o-phenylenediamine

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312+H332 (54.3%): Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H312 (99.8%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (99.8%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (99.5%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351 (99.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (99.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 440 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, car bon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Spillage Disposal. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do not let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Recommendable method: Incineration. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly closed container under an inert atmosphere, protect it from light, and store it at refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

0.20 [mg/m3]

17 [mg/m3]

100 [mg/m3]

0.1 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

0.1 mg/m

0.1 mg/m³ [1988]

sensitization of skin (SH); carcinogen category: 3

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

1,2-phenylenediamine appears as colorless monoclinic crystals if pure; technical grade brownish-yellow crystals or a sandy brown solid. Used in manufacture of dyes, photography, organic synthesis.

Dry Powder; Liquid

Colorless to brownish-yellow solid that darkens on exposure to light and air; [CHEMINFO]

BROWN-TO-YELLOW CRYSTALS. TURNS DARK ON EXPOSURE TO LIGHT.

Colorless monoclinic crystals if pure; technical grade brownish-yellow crystals or a sandy brown solid.

Brownish-yellow leaflets from water; plates from chloroform

Tan crystals or leaflets from water

White crystalline solid when pure

493 to 496 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

256-258 °C

493-496 °F

257 °C @760 [mm Hg]

216 to 219 °F (NTP, 1992)

102.1 °C

103-104 °C

216-219 °F

313 °F (NFPA, 2010)

313 °F; 156 °C (Closed cup)

156 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Because of ... limited solubility in cold water/o-phenylenediamine/ can be recrystalized from water

Freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether

Soluble in water, ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform; very soluble in ethanol

In water, 4.07X10+4 mg/L at 35 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 35 °C: 0.4

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.73

2.06X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.0013

log Kow = 0.15

0.15 (calculated)

When heated to decomp, it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

pKa1 = less than 2; pKa2 = 4.47 at 25 °C

129.1 Ų [M+H]+

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Aromatic

Soluble in water [Hawley]. Melting point 219 F. Flash point 277 F. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion. Even as a solid will spot downwind area brown/purple (Roger Patrick, DuPont Engineer).

Amines, Aromatic

1,2-PHENYLENEDIAMINE a weak aromatic amine base neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Darkens on exposure to air (Roger Patrick, DuPont Engineer).

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

ortho-Phenylenediamine

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 123: (2020) Some Nitrobenzenes and Other Industrial Chemicals

2020 online

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Convulsions. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

o-Phenylenediamine

4 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 1,873 mg/m3

LD50 Rat oral 660-1284 mg/kg, females more sensitive than males.

LD50 Mouse oral 331-450 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 360 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 516 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Produces severe local reactions and systemic effects from percutaneous absorption and from ingestion. Local actions include severe dermatitis and urticaria; in the eye, chemosis, lacrimation, exophthalmos, ophthalmia, and even permanent blindness. Systemic actions include asthma, gastritis (regardless of portal of entry), rise in blood pressure, transudation into serous cavities, vertigo, tremors, convulsions and coma. ... The ortho isomer (diolene) is less toxic than the para (orsin). Neither is believed to be capable of inducing significant methemoglobinemia.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Chromosomal aberration tests that were performed ... in peripheral human lymphocytes were ... positive with metabolic activation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The signs of acute poisoning from o-phenylenediamine in animals included a poor general condition, disturbances in respiration, tremor, convulsions, excess salivation, and increased excitability. At autopsy, yellowish livers with spots, pale spleens, and kidneys were observed.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats, o-phenylenediamine caused irritation of the stomach after oral intubation or slight irritation of the nose after inhalation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single intraperitoneal injection of 100 umol o-phenylenediamine (suspended in propylene glycol)/kg body weight (=10.814 mg/kg) to male rats induced 10.8% methemoglobin.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In cats, methemoglobin formation was weak with nonlethal oral doses (25-50 mg/kg), but high circulating concentrations occurred with lethal oral doses (250-500 mg/kg).

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of November 6, 2012: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=95-54-5]

1,2-Benzenediamine (CAS # 95-54-5) was evaluated for eye irritation in 3 albino rabbits administered undiluted ocular instillations of 100 mg. The treated eyes remained unrinsed during post-instillation observation. Ocular irritation was maximal in all 3 rabbits 1 hour after treatment. A mean irritation score was 31.7/110. One rabbit remained unimproved at 72nd hour observation, developing corneal ulceration and vascularization by the 7th day, while Day 7 found complete resolution of all irritative signs in the other 2 treated rabbits. By 14th day observation period, one rabbit continued to show corneal vascularization and ulceration with slight conjunctival redness comprising an individual irritation score of 12/110 and a mean score (3 rabbits) of 4.0/110. Study investigators assigned a descriptive rating of "moderately irritating" to 1,2-benzenediamine.

o-Phenylenediamine (CAS # 95-54-5) was evaluated for oral neurotoxicity in Crl:CDBR rats (12/sex/group) administered single gavage doses of 0, 225, 450, and 900 mg/kg (10 mL/kg in methyl cellulose). Bodyweight, feed consumption, clinical signs, functional observational battery performance, fore- and hindlimb grip strength, foot splay and motor activity were assessed prior to treatment (baseline values), and at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 4 days post-treatment. Toxicity was demonstrated at all dose levels. High-dose rats, 2 males and 4 females were found dead prior to scheduled sacrifice and significant weight loss within one day of dosing was common to all treatment groups, persisting throughout Day 4. Significant reductions in feed consumption were pronounced initially, but transient in all but the high-dose group. Clinical signs were most severe 2-4 days after treatment and included initial discolored urine, abnormal respiration with gasping, congestion, and sneezing (450, 900 mg/kg), dose-related malaise, postural changes, palpebral closure, and decreased arousal. The functional observational battery, fore-, and hindlimb grip strength and foot splay assessments were not indicative of a neurotoxicity at any treatment level. Motor activity was significantly depressed following treatment in all treatment groups relative to control. Study investigators attributed these findings to a general condition of dose-related malaise and reported no evidence of specific toxic effects on the central nervous system.

Acute dermal toxicity was evaluated in single New Zealand female rabbits receiving one occluded application of o-phenylenediamine to abraded skin at dose levels of 300, 1000, or 3000 mg/kg body weight for 24 hours. Mortality was not observed in any animal at any dose level, and the LD50 was reported to be greater than 3000 mg/kg. Clinical signs of toxicity were not observed, and the test article was not irritating to rabbit skin. Gross necropsy did not reveal any evidence of pathological effects.

Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in 10 BR rats (5 male and 5 female) exposed to o-phenylene diamine vapor at a nominal concentration of 1340.0 mg/cu m for 4 hours. The atmosphere was generated by passing a stream of air through the test material in a gas wash bottle. Mortality was not observed in any animal during exposure or a 14 day observation period, and the LC50 was reported to be greater than 1340 mg/cu m. Clinical indications of toxicity were not observed, and necropsy of animals at 14 days did not reveal gross pathologic alterations.

LC50; Species: Brachydanio rerio (Zebrafish); Concentration: 24 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC100; Species: Brachydanio rerio (Zebrafish); Concentration: 33 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 44 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 271 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The static acute toxicities and degradative rates of the unsubstituted phenylenediamines (pdas) varied significantly among the ortho, para and meta isomers. With fathead minnows, the nominal 96 hr LC50s were 0.06, 44 and 1,600 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. In daphnid tests, the nominal 48 hr EC50s were 0.28, 0.87 and 5.9 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. The nominal 96 hr EC50s in algae were 0.28, 0.16, and 2.4 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. With oxygenation, the times to reach 1/2 initial concentrations were 4 to 9 hr for p-pda, 650 to 1,100 hr for o-pda and 3,200 to 8,100 hr for m-pda. Results suggest that acute toxicities of pdas are related to their chemical reactivities (degradative rates) and that pdas may degrade rapidly under environmental conditions.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ...The toxicity of 10 benzamines was tested by the well diffusion assay technique against 18 common bacterial species including the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. ... o-Phenylenediamine was inhibitory to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella sonnei. ... Because many of these organisms are common soil and aquatic bacteria, the accumulation of these benzamine compounds in the environment may have an adverse impact on soil biochemical activities.

/PLANTS/ Three isomers of the promutagen phenylenediamine at mM concentrations were plant-activated and induced mutation in stamen hairs of Tradescantia clone 4430. The rank order of the mutagenicity of the isomers was: o-phenylenediamine > m-phenylenediamine > p-phenylenediamine with corresponding mutagenic potencies of 5.60, 1.43, and 0.46 mutant stamen hair cells/mumole, respectively. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) and ammonium meta-vanadate (vanadate) repressed the mutagenic activity of o-phenylenediamine (o-PDA) in intact plants. Based on inhibition kinetics and reaction rates, the mechanism of DEDTC antimutagenicity was attributed to the inhibition of peroxidases that are required in the plant activation of o-PDA to mutagenic product(s). Spectrophotometric measurements of equimolar concentrations of o-PDA and vanadate demonstrated that the antimutagenic property of vanadate was mainly due to its reactivity with o-PDA.

1.00e+00

1.90e+01

2.10e-01

1.5E+01(G)

1.20e-01

4.00e-03

Volatile

1.00e+02

1.90e+03

2.10e+01

1.5E+01 (G)

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

o-Phenylenediamine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of dyes; photographic developing agent; organic synthesis, and as a laboratory reagent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.06X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates o-phenylenediamine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase o-phenylenediamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.7 hrs. o-Phenylenediamine absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, o-phenylenediamine is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 34. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. o-Phenylenediamine may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A 100% of total decomposition required greater than 64 days using a soil inoculum, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, o-phenylenediamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. o-Phenylenediamine exhibited 33% removal after 5 days incubation using acclimated activated sludge inoculum, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. The pKa values of <2 and 4.47 indicate o-phenylenediamine will exist partially in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to o-phenylenediamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where o-phenylenediamine is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to o-phenylenediamine via dermal contact with consumer products containing o-phenylenediamine. (SRC)

o-Phenylenediamine occurs as degradation product of thiophanate methyl & benomyl (benzimidazole fungicides).

o-Phenylenediamine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, photographic developing agent, organic synthesis, and as a laboratory reagent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that o-phenylenediamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Volatilization of o-phenylenediamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 2.06X10-3 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 4.04X10+4 mg/L(6). o-Phenylenediamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(6). A 100% of total decomposition required greater than 64 days using a soil inoculum(7), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that o-phenylenediamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.06X10-3 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 4.04X10+4 mg/L(5). The pKa values of <2 and 4.47(6) indicate o-phenylenediamine will exist partially in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC),from its log Kow of 0.15(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). o-Phenylenediamine exhibited 33% removal after 5 days incubation using acclimated activated sludge inoculum(10), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), o-phenylenediamine, which has a vapor pressure of 2.06X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase o-phenylenediamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). o-Phenylenediamine absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In an aerobic screening study using acclimated activated sludge inoculum, o-phenylenediamine (initial concentration of 25 to 30 ppm) exhibited 33% removal after 5 days incubation(1). In a screening test using soil microflora and an initial concentration of 10 ug/mL o-phenylenediamine, the decomposition period was observed to be >64 days for total loss of ultraviolet absorbency at a wavelength of 294 nm(2). o-Phenylenediamine (initial concentration of 500 ppm) exhibited a 44.5% theoretical BOD after 8 days in a Warburg respirometer using aniline-acclimated sludge at 20 °C(3). o-Phenylenediamine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of o-phenylenediamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 0.7 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). o-Phenylenediamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). As a class, aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in sunlit natural water via reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals(3); typical half-lives for peroxy radical and hydroxyl radical reactions are on the order of 19 and 30 sunlight hours, respectively(3). o-Phenylenediamine absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for o-phenylenediamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of o-phenylenediamine can be estimated to be 34(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that o-phenylenediamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for o-phenylenediamine is estimated as 7.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.06X10-3 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 4.04X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the neutral species of o-phenylenediamine is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water an dmoist soil surfaces(3). o-Phenylenediamine may exist partially in the ionized form at pH values of 5 to 9 based on pKa values of less than 2 and 4.47 at 25 °C(4). o-Phenylenediamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of o-phenylenediamine is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3,076 workers (1,372 of these were female) were potentially exposed to o-phenylenediamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to o-phenylenediamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where o-phenylenediamine is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to o-phenylenediamine via dermal contact with consumer products containing o-phenylenediamine(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Recommendable method: Incineration. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Phenylenediamines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Phenylenediamines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Phenylenediamines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Phenylenediamines/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Phenylenediamines

UN 1673; Phenylenediamines

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 20/21-25-36-40-43-50/53-68; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III