sulfallate

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Not Classified

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

/Wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode /when fighting fire/. /Carbaryl/

Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode in fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

A system for removing pesticides from the wash water produced by pesticide applicators as they clean their equipment has been developed. The first step is the flocculation/coagulation and sedimentation of the pesticide-contaminated wash water. The supernatant from the first step is then passed through activated carbon columns. /Pesticides/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Hydrolysis: Sulfallate is hydrolyzed very slowly in either very weak acid, pH 5, or very weak base, pH 8. It is hydrolyzed rapidly in boiling caustic and is completely decomposed by strong oxidizing agents. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for SULFALLATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SULFALLATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator away from oxidizing materials, acids, and bases. (NTP, 1992)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Respirator selection, upper limit devices recommended by NIOSH. For concn up to 50 mg/cu m, use any supplied air respirator; or any self-contained breathing apparatus. For concn up to 125 mg/cu m, use any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. For concn up to 250 mg/cu m, use any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece; or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. For concn up to 600 mg/cu m, use any supplied-air respirator with a half-mask and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. For emergency or planned entry into unknown concentration or IDLH conditions, use any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape conditions use, any air-purifying full facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style or front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter; or any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus. /Carbaryl/

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with carbaryl or liquids containing carbaryl. /Carbaryl/

Sulfallate is an amber to dark amber liquid. (NTP, 1992)

Amber liquid; [Merck Index] Clear very deep brown liquid; [MSDSonline]

Amber oil

Amber liquid

262 to 266 °F at 1 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

128-130 °C

greater than 200 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 100 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, kerosene at 25 °C

Soluble in most organic solvents.

1.088 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.088 at 25 °C

0.0022 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.0022 [mmHg]

2.2X10-3 mm Hg at 20 °C

Indefinite shelf life as long as container remains sealed and not exposed to high temperature.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride, oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulfur/.

Index of refraction: 1.5822 at 25 °C/D

Decomposition temperature: 150 dec C; noncorrosive to metals

Hydrolyzed in alkali solution, half-life at pH 5 47 days, at pH 8, 30 days

Carcinogens

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Pesticides -> Dithiocarbamates (Pesticide)

Pesticide (Sulfallate) -> USDA PDB

Insoluble in water. Thio and dithiocarbamates slowly decompose in aqueous solution to form carbon disulfide and methylamine or other amines. Such decompositions are accelerated by acids.

Thiocarbamate Esters and Salts/Dithiocarbamate Esters and Salts

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

SULFALLATE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Also incompatible with alkalis. (NTP, 1992).

Strong oxidizers

The metabolic products of triallate, diallate and sulfallate appear to be mutagenic or carcinogenic. In particular, the 2-chloro-allyl group is responsible for the mutagenicity of these herbicides. These metabolites likely bind to or disrupt DNA causes base-pair subsitutions. Diallate has been shown to be a carcinogen in mice. Some thiocarbamates (EPTC, Molinate, Pebulate, and Cycloate) share a common mechanism of toxicity, i.e. the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: No adequate data. 2) evidence in animals: Sufficient evidence. Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. /From table/

Sulfallate: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Sulfallate

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 30: (1983) Miscellaneous Pesticides

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

TR-115: Bioassay of Sulfallate for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 95-06-7) (1978 )

06/29/78

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, dietary administration of sulfallate was carcinogenic to Osborne-Mendel rats and to B6C3F1 mice, inducing mammary gland tumors in females of both species, tumors of the forestomach in male rats, and lung tumors in male mice.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Sulfallate is mutagenic. Data concerning the effects of thiocarbamates on man are scarce. However, cases of irritation and sensitization have been observed among agricultural workers. Some thiocarbamates, e.g., molinate, have an effect on sperm morphology and, consequently, on reproduction. However, no teratogenic effects have been observed. The results of mutagenicity studies have shown that thiocarbamates containing dichloroallyl groups are highly mutagenic. Some thiocarbamates are acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved.

Inhalation (L793) ; oral (L793); dermal (L793)

As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

LD50 Rabbit skin 2200 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 850 mg/kg body wt

For acute exposures and first aid: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

N,N-DIALLYL-ALPHA,ALPHA-DICHLOROACETAMIDE REDUCED TOXICITY OF SULFALLATE TO CORN (ZEA MAYS).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Prolonged contact with skin and eyes may cause moderate irritation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ /subchronic/ feeding studies have demonstrated that rats fed 250 ppm concentrations of sulfallate in feed for 6 months develop eye irritation, tubular nephropathy, and hyperkeratosis of the forestomach.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/... NO DEATHS RESULTED IN RATS FED CDEC DAILY @ LEVEL OF 0.085 ML/KG OVER PERIOD OF 30 DAYS. ALL LESIONS OBSERVED IN PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS WERE REVERSIBLE.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ /subchronic toxicity/: BEAGLE DOGS & RATS FED FOR 90 DAYS @ DOSAGE LEVELS OF 20, 62, & 200 PPM WERE UNAFFECTED DURING STUDY OF 8 PARAMETERS, WITH EXCEPTION THAT DOG LIVER/BODY WT RATIOS WERE SOMEWHAT ELEVATED @ 200 PPM. ... INHALATION: RATS SURVIVED 6 HR EXPOSURE TO SATURATED ATMOSPHERE OF CDEC.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 50 male and 50 female b6c3f1 mice, six wk old, were fed diets containing technical grade sulfallate. Males were fed 950 ppm (low dose) or 1900 ppm (high dose), and females 900 ppm (low dose) or 1800 ppm (high dose) for 78 wk. Alveolar and bronchiolar carcinomas or adenomas were found in the low and high dose male groups. Adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland were found in the low and high dose female groups. Dose-related mortality occurred only in the female group. Groups of 50 male and 50 female osborne-mendel rats, six wk old, were fed diets containing technical grade sulfallate for 78 wk. Males were fed 205 ppm (low dose) and 410 (high dose). Females were fed 207 ppm (low dose) and 414 ppm (high dose). Squamous cell carcinomas or papillomas of the forestomach were found in the high dose male group. Adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland were found in the low and high dose female groups. Dose-related mortality occurred in both male and female groups.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SULFALLATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=95-06-7]

A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of sulfallate was conducted using B6C3Fl mice. Sulfallate was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female mice. Twenty mice each sex were placed on test as controls for the bioassay. The time-weighted average high and low dietary concentrations of sulfallate were, respectively, 1897 and 949 ppm for male mice, and 1815 and 908 ppm for female mice. After the 78 week period of chemical administration, there was an additional observation period of 12 to 13 weeks for dosed and control mice. There were significant positive associations between increased sulfallate concentration and accelerated mortality in ... female mice. However, adequate numbers of animals in all groups survived sufficiently long to be at risk from late-developing tumors. Statistical analyses of the ... combined alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and alveolar/ bronchiolar adenomas in male mice, and adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland in female mice revealed a significant positive association between dosage and incidence. These associations were all supported by at least one significant Fisher exact comparison. The incidence of toxic tubular nephropathy observed in ... mice (both sexes)increased with the concentration of the compound administered. This nonneoplastic lesion was not observed in control animals. Under the conditions of this bioassay dietary administration of sulfallate was carcinogenic to B6C3Fl mice, inducing mammary gland tumors in females, ... and lung tumors in male mice.

A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of sulfallate was conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats. Sulfallate was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female rats. Fifty rats of each sex were placed on test as controls for the bioassay. The time-weighted average high and low dietary concentrations of sulfallate were, respectively, 410 and 250 ppm for male rats, 404 and 250 ppm for female rats. After the 78 week period of chemical administration, there was an additional observation period of 25 to 26 weeks for dosed rats, 33 weeks for control rats. There were significant positive associations between increased sulfallate concentration and accelerated mortality in both sexes of rats. However, adequate numbers of animals in all groups survived sufficiently long to be at risk from late developing tumors. Statistical analyses of the incidences of mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats, stomach neoplasms (i.e., combination of papillomas NOS, squamous cell papillomas, and squamous-cell carcinomas) in male rats ... revealed a significant positive association between dosage and incidence. These associations were all supported by at least one significant Fisher exact comparison. The incidence of toxic tubular nephropathy observed in male rats and in mice of both sexes increased with the concentration of the compound administered. This nonneoplastic lesion was not observed in control animals. Under the conditions of this bioassay dietary administration of sulfallate was carcinogenic to Osborne-Mendel rats ... inducing ... tumors of the forestomach in male rats.

Sulfallate's former US production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.20X10-3 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates sulfallate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase sulfallate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.2 hours. Sulfallate absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, sulfallate is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Sulfallate may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, sulfallate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9 and 67 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 60 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis may be an important environmental fate process since this compound is hydrolyzed by alkali, with half-lives of 57 days at pH 5 and 30 days at pH 8 being reported. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since sulfallate is no longer produced or used in the US (2012). The general population may have been exposed to sulfallate via ingestion of vegetables grown in fields treated with sulfallate to control certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. (SRC)

Sulfallate is not known to occur as a natural product.

Sulfallate's former US production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfallate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of sulfallate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-3 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Sulfallate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). It persists in soil for 21 to 42 days(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Resultant average persistence at recommended rates: generally 3-6 weeks, on sandy soils with heavy rainfall, CDEC will persist 3-4 weeks, and 5-6 weeks on loams or clay soils with moderate precipitation

TERRESTRIAL FATE: At commercially recommended rates of 4 lb/gal, the average persistence of sulfallate in soil is 3 to 6 weeks.

Sulfallate's former US production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.20X10-3 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates sulfallate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase sulfallate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.2 hours. Sulfallate absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, sulfallate is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Sulfallate may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, sulfallate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9 and 67 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 60 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis may be an important environmental fate process since this compound is hydrolyzed by alkali, with half-lives of 57 days at pH 5 and 30 days at pH 8 being reported. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since sulfallate is no longer produced or used in the US (2012). The general population may have been exposed to sulfallate via ingestion of vegetables grown in fields treated with sulfallate to control certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. (SRC)

Sulfallate is not known to occur as a natural product.

Sulfallate's former US production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfallate is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of sulfallate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-3 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Sulfallate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). It persists in soil for 21 to 42 days(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Resultant average persistence at recommended rates: generally 3-6 weeks, on sandy soils with heavy rainfall, CDEC will persist 3-4 weeks, and 5-6 weeks on loams or clay soils with moderate precipitation

TERRESTRIAL FATE: At commercially recommended rates of 4 lb/gal, the average persistence of sulfallate in soil is 3 to 6 weeks.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that sulfallate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-3 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9 and 67 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 60(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.15(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2012).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), sulfallate, which has a vapor pressure of 2.2X10-3 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase sulfallate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Sulfallate absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of sulfallate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of sulfallate with ozone has been estimated as 1.6X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Sulfallate is hydrolyzed by alkali, with half-lives of 57 days at pH 5 and 30 days at pH 8 being reported(3). Sulfallate absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight; the kinetics of this potential reaction are unknown(SRC). Sulfallate persists in soil for 21 to 42 days(3).

An estimated BCF of 60 was calculated in fish for sulfallate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of sulfallate can be estimated to be 2000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that sulfallate is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for sulfallate is estimated as 6.5X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-3 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that sulfallate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 9 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 67 days(SRC). Sulfallate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Sulfallate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

SURFACE WATER: Sulfallate was detected in surface water from the Comunitat Valenciana, Spain at a concentration of 2.247 ug/mL(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Sulfallate has been reported to be present in the air emissions from sulfallate manufacture at a level of 0.5 kg/1000 kg pesticide produced.

Sulfallate was identified, not quantified, in vegetables during the 1978-1982 pesticide monitoring program by the US FDA(1) and in the 1988-1989 monitoring program(2). Sulfallate was identified, not quantified in domestic and imported tomatoes(3).

A potential for exposure exists during the manufacture and application of the herbicide. Agricultural workers have the greatest risk of sulfallate exposure, and rural residents of agricultural communities may be exposed to airborne residues of sulfallate after spraying operations. ... The general population may be exposed through ingestion of residues in food crops.

Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since sulfallate is no longer produced or used in the US (2012). The general population may have been exposed to sulfallate via ingestion of vegetables grown in fields treated with sulfallate to control certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Hydrolysis: Sulfallate is hydrolyzed very slowly in either very weak acid, pH 5, or very weak base, pH 8. It is hydrolyzed rapidly in boiling caustic and is completely decomposed by strong oxidizing agents. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for SULFALLATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/