,5-TP ...

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LD50 Rat oral 650 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1070 mg/kg body wt /Kuron, 4 lb acid equivalent/gal/

LD50 Guinea pig oral 850 mg/kg body wt. /Kuron, 4 lb acid equivalent/gal/

LD50 Rabbit oral 850 mg/kg body wt. /Kuron, 4 lb acid equivalent/gal/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Monitor body temperature and treat if necessary. /Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor and treat cardiac arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Titrate to maintain adequate urine flow. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Related Compounds

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Seven men & 1 woman ingested the free acid of Silvex at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. There were no untoward effects; clinical, chemical, & hematological findings remained normal.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology (partly inferential): 1. Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, perhaps nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. 2. Hyporeflexia and lethargy progressing to coma, with constricted pupils (miosis). 3. Flaccid paralysis has been described in one comatose patient, grand mal convulsions with opisthotonos in another, hypertonia with areflexia in a third, and twitching and jerking in a fourth. ... 5. Progressive decline in blood pressure with death in deep coma. The possibility that hyperpyrexia and hypermetabolism may have contributed to the fatal outcome does not appear to have been ruled out (one comatose patient was described as sweating profusely). A terminal pneumonia is likely. 6. Disturbance in body temp regulation may be encountered. Perhaps severe reduction of body temp in cool or cold environments. More probably, febrile reponses in warm environments or during exercise. 7. Progressive hypotension with death in peripheral vascular collapse, perhaps associated with acidosis due to lactic acidemia and other products of hypermetabolism. 8. In nonfatal poisonings, severe and protracted neuritis with pain, paresthesias and weakness. ... Humans have experienced muscle fasciculations as well as myotonia. Chronic exposure may lead to central nervous system defects in the control of motor function. /2,4-D/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The chlorophenoxy herbicides have produced contact dermatitis in man ... . /Chlorophenoxy compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of spray may cause burning sensations in the nasopharynx & chest, & coughing may result. Prolonged inhalation sometimes causes dizziness. /Chlorophenoxy compounds/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats & rabbits, the oral LD50 of the mixed butyl esters & propylene glycol esters ranged between 500 & 1,000 mg/kg. /Silvex esters/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ After admin of 50 mg/kg to cattle daily for 90 days, erosion of the rumen mucosa & chronic enteritis were observed. Necropsy findings included enlarged & friable liver & congestion of the lower respiratory passages.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The propylene glycol butyl ether ester of Silvex (Kuron) was fed to male & female rats in diet at 10, 30, 100, 300 & 600 mg/kg/day for 90 days /strain not specified/. mortalities were observed at 600 mg/kg/day, growth decr at 300 & 600 mg/kg/day, & incr liver wt at 30 mg/kg/day & above. No toxic effect was found in animals receiving 10 mg/kg/day. /Propylene glycol butyl ether ester of Silvex (Kuron)/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... A 2-year study in which groups of 25 male and 25 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 10, 30, or 100 ppm Kurosal SL. No effects on general appearance, food consumption, hematological parameters, blood chemistry, or gross and microscopic appearance of tissues were observed. Slightly retarded growth and increased relative kidney weights were the only adverse effects observed, and they occurred only at 100 ppm. No adverse effects occurred at 30 ppm or less, equivalent to 2.6 mg/kg/day of the acid form of silvex. /Kurosal SL/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) oral < 400 ppm, females, 42 mo old, sample purity: analytical grade.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) oral >2000 mg/kg, males, 3-4 months old, sample purity: analytical grade.

LC50 Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) oral > 5000 ppm (5-day diet), test age 12 days.

LC50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasant) approx 4500 ppm (5-day feeding test).

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (42 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) oral < 400 ppm, females, 42 mo old, sample purity: analytical grade.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) oral >2000 mg/kg, males, 3-4 months old, sample purity: analytical grade.

LC50 Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) oral > 5000 ppm (5-day diet), test age 12 days.

LC50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasant) approx 4500 ppm (5-day feeding test).

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (42 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /in Mallard (LD50 oral >2000 mg/kg) and mule deer (LD50 <400 mg/kg)/: Mallards-- ataxia, imbalance and tremors; Deer-- tenseness, jitteriness, and anorexia. Sign appeared in mallards as soon as 45 min and remission took up to 45 days. The doe died during the night after treatment.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Slight effects on algae resulted from 25-250 ppm doses of Silvex, oxygen evolution was reduced and growth inhibited.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ At high concentrations (100-1000 mg/L) in the water supply of honeybees, several formulations of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D and fenoprop prevented or severely inhibited brood production (both egg laying and larval development).

5.10e+02

6.60e+03

1.10e+02

5.00e+01

6.10e-02

2.80e-02

8.00e-03

Volatile

1.50e+03

2.00e+04

3.30e+02

2,4,5-TP's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide resulted in its direct release to the environment. Cancellation of all registered uses in US was put into effect on January 2, 1985. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,4,5-TP will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,4,5-TP will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours. Particulate-phase 2,4,5-TP will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. 2,4,5-TP was shown to degrade when exposed to ultraviolet light. If released to soil, 2,4,5-TP is expected to have high mobility based upon Koc values of 74 and 107. The pKa of 2,4,5-TP is 2.84, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because anions do not volatilize. 2,4,5-TP exhibited biodegradation half-lives in soil of 8 to 290 days, suggesting that biodegradation in soil is variable depending on soil type. If released into water, 2,4,5-TP is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. No biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP was observed after 50 days incubation in fresh water suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. The pKa indicates 2,4,5-TP will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 58 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since 2,4,5-TP lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since 2,4,5-T is no longer produced or used in the US (Jan, 1985). In the past, 2,4,5-T was applied directly to plants as an emulsifiable concentrate and exposure to this compound was primarily by inhalation and dermal contact and in the field where it was applied. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may have been exposed to 2,4,5-TP via ingestion of food and contaminated drinking water. (SRC)

2,4,5-TP's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Cancellation of all registered uses in US was put into effect on January 2, 1985(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 74 and 107(2), indicate that 2,4,5-TP is expected to have slight to high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2,4,5-TP is 2.84(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 2,4,5-TP from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because anions do not volatilize. 2,4,5-TP is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). 2,4,5-TP exhibited biodegradation half-lives in soil of 8(6) to 290 days(7), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is variable depending on soil type(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: An average half-life of 17 days was observed in soils from Oklahoma(1). 2,4,5-T was added at a concentration of 2.47 ppm to three soils (Ouachita Highlands Forest - 54.5% sand, 29% silt, 15.5% clay, 11.0 meq/100 g CEC, 3.3% OM; Ouachita Highlands Grassland - 50.0% sand, 28.5% silt, 16.5% clay, 8.5 meq/100 g CEC, 2.8% OM; Cross Timbers Forest - 54.5% sand, 31.5% silt, 18.5% clay, 12.0 meq/100 g CEC, 3.8% OM) and incubated at 18-24 °C and maintained on 16/8 hour light/dark cycles daily. Soils were sampled at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100 days. The half-lives for each soil were 21, 14 and 15 days in Ouachita Highlands forest, grassland and Cross Timbers forest soils, respectively(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 74 and 107(2), indicate that 2,4,5-TP is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.84(3) indicates 2,4,5-TP will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(4). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF of 58(6) suggests the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). No biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP was observed after 50 days incubation in fresh water(7) suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,4,5-TP, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,4,5-TP is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 2,4,5-TP may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC).

AEROBIC: Half-lives for biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP in three Saskatchewan, Canada prairie soils were 13, 13 and 10 days for heavy clay loam, clay loam and sandy loam, respectively(1). Negligible degradation was observed in air-dried soils(1). Biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP was tested in Mardin, Honeoye and Dunkirk silt loam soil samples from areas in NY, resulting in complete disappearance in greater than 47, 124 and 205 days, respectively(2). 2,4,5-TP was shown to have an aerobic half-life of 16 days in soil(5). 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol has been identified as a product of the biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP(6). 2,4,5-TP was shown to have a half-life of 8 and 10 days in sandy loam, 15 and 21 days in forest soil, 13 days in clay loam and 14 days in grassland soil(7). In soil, 2,4,5-TP was reported to degrade more slowly than 2,4-D(8). No biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP was observed after 50 days incubation in Hamilton Harbour water from Ontario, Canada(3). An initial concn of 2,4,5-TP of 107.5 ppm was completely degraded in lagoon water in 9 days after 100 ml of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol acclimated water was added and incubated at 20 to 21 °C with constant aeration(4). 2,4,5-TP, incubated at 25 °C with sewage sludge in an aeration tank for 47 days gave an unchanged concentration of the S enantiomer and a 40% decrease in the R enantiomer(9).

Pseudomonas species & Achromobacter species from farm pond were unable individually to degrade 2,4,5-TP. However, when a mixed culture of these two organisms was incubated with 2,4,5-TP ... degradation occurred. Chlorine was released as chloride; the ring was cleaved; & carbon dioxide was evolved. One metabolite was identified as 2,4,5-trichlorophenol.

ANAEROBIC: 2,4,5-TP was shown to have an anaerobic half-life of 32 days(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,4,5-TP with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 35 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,4,5-TP was removed during anaerobic incubation of sterile and active digested sludge suggesting abiotic mechanism for removal(2). 2,4,5-TP is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2,4,5-TP was shown to degrade (unspecified rate or amount) when exposed to ultraviolet light(4).

From limited data available, it may be concluded that any phenoxy herbicide, whether applied as ester or as dimethylamine salt formulations, may be chemically transformed to the same phenoxyalkanoic anion in soil and water at rates dependent on pH. These anions would presumably reassociate with a variety of inorganic cations present in the soil to maintain electrical neutrality, and then undergo leaching and biological degradation. /Phenoxy esters/

A BCF of 58 was reported in fish in flowing water for 2,4,5-TP(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF data suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). 2,4,5-TP does not appear to bioconcentrate more than 10 fold(3).

Log Koc values for 2,4,5-TP have been reported as 1.87 and 2.03(1), giving Koc values of 74 and 107. According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that 2,4,5-TP will have high mobility in soil(SRC). 2,4,5-TP had sorption values of 2.7-5.9 mg/kg at different conditions in soil with a pH of 7.4, and sorption values of 0.2-1.1 mg/kg in soil with a pH of 8.2(3). 2,4,5-TP had reported sorption coefficients of 308-9016 mL/g(4). 2,4,5-TP is expected to be negatively charged and will not be readily absorbed making it more mobile in soil(5). The pKa of 2,4,5-TP is 2.84(6), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(7).

A pKa of 2.84(1) indicates 2,4,5-TP will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces or moist soil is not expected to be an important fate process(2). 2,4,5-TP is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUND WATER: In the Central Platte region of Nebraska sampled during 1978 irrigation season, 2,4,5-TP levels were below the detection limit of 0.005 ppb(1). 2,4,5-TP was analyzed in 1121 wells from 31 counties in CA from July 1993 to June 1995 with no detections(2). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in wells or finished water from the Biscayne Aquifer study area, FL but had a maximum detection of 1.7 ug/L in the entire area(3). 2,4,5-TP was identified in 3 of 2522 samples tested in 28 of California's 58 counties taken May 1979 to April 1984(4). 2,4,5-TP was detected in ground water samples taken from 36 golf courses across the US(5). 2,4,5-TP was found in 1% of 216 wells in OR and was not detected in groundwater samples in WI(6). 2,4,5-TP was undetected (detection limit 0.01 ug/L) from 45 sites in 12 midwest states in 1992(7). Of 77 wells tested in the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer July 29 and Sept 23, 1996, two in Desha County contained 2,4,5-TP at 0.23 and 0.28 ug/L(8). A national summary conducted from 1971 to 1991 of pesticides in groundwater revealed 2,4,5-TP in 28 of 3,876 wells tested at concns of 0.002 to <3.0 ug/L(9). Spring water tested at 16 sites in Canada from 1991 to 1994 found 1 sample at a concn of 0.5 ng/L from the North Tile drain in Outlook, Saskatchewan(10).

DRINKING WATER: 2,4,5-TP was found in 1 (concentration of 0.1 ug/L) of 4,378 samples taken 1986 to 1989, from CA public drinking water sources(1).

SURFACE WATER: 2,4,5-TP was found in 0.1% of samples taken in a national water monitoring program 1976 to 1980 with an average concn of 0.49 ppb(1). 2,4,5-TP was tested for but not detected (limit 0.05 ppb) in Lake Superior and Lake Erie(2). Of 20 selected streams sampled in the western US, 2,4,5-TP was detected in 11; concns ranged 0.01-0.14 ppb(3). 2,4,5-TP was detected on 29 of 30 sampling days over a 4 year period in the Humboldt River near Rye Patch, NV(3). Earlier sampling of these same streams yielded 5 of 200 samples positive, range of 0.01-0.21 ppb with the Humboldt River having 8 of 11 sampling times over a 2 year period positive and again having the higher concns(4). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in 11 midwestern streams during the 1965-1967 sampling period(5). 2,4,5-TP had the following values from the Ohio River Valley: Beaver River, Beaver Falls, PA, 0.02 ppb; Wabash, New Harmony, TN, 0.03 ppb; Allegheny, Monongahela, Muskingum, Kanawha, Big Sandy, Licking, Great Miami, Ohio, White, and Cumberland Rivers were all not detected(6). Of 167 stations sampled in a national river survey, 0.6% had detectable levels of 2,4,5-TP; 0.1% of the 1,768 samples contained 2,4,5-TP(7). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in surface water samples taken in 1986 in IA(8). 2,4,5-TP was detected in Kalinadi River, India at <100 ug/L(9). 2,4,5-TP had a maximum concn of 0.08 ug/L in the River Elbe, Germany in 1994(10). 2,4,5-TP was detected in 45 samples (total number unspecified) with a maximum detection of 0.07 ug/L taken from 20 stations on selected western streams in a survey running from 1968 to 1971(11).

2,4,5-TP was identified in runoff from a polluted area leading into a sewage treatment plant in Sweden(1). In a survey of Ontario treatment plants 2,4,5-TP was detected in 23 of 227 samples, corresponding to 14 of 28 secondary water treatment plants with a maximum concn of 2.90 mg/L, in 2 of 10 samples at one tertiary treatment plant with a maximum concn of 0.1 ug/L, and in 18 of 50 treated sludge samples, corresponding to 15 of 34 plants tested with a maximum concn of 1264.8 ug/kg(2). 2,4,5-TP was below EPA tolerance level in all samples taken Sep 19, 1970, April 9 and Sep 10, 1980, and April 14 and Sep 3, 1981 from Brookings Municipal Landfill, SD(3). Of 237 wells sampled in 1969 to 1978 in Ontario, Canada 3 wells were found to be contaminated with 2,4,5-TP, sources included concentrated spills, diluted spills and spray drift(4). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in municipal landfill leachates in FL and TX, was present but not quantified in OR and WI, and was found at 6-10 ug/L in NJ and 1-5 ug/L in UT(5). 2,4,5-TP was found in 2.4% of CERCLA samples and 1.4% of RCRA samples analyzed from 1981 through 1984(6). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in EPA regions 1, 3, 4, and 9, not tested in EPA region 2, 5, and 7, and detected in EPA regions 6, 8, and 10 at 2.6, 1.4, and 15.4% of disposal sites, respectively; data generated from routine monitoring conducted in the US between 1981 and 1986(7).

SEDIMENT: 2,4,5-TP was found in sediments in 0.2% of samples taken in a National Water Monitoring Program conducted in the US nationwide from 1976 to 1980; an average concentration of 6.3 ppb was reported(1).

SOIL: 2,4,5-TP was detected in 10 agricultural surface soils from Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, Canada at concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 29 mg/kg(1).

2,4,5-TP was detected in 7 large fruit samples in the US in samples taken from Jul 1, 1969-June 30, 1976(1). Spraying the ground cover and bases of apple tree trunks in orchards at a rate of 4.5 kg/ha as four different formulations of esters will not result in detectable residue levels of 2,4,5-TP in the apples(2). A survey of 36 markets in 25 cities representing 5 geographical regions, June 1965 to April 1966 resulted in 2 positive detections in dairy products in Boston, MA at 0.018-0.029 ppm(3). 2,4,5-TP was analyzed and found in a 1978 to 1982 pesticide residue monitoring study in food (positive samples not identified)(4).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F027 & D017, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Several alternative means of disposal ... were evaluated ... led to the selection of at-sea incineration aboard a chemical waste incineration ship as the preferred alternative disposal action.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for silvex: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2765; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid

NA 2765; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid

UN 2765; Phenoxy pesticides, solid, toxic, not otherwise specified

49 411 79; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid

49 621 80; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid esters (or) 2,4,5-TP esters

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.