3,4-Dimethylaniline

H301 (96.3%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (98.1%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (98.1%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (96.3%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (98.1%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 54 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P301+P317, P319, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, carbon dioxide, foam, powder.

USE WATER SPRAY, DRY CHEMICAL, FOAM, OR CO2. WEAR FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. /XYLIDINES/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Xylidines/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Xylidines/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Xylidines/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Disposal methods: incineration. A). Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray solvent into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B). Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in the furnace. /Xylidines/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with xylidine should be removed immediately and not reworn until the xylidine is removed from the clothing. /Xylidines/

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where liquid xylidine is handled, processed, or stored. /Xylidines/

Employees who handle liquid xylidine should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Xylidines/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 3,4-XYLIDINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it at refrigerated temperatures. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants, acids, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, hypochlorites, halogens and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor), skin. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3; germ cell mutagen group: 3B

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

Exposure at high levels could cause lowering of consciousness and formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

The following types of respirators should be selected under the prescribed concentrations: 20 ppm: Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s); any supplied air respirator; any self contained breathing apparatus. 50 ppm: Any supplied air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode; any powdered air purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). 100 ppm: Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s); any powered air purifying respirator with a tight fitting facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s); any air purifying full facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin style or front or back mounted organic vapor canister; any supplied air respirator with a full facepiece; any self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. 150 ppm: Any supplied air respirator with a half mask and operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. Emergency or planned entry in unknown concentration or IDLH condition: Any self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode; Any supplied air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any air purifying full facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin style or front or back mounted organic vapor canister; any appropriate escape type self contained breathing apparatus. /Xylidines/

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with liquid xylidine. /Xylidines/

Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof safety goggles where there is any possibility of liquid xylidine contacting the eyes. /Xylidines/

NO open flames. Above 98 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

3,4-xylidine appears as pale brown crystals or off-white solid. (NTP, 1992)

WHITE SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS REDDISH TO BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Plates of prisms from petroleum ether

Crystalline solid

442 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

228 °C @ 760 MM HG

124 °F (NTP, 1992)

209 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in ether, petroleum

Very soluble in ligroin; soluble in ether; slightly soluble in chloroform and water.

Soluble in aromatic solvents.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 22 °C: 0.38

1.076 at 64 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.076 @ 18 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.07

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.19

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 4

log Kow= 1.84

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, XYLIDINES EMIT HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES. /XYLIDINES/

Odor threshold in air= 1.00X10+12 molecules/cc /Xylidines/

Threshold for xylidine is 0.0240 mg/cu m. /Xylidine/

pKa= 5.28

All /isomers/ except ortho-4-xylidine are liquids above 20 °C /Xylidine/

Forms more or less sol salts with the strong mineral acids /Xylidine/

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Chemical shift

Spin-spin coupling constant

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15

This chemical may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air. Insoluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

3,4-XYLIDINE ignites on contact with fuming nitric acid (NTP, 1992). Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Strong oxidizers, hypochlorite bleaches /Xylidines/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Xylidine (mixed isomers)/

The substance can be absorbed into the body in hazardous amounts by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

LD50 Rat oral 810 mg/kg bw. /From table/

LD50 Mouse oral 710 mg/kg bw. /From table/

Initial medical examination: A complete history & physical examination. The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exam of the blood, lung, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system should be stressed. ... Periodic medical exam ... should be repeated on an annual basis. /Xylidines/

... 3,4-DIMETHYLANILINE ... CARCINOGENIC, BECAUSE ... /IT/ INDUCED PITUITARY ADENOMAS IN BUFFALO RATS.

3,4-DIMETHYLANILINE WAS TESTED FOR ITS ABILITY TO MUTATE SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM & WAS FOUND TO BE WEAKLY MUTAGENIC (LESS THAN 150 REVERTANTS/UMOLE).

THE ORAL LD50 VALUES IN RATS FOR DI-SUBSTITUTED ANILINES INCR COMPARED TO MONO-SUBSTITUTED ANILINES. /SUBSTITUTED ANILINES/

In the Rec-assay using Bacillus subtillis, the 2,3-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, and 3,5-isomers were negative; 2,4-xylidine was positive.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3,4-XYLIDINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

3,4-Xylidine's production and use in the manufacture of synthetic riboflavin may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to the atmosphere, 3,4-xylidine should exist mainly in the vapor phase based on a measured vapor pressure of 0.028 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase 3,4-xylidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 2 hours. An estimated Koc value of 240 suggests that 3,4-xylidine may have moderate mobility in soil. However, anilines are expected to bind stongly to humus or soil organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group; therefore, mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization of 3,4-xylidine may be important from moist soil surfaces given a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.77X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Based on limited aqueous screening data, 3,4-xylidine is expected to aerobically biodegrade in both soil and water. 3,4-Xylidine reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum. In water, 3,4-xylidine may strongly adsorb to suspended organic matter in the water column based on its structure (an aromatic amine). 3,4-Xylidine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its measured Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 21 days, respectively, although this may be attenuated by adsorption to organic material. The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is expected to be low based on BCF values ranging from 1.9 to <10, measured in carp. Exposure to 3,4-xylidine may occur occupationally during its production or subsequent use. The general population may be exposed through dermal contact with products containing this compound and inhalation of tobacco smoke. (SRC)

3,4-Xylidine's production and use in the manufacture of synthetic riboflavin(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.84(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3,4-xylidine will have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or soil organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Volatilization of 3,4-xylidine may be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). Based on limited aqueous screening study data, 3,4-xylidine may biodegrade under aerobic conditions in soil(SRC); 3,4-xylidine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.84(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), indicates that 3,4-xylidine should not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). However, aromatic amine groups are recognized as having a strong affinity to organic carbon, suggesting that this compound may bind strongly to suspended organic material in water(3,4). 3,4-Xylidine may volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 21 days, respectively(1,SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), measured BCF values of 1.9-3.3 and <10(6), measured in carp, suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on limited aqueous screening study data, 3,4-xylidine may biodegrade slowly under aerobic conditions in water(SRC); 3,4-xylidine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3,4-xylidine, which has a measured vapor pressure of 0.028 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), should exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3,4-xylidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 2 hours(3,SRC).

3,4-Xylidine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(1). In the Japanese MITI test, 3,4-xylidine (present at 100 mg/l) was classified as slow to biodegrade indicating that only 0-29% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(2). 3,4-Xylidine, present initially at 252 mg/L, was removed at a biodegradation rate of 30 mg COD/g-hr by an activated sludge inoculum(3). E.coli converted 3,4-xylidine to the corresponding (phenylazo)naphthol in the presence of nitrate with this reaction proceeding within 24 hours(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3,4-xylidine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

BCF values of 1.9-3.3 and <10 were measured in carp for 3,4-xylidine at 1 and 0.1 mg/l, respectively, using a flow through system(1). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 3,4-xylidine is estimated as approximately 240(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.84(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3,4-xylidine has moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind stongly to humus or soil organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5). Low adsorption is observed at a neutral pH with pure clay minerals or soils for substituted anilines(5).

A Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole was measured for 3,4-xylidine(1). This value indicates that 3,4-xylidine will volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 2 days(2,SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 21 days(2,SRC) although adsorption to organic material in water may attenuate this process(SRC). 3,4-Xylidine's Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC).

DRINKING WATER: Dimethylaniline, unspecified isomer, was detected in drinking water at an unreported location and concentration(1).

3,4-Xylidine was identified at unreported concentrations in Latakia tobacco smoke and in a steam distillate of cured Latakia tobacco(1).

Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3,4-xylidine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 3,4-xylidine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and dermal contact with vapors and other products containing 3,4-xylidine. (SRC)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

3,4-Xylidine's production and use in the manufacture of synthetic riboflavin may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to the atmosphere, 3,4-xylidine should exist mainly in the vapor phase based on a measured vapor pressure of 0.028 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase 3,4-xylidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 2 hours. An estimated Koc value of 240 suggests that 3,4-xylidine may have moderate mobility in soil. However, anilines are expected to bind stongly to humus or soil organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group; therefore, mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization of 3,4-xylidine may be important from moist soil surfaces given a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.77X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Based on limited aqueous screening data, 3,4-xylidine is expected to aerobically biodegrade in both soil and water. 3,4-Xylidine reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum. In water, 3,4-xylidine may strongly adsorb to suspended organic matter in the water column based on its structure (an aromatic amine). 3,4-Xylidine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its measured Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 21 days, respectively, although this may be attenuated by adsorption to organic material. The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is expected to be low based on BCF values ranging from 1.9 to <10, measured in carp. Exposure to 3,4-xylidine may occur occupationally during its production or subsequent use. The general population may be exposed through dermal contact with products containing this compound and inhalation of tobacco smoke. (SRC)

3,4-Xylidine's production and use in the manufacture of synthetic riboflavin(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.84(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3,4-xylidine will have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or soil organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Volatilization of 3,4-xylidine may be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). Based on limited aqueous screening study data, 3,4-xylidine may biodegrade under aerobic conditions in soil(SRC); 3,4-xylidine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.84(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), indicates that 3,4-xylidine should not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). However, aromatic amine groups are recognized as having a strong affinity to organic carbon, suggesting that this compound may bind strongly to suspended organic material in water(3,4). 3,4-Xylidine may volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 21 days, respectively(1,SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), measured BCF values of 1.9-3.3 and <10(6), measured in carp, suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on limited aqueous screening study data, 3,4-xylidine may biodegrade slowly under aerobic conditions in water(SRC); 3,4-xylidine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3,4-xylidine, which has a measured vapor pressure of 0.028 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), should exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3,4-xylidine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 2 hours(3,SRC).

3,4-Xylidine, present at 30 mg/l, reached 7.1% of the theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(1). In the Japanese MITI test, 3,4-xylidine (present at 100 mg/l) was classified as slow to biodegrade indicating that only 0-29% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(2). 3,4-Xylidine, present initially at 252 mg/L, was removed at a biodegradation rate of 30 mg COD/g-hr by an activated sludge inoculum(3). E.coli converted 3,4-xylidine to the corresponding (phenylazo)naphthol in the presence of nitrate with this reaction proceeding within 24 hours(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3,4-xylidine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

BCF values of 1.9-3.3 and <10 were measured in carp for 3,4-xylidine at 1 and 0.1 mg/l, respectively, using a flow through system(1). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 3,4-xylidine is estimated as approximately 240(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.84(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3,4-xylidine has moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind stongly to humus or soil organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5). Low adsorption is observed at a neutral pH with pure clay minerals or soils for substituted anilines(5).

A Henry's Law constant of 1.85X10-5 atm-cu m/mole was measured for 3,4-xylidine(1). This value indicates that 3,4-xylidine will volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 2 days(2,SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 21 days(2,SRC) although adsorption to organic material in water may attenuate this process(SRC). 3,4-Xylidine's Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC).

DRINKING WATER: Dimethylaniline, unspecified isomer, was detected in drinking water at an unreported location and concentration(1).

3,4-Xylidine was identified at unreported concentrations in Latakia tobacco smoke and in a steam distillate of cured Latakia tobacco(1).

Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3,4-xylidine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 3,4-xylidine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and dermal contact with vapors and other products containing 3,4-xylidine. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Disposal methods: incineration. A). Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray solvent into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B). Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in the furnace. /Xylidines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Xylidines; Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Xylidines; Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Xylidines; Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Xylidines; Xylidines, liquid; Xylidines, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 3,4-XYLIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Xylidines

UN 1711; Xylidines

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-33-51/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II