2-Chloroaniline

H301+H311+H331 (78.9%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (98%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (99%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (81.4%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (97.1%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (62.3%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H373 (93.6%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (93.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 204 reports by companies from 20 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use powder. Use foam. Use carbon dioxide.

Water, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide /4-chloroaniline/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Immediately wash contaminated areas of body with concentrated soap solution. Remove contaminated clothing, dry, then wash with concentrated soap solution or dispose as waste. Contaminated shoes may be disposed in an incinerator.

Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Keep in the dark. Well closed.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or end of shift

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. Medical observation is indicated. The effects may be delayed.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Wear butyl rubber gloves, long-sleeve coveralls made of plastics and self-contained breathing apparatus.

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

O-chloroaniline is a clear amber liquid with an amine odor. Occurs in both alpha and beta forms. (NTP, 1992)

Other Solid

Clear amber liquid with an amine odor; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS DARK ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Amber liquid

Water-white to tan liquid

Colorless liquid

Characteristic sweet odor

Amine odor

406 to 410 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

208.8 °C

28.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

208 °F (NTP, 1992)

103 °C (closed cup)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in acid and in most organic solvents.

Miscible in alcohol and ether

Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, and acetone.

In water, 8165 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.5

1.213 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2114 at 22 °C/4 °C

1.213 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.00

4.4 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.41

1 mmHg at 115.3 °F ; 5 mmHg at 162.1 °F; 760 mmHg at 407.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.2 [mmHg]

0.204 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 50

log Kow = 1.90

Henry's Law constant= 5.39X10-6 (atm-cu m)/mol at 25 °C /Estimated/

Darkens on exposure to air.

>/=500 °C

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride and nitrogen oxides/.

2.9157 cP at 20 °C

13.565 kcal/mol at 25 °C; 10.60 kcal/mol at boiling point

43.66 dynes/cm at 20 °C

Positive

Agilent XCT

Sensitive to prolonged exposure to air and darkens on exposure to light. Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

Amines, Aromatic

O-CHLOROANILINE is incompatible with acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, chloroformates and strong oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Shortness of breath. Nausea. Vomiting. Convulsions. Weakness. Confusion. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

LC50 (rat) = 797 ppm/4h

LD50 Cat dermal 222 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 256 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 4000-6000 mg/cu m/4 hr

LD50 Rat oral 1016 mg/kg bw

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROANILINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Methylene blue, alone or in combination with oxygen, is indicated as treatment in nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia.

Consider the points of attack (blood, heart, lung and liver) in preplacement and periodic physical examinations. /4-Nitroaniline/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ In the United Kingdom between 1961 and 1980, chloroaniline, p-toluidine, nitrobenzene, and nitrochlorobenzene were the most common industrial causes of methemoglobinemia. Dermal exposure was a more frequent route of toxicity than inhalation with these compounds. /Chloroaniline/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: Lips, tongue and mucous membranes navy blue to black; skin slate gray, all without signs of cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency. Severe headache, nausea, sometimes vomiting, dryness of throat. Central nervous symptoms: confusion, ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus, weakness, disorientation, lethargy, drowsiness, and finally coma. Convulsions may occur but appear to be uncommon. Cardiac effects: heart blocks, arrhythmias, and shock. Death, although uncommon, is usually due to cardiovascular collapse and not resp paralysis. Urinary signs and symptoms may incl painful micturition, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and renal insufficiency (usually mild). A late acute hemolytic episode should be anticipated at 6 to 8 days after ingestion. /Aniline/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 2-Chloroaniline produced methemoglobin after administration of a single ip dose to mice.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Not irritating to rabbit skin. ...Exposure for 4 hr to 0.5 mL under occlusive conditions, observation at 14 days. Result: average scores (maximum=4): erythema and scabbing 1.6, edema 0.4. /99% pure, containing 0.1% hydrazine hydrate)/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Upon application /to skin of rabbits or cats/ of 100-900 mg/kg, symptoms of dermatitis were observed 3-5 days post application. Surviving animals recovered within 15-20 days.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Application of 1 drop /to rabbit eyes/ evoked the symptoms of a suppurating conjunctivitis, which disappeared completely within 5-10 days. ...Application of 0.01 mL into the right conjunctival sac of 2 male rabbits, one treated eye washed with tap water after 20 seconds exposure, the other was not washed. Observation for up to 28 days. Results: irritation of conjunctiva, cornea and iris; persisting corneal clouding even after 28 days in non-washed eye; effects in washed eyes reversible within 14 days.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROANILINE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=95-51-2]

EC50 Daphnia magna (Daphnids; ability to swim) 4.2 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Daphnia magna (Daphnids; ability to swim) 1.8 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Tubifex (Worm) 130-220 mg/L/48 hr

LC50 Oryzia latipes (Medaka) 6.4 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROANILINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 21 day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 0.001 to 3.16 mg/L 2-chloroaniline in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/wk in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concentration level. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24-hr EC50 was 6.0 mg/L for 2-chloroaniline, the EC0 was 1.4 mg/L. The nominal 21-day no observed effect concentration was 0.032 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-nine day old fathead minnows were exposed to an 80 mg/L concentration of 2-chloroaniline. Test conditions were as follows: Exposure temperature: 24.9 °C; pH: 7.60. Average concentration/chamber of 2-chloroaniline ranged from 2.00-25.9 mg/L. Affected fathead minnows lost schooling behavior and swam near the tank surface. They were hyperactive and overreactive to external stimuli, were darkly colored, and hemorrhagic. Equilibrium loss was not observed prior to death.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

2-Chloroaniline's production and use as an intermediate for rubber chemicals, pigments, pesticides, and dyes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-chloroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hours. 2-Chloroaniline absorbs ultraviolet light above 290 nm, indicating that direct environmental photolysis is possible. If released to soil, 2-chloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 260. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower is some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil may attenuate volatilization. The pKa of 2-chloroaniline is 2.66, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is slightly to non-biodegradable. When 2-chloroaniline (30 ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for two weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased. The percent of 2-chloroaniline remaining after 2 and 8 weeks were 40 and 20%, respectively. If released into water, 2-chloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. In addition, 2-chloroaniline may undergo chemical bonding with humic materials in the water column and in the sediment. Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is generally resistant to biodegradation or biodegrades slowly in water. 2-Chloroaniline (2 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with a 10% BOD observed after 5 days in a mixed inoculum of river water collected from the Songhua River in China. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.8 days and 60 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 5.8 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that readily hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 2-chloroaniline in a quartz tube with a fluorochemical lamp (wavelengths above 300 nm) resulted in a photodegradation half-life of 11.5 hours. Occupational exposure to 2-chloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloroaniline is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-chloroaniline via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water containing this compound. (SRC)

2-Chloroaniline's production and use as an intermediate for rubber chemicals, pigments, pesticides, and dyes(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

Chloroanilines may be released to the environment as fugitive emissions or in wastewater during their production or use as chemical intermediates(4). Chloroanilines may also form in the environment as degradation products of various pesticides(1). 2-Chloroaniline is produced from the biodegradation of insecticide phosmethylan(2). It may be released in wastewater from chemical plants manufacturing 4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 260(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.90(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-chloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). The pKa of 2-chloroaniline is 2.66(6), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. Volatilization of 2-chloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.20 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 8.2X10+3 mg/L(8). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg(7). Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is slightly to non-biodegradable(9,10). 100% loss of UV absorbance by microbial degradation in a mineral salts solution, with a soil inoculum, required an excess of 64 days(11). When 2-chloroaniline (3-ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for 2 weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased(12). The percent of 2-chloroaniline remaining in soil after 2 and 8 weeks were 40 and 20%, respectively(12). Experiments using 2-chloroaniline show that it undergoes photolysis in aqueous solution when irradiated by light with wavelengths above 290 nm (13,14); 2-chloroaniline may also be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in soil surfaces(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 260(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.90(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-chloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.20 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.2X10+3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.8 days and 60 days, respectively(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic group(6,7), and volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The pKa of 2-chloroaniline is 2.66(8), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. According to a classification scheme(9), an estimated BCF of 5.8(SRC), from an estimated log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(10), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is generally resistant to biodegradation or biodegrades slowly(11,12). 2-Chloroaniline (2 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with a 10% BOD observed after 5 days in a mixed inoculum of river water collected from the Songhua River in China(13). Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 2-chloroaniline in a quartz tube with a fluorochemical lamp (wavelengths above 300 nm) resulted in a photodegradation half-life of 11.5 hours(14). When aqueous solutions of 2.5X10-3 mol/L 2-chloroaniline in a photochemical reactor were irradiated by a mercury lamp (wavelengths 254, 297, and 365 nm), the concentration of 2-chloroaniline decreased exponentially with time, and the rate of disappearance approximated a first-order process with a rate constant of 0.107/hour(15).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloroaniline, which has a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Chloroaniline absorbs ultraviolet light above 290 nm(4). Experiments using 2-chloroaniline show that it undergoes photolysis in aqueous solution when irradiated by light with wavelengths above 290 nm (5,6); 2-chloroaniline may also be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in air(SRC).

AEROBIC: The results of biodegradability screening studies for 2-chloroaniline are conflicting with results ranging from no degradation to rapid degradation using soil, sewage, activated sludge and fresh water inocula(SRC). 2-Chloroaniline was found to be resistant to microbial degradation using the standard biodegradability test of the Japanese Ministry International Trade and Industry (MITI), a BOD test utilizing a mixed inoculum of activated sludge, sewage, and surface water(1,2). Only 2.7% of the 2-chloroaniline (100 ppm) degraded in a 2-week period in the MITI test(2). A 36% BODT was measured over a 190 hour incubation period with a Warburg respirometer(3). Half-lives greatly in excess of 4 weeks in both adapted and non-adapted inoculum were observed using the Repetitive Die Away (semistatic system) and Pitter (dynamic system) tests(4). No biodegradation was observed using modified procedures of the OECD and MITI test methods(5,6). Results of standard biodegradation tests were reported as follows: Coupled units, 5-6% DOC removal; Zahn-Wellens, 94% DOC removal; MITI, 0% BODT; Sturm, 0% CO2 evolution, 9% DOC removal; Closed bottle, 0% BODT(7). Another investigator obtained 85% DOC removal in 11 days in the Zahn-Wellens test(8). 2-Chloroaniline (2 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with a 10% BOD observed after 5 days in a mixed inoculum of river water collected from the Songhua River in China(9). Incubation of 2-chloroaniline in soil for 14 days resulted in formation of dichloroazobenzene, but no dichloroazobenzene was formed using sterilized soil(10). 100% loss of UV absorbance by microbial degradation in a mineral salts solution, with a soil inoculum, required an excess of 64 days(11). When 2-chloroaniline (3 ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for 2 weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased(12). The percent of 2-chloroaniline remaining in soil after 2 and 8 weeks were 40 and 20%, respectively(12).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Chloroaniline was not biotransformed when anaerobically incubated with samples from two sites, one methanogenic and one sulfate-reducing, within a shallow unconfined aquifier polluted by leachate from a municipal landfill for 8 months(1). Seventeen samples of 2-chloroaniline (4 umol/L) anaerobically incubated for one year with estuarine sediment slurry (pH 5.6, sulfate-reducing conditions) collected from the Tsurumi River in Japan biodegraded at an average rate of 0.004/day and had an average half-life of 175 days(2). 2-Chloroaniline (100 umol/L) was not biodegraded in four anaerobic bacterial consortia with sulfate reducing and hydrogen utilizing properties derived from methanogenic enrichments inoculated with freshwater sediment from the Escambia River in Florida and Eleven Mile Creek in Alabama(3). Anaerobic microbial degradation of 2-chloroaniline did not occur within 180 days in sediment having iron-reducing conditions collected from the Hudson River, New York(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-chloroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of readily hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 2-Chloroaniline absorbs ultraviolet light above 290 nm(3). Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 2-chloroaniline in a quartz tube with a fluorochemical lamp (wavelengths above 300 nm) resulted in a photodegradation half-life of 11.5 hours(4). When aqueous solutions of 2.5X10-3 mol/L 2-chloroaniline in a photochemical reactor were irradiated by a mercury lamp (wavelengths 254, 297, and 365 nm), the concentration of 2-chloroaniline decreased exponentially with time, and the rate of disappearance approximated a first-order process with a rate constant of 0.107/hour(5).

The average BCFs in the whole body of carp exposed to 2-chloroaniline in flow-through experiments (25 °C, 12L/hr) for 24 to 336 hours at high (16.1 ug/L) and low (0.83 ug/L) exposure levels were 2.0 and 3.7, respectively(1). Uptake was rapid in static tests (0.19 umol/L, 26 °C) on zebrafish and a BCF of 15.3 was obtained for 24 hour exposure(2). Log BCF of 2-chloroaniline in fish were experimentally determined to be less than 2.0 using the Japanese MITI test procedures(3). In an 8-week test performed at two concentration levels, the BCF of 2-chloroaniline in carp was 5.4-9.0 (0.1 ppm) and <14-32 (0.01 ppm)(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC), provided the compound is not altered physically or chemically once released into the environment.

EC50 Daphnia magna (Daphnids; ability to swim) 4.2 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Daphnia magna (Daphnids; ability to swim) 1.8 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Tubifex (Worm) 130-220 mg/L/48 hr

LC50 Oryzia latipes (Medaka) 6.4 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROANILINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 21 day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 0.001 to 3.16 mg/L 2-chloroaniline in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/wk in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concentration level. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24-hr EC50 was 6.0 mg/L for 2-chloroaniline, the EC0 was 1.4 mg/L. The nominal 21-day no observed effect concentration was 0.032 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-nine day old fathead minnows were exposed to an 80 mg/L concentration of 2-chloroaniline. Test conditions were as follows: Exposure temperature: 24.9 °C; pH: 7.60. Average concentration/chamber of 2-chloroaniline ranged from 2.00-25.9 mg/L. Affected fathead minnows lost schooling behavior and swam near the tank surface. They were hyperactive and overreactive to external stimuli, were darkly colored, and hemorrhagic. Equilibrium loss was not observed prior to death.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

2-Chloroaniline's production and use as an intermediate for rubber chemicals, pigments, pesticides, and dyes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-chloroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hours. 2-Chloroaniline absorbs ultraviolet light above 290 nm, indicating that direct environmental photolysis is possible. If released to soil, 2-chloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 260. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower is some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil may attenuate volatilization. The pKa of 2-chloroaniline is 2.66, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is slightly to non-biodegradable. When 2-chloroaniline (30 ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for two weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased. The percent of 2-chloroaniline remaining after 2 and 8 weeks were 40 and 20%, respectively. If released into water, 2-chloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. In addition, 2-chloroaniline may undergo chemical bonding with humic materials in the water column and in the sediment. Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is generally resistant to biodegradation or biodegrades slowly in water. 2-Chloroaniline (2 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with a 10% BOD observed after 5 days in a mixed inoculum of river water collected from the Songhua River in China. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.8 days and 60 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 5.8 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that readily hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 2-chloroaniline in a quartz tube with a fluorochemical lamp (wavelengths above 300 nm) resulted in a photodegradation half-life of 11.5 hours. Occupational exposure to 2-chloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloroaniline is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-chloroaniline via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water containing this compound. (SRC)

2-Chloroaniline's production and use as an intermediate for rubber chemicals, pigments, pesticides, and dyes(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

Chloroanilines may be released to the environment as fugitive emissions or in wastewater during their production or use as chemical intermediates(4). Chloroanilines may also form in the environment as degradation products of various pesticides(1). 2-Chloroaniline is produced from the biodegradation of insecticide phosmethylan(2). It may be released in wastewater from chemical plants manufacturing 4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 260(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.90(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-chloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). The pKa of 2-chloroaniline is 2.66(6), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. Volatilization of 2-chloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.20 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 8.2X10+3 mg/L(8). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg(7). Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is slightly to non-biodegradable(9,10). 100% loss of UV absorbance by microbial degradation in a mineral salts solution, with a soil inoculum, required an excess of 64 days(11). When 2-chloroaniline (3-ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for 2 weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased(12). The percent of 2-chloroaniline remaining in soil after 2 and 8 weeks were 40 and 20%, respectively(12). Experiments using 2-chloroaniline show that it undergoes photolysis in aqueous solution when irradiated by light with wavelengths above 290 nm (13,14); 2-chloroaniline may also be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in soil surfaces(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 260(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.90(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-chloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.20 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.2X10+3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.8 days and 60 days, respectively(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic group(6,7), and volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The pKa of 2-chloroaniline is 2.66(8), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its nonionic form in the environment. According to a classification scheme(9), an estimated BCF of 5.8(SRC), from an estimated log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(10), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation screening tests suggest that 2-chloroaniline is generally resistant to biodegradation or biodegrades slowly(11,12). 2-Chloroaniline (2 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with a 10% BOD observed after 5 days in a mixed inoculum of river water collected from the Songhua River in China(13). Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 2-chloroaniline in a quartz tube with a fluorochemical lamp (wavelengths above 300 nm) resulted in a photodegradation half-life of 11.5 hours(14). When aqueous solutions of 2.5X10-3 mol/L 2-chloroaniline in a photochemical reactor were irradiated by a mercury lamp (wavelengths 254, 297, and 365 nm), the concentration of 2-chloroaniline decreased exponentially with time, and the rate of disappearance approximated a first-order process with a rate constant of 0.107/hour(15).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloroaniline, which has a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Chloroaniline absorbs ultraviolet light above 290 nm(4). Experiments using 2-chloroaniline show that it undergoes photolysis in aqueous solution when irradiated by light with wavelengths above 290 nm (5,6); 2-chloroaniline may also be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in air(SRC).

AEROBIC: The results of biodegradability screening studies for 2-chloroaniline are conflicting with results ranging from no degradation to rapid degradation using soil, sewage, activated sludge and fresh water inocula(SRC). 2-Chloroaniline was found to be resistant to microbial degradation using the standard biodegradability test of the Japanese Ministry International Trade and Industry (MITI), a BOD test utilizing a mixed inoculum of activated sludge, sewage, and surface water(1,2). Only 2.7% of the 2-chloroaniline (100 ppm) degraded in a 2-week period in the MITI test(2). A 36% BODT was measured over a 190 hour incubation period with a Warburg respirometer(3). Half-lives greatly in excess of 4 weeks in both adapted and non-adapted inoculum were observed using the Repetitive Die Away (semistatic system) and Pitter (dynamic system) tests(4). No biodegradation was observed using modified procedures of the OECD and MITI test methods(5,6). Results of standard biodegradation tests were reported as follows: Coupled units, 5-6% DOC removal; Zahn-Wellens, 94% DOC removal; MITI, 0% BODT; Sturm, 0% CO2 evolution, 9% DOC removal; Closed bottle, 0% BODT(7). Another investigator obtained 85% DOC removal in 11 days in the Zahn-Wellens test(8). 2-Chloroaniline (2 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with a 10% BOD observed after 5 days in a mixed inoculum of river water collected from the Songhua River in China(9). Incubation of 2-chloroaniline in soil for 14 days resulted in formation of dichloroazobenzene, but no dichloroazobenzene was formed using sterilized soil(10). 100% loss of UV absorbance by microbial degradation in a mineral salts solution, with a soil inoculum, required an excess of 64 days(11). When 2-chloroaniline (3 ppm) was incubated in Guelph loam with water added to 60% water-holding capacity, levels declined rapidly for 2 weeks after which time the rate of loss decreased(12). The percent of 2-chloroaniline remaining in soil after 2 and 8 weeks were 40 and 20%, respectively(12).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Chloroaniline was not biotransformed when anaerobically incubated with samples from two sites, one methanogenic and one sulfate-reducing, within a shallow unconfined aquifier polluted by leachate from a municipal landfill for 8 months(1). Seventeen samples of 2-chloroaniline (4 umol/L) anaerobically incubated for one year with estuarine sediment slurry (pH 5.6, sulfate-reducing conditions) collected from the Tsurumi River in Japan biodegraded at an average rate of 0.004/day and had an average half-life of 175 days(2). 2-Chloroaniline (100 umol/L) was not biodegraded in four anaerobic bacterial consortia with sulfate reducing and hydrogen utilizing properties derived from methanogenic enrichments inoculated with freshwater sediment from the Escambia River in Florida and Eleven Mile Creek in Alabama(3). Anaerobic microbial degradation of 2-chloroaniline did not occur within 180 days in sediment having iron-reducing conditions collected from the Hudson River, New York(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-chloroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of readily hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 2-Chloroaniline absorbs ultraviolet light above 290 nm(3). Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 2-chloroaniline in a quartz tube with a fluorochemical lamp (wavelengths above 300 nm) resulted in a photodegradation half-life of 11.5 hours(4). When aqueous solutions of 2.5X10-3 mol/L 2-chloroaniline in a photochemical reactor were irradiated by a mercury lamp (wavelengths 254, 297, and 365 nm), the concentration of 2-chloroaniline decreased exponentially with time, and the rate of disappearance approximated a first-order process with a rate constant of 0.107/hour(5).

The average BCFs in the whole body of carp exposed to 2-chloroaniline in flow-through experiments (25 °C, 12L/hr) for 24 to 336 hours at high (16.1 ug/L) and low (0.83 ug/L) exposure levels were 2.0 and 3.7, respectively(1). Uptake was rapid in static tests (0.19 umol/L, 26 °C) on zebrafish and a BCF of 15.3 was obtained for 24 hour exposure(2). Log BCF of 2-chloroaniline in fish were experimentally determined to be less than 2.0 using the Japanese MITI test procedures(3). In an 8-week test performed at two concentration levels, the BCF of 2-chloroaniline in carp was 5.4-9.0 (0.1 ppm) and <14-32 (0.01 ppm)(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC), provided the compound is not altered physically or chemically once released into the environment.

The Koc of 2-chloroaniline is estimated as 260(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.9(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-chloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-chloroaniline is estimated as 5.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.20 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.2X10+3 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-chloroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 7.8 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 60 days(SRC). 2-Chloroaniline's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2-Chloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: 2-Chloroaniline was detected in 12 of 24 groundwater samples collected from groundwaters beneath a disused industrial complex at concentrations ranging from 216 ug/L to 4.4X10+4 ug/L, average 1.3X10+4 ug/L(1). 2-Chloroaniline was detected in groundwater samples collected at depths of 5.7, 7, 8.5, and 10 meters below the Grindsted Landfill in Denmark at concentrations of <10, 110, 30, and 15 ug/L, respectively(2).

DRINKING WATER: 2-Chloroaniline has been qualitatively identified in drinking water samples obtained from Cincinnati, OH in 1980 and Seattle, WA in 1976(1). Unspecified drinking water in Germany has been reported to contain 2-chloroaniline(2). Tap water from the Netherlands, using bank-filtered Rhine River water as the source, contained 3 ppb 2-chloroaniline in 1977 monitoring(3).

SURFACE WATER: In 1992/1993, 2-chloroaniline was detected in surface water samples from the River Elbe in Germany collected from Zollenspieker (upstream of Hamburg Harbor) with minimum, maximum, and median (20 samples) concentrations of 4.6, 136, and 19 ng/L, respectively, and from Seemannshoft (downstream of Hamburg Harbor) with minimum, maximum, and median (20 samples) concentrations of 2.9, 86, and 13 ng/L, respectively(1). In 1989, levels of 2-chloroaniline at 3 stations (5 samples) of the main stream Rhine delta ranged from 0.011 to 0.045 ug/L; no 2-chloroaniline was detected at 2 stations on branches of the Rhine(2). 2-Chloroaniline was detected in 83% of all samples collected at a single site on the Rhine River in 1979 at mean, median, and maximum concentrations of 0.54, 0.20, and 3.9 ppb, respectively(3). Mean, median, and maximum concentrations of 0.45, 0.21-0.42, and 1.3-1.7 ppb, respectively, were found in two tributaries of the Rhine River in 1979(3). Mean, median, and maximum concentrations of 0.06-0.15, 0.02, and 0.23-0.86 ppb, respectively, were found at two locations on the Meuse River in 1979(3). Concentrations of 2-chloroaniline in the Rhine River in 1977, 1978, and 1982 have been reported to be 0.27, 0.20, and 0.1 ppb, respectively(4). Qualitative detection was made from water taken from the Waal River in the Netherlands in October, 1974(5).

2-Chloroaniline was detected at an average concentration of 42.58 ug/L and a 76.5% frequency of detection in sewage treatment effluents in England and Wales collected in 1995(1). In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4,000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the US EPA, 2-chloroaniline was identified in discharges of the following industrial categories (positive occurrences, median concentration in ppb): pharmaceuticals (4; 588.1) and organic chemicals (3; 57.1)(2). The highest effluent concentration was 2564.1 ppb in the pharmaceutical industry(2). Wastewater discharges from the commercial manufacture of 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) can contain 2-chloroaniline(3). 2-Chloroaniline was qualitatively detected in effluent discharges from chemical production facilities along the Upper Catawba River in North Carolina in 1973 and 1974(4). Sludge from the Muskegon County, Michigan wastewater treatment system was found to contain 48.3 mg/kg 2-chloroaniline(5).

SEDIMENT: Sediment from a waste treatment lagoon of a small 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) manufacturer in Adrian, MI was found to contain 600 ppm (dry wt basis) 2-chloroaniline(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: An unspecified isomer of chloroaniline was detected at a concentration of 33 ng/cu m near the American Cyanamid plant in Bound Brook, New Jersey, while no chloroaniline was detected at seven other industrial sites in the New Jersey area(1).

2-Chloroaniline has been qualitatively identified as a volatile flavor component of Idaho Russet baked potatoes(1).

Levels of 13-49 ppb 2-chloroaniline were detected in samples of white suckers collected near the discharge point of the Adrian, MI sewage treatment plant(1)

NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1974) has statistically estimated that 18,138 workers were potentially exposed to 2-chloroaniline in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-chloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloroaniline is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-chloroaniline via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water containing 2-chloroaniline(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chloroanilines, liquid; Chloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chloroanilines, liquid; Chloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Chloroanilines, liquid; Chloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chloroanilines, liquid; Chloroanilines, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Chloroanilines, liquid or solid

UN 2019; Chloroanilines, liquid

UN 2018; Chloroanilines, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-33-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II