2,5-diaminotoluene

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312+H332 (49.5%): Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H312 (82.1%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (82.1%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (69.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (81.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (58%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (58%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (75.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 212 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Other Solid

Colorless plates; [HSDB]

Plates from benzene

Colorless, crystalline tablets or plates from benzene

273.5 °C

Soluble in water, ethanol, ethyl ether; slightly soluble in benzene, acetic acid

0.0034 [mmHg]

log Kow = 0.16

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides.

READILY BECOMES OXIDIZED IN NEUTRAL OR ALKALINE SOLN TO FORM DARK PRODUCTS

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Aromatic

Cosmetic ingredients (Toluene-2,5-Diamine) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Hair dyeing

On the basis of the data presented in this report the CIR Expert Panel concludes that toluene-2,5-diamine and toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate are safe as hair dye ingredients in the present practices of use and concentration as described in this safety assessment, but the availaale data are insufficient to support the safety of toluene-3,4 diamine as a hair dye ingredient

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

2,5-Diaminotoluene

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 16: (1978) Some Aromatic Amines and Related Nitro Compounds – Hair Dyes, Colouring Agents and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Toluene-2,5-diamine

PDF Document

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LD50 Rat oral 102 mg/kg

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Patches of toluene-2,5-diamine (1% in petrolatum) were applied to the skin of 9 beauticians with allergic contact dermatitis. Readings were taken 72 hours after the patch was applied. Positive reactions were reported in 7 of the beauticians.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Toluene-2,5-diamine was tested for its sensitization potential in 31 men using the maximization test. Two percent aqueous toluene-2,5-diamine was used for induction and challenge. None of the subjects were sensitized.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a multi-center study by the German Contact Dermatitis Group (DKG), 178 dermatitis patients (hairdressers) were patch tested with hairdressers' allergens in 11 centers. 18.0% were test positive to toluene-2,5-diamine, 8.4% to toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate, 18.0% to p-phenylenediamine base, 0.6% to resorcinol, 1.1% to 3-aminophenol, 2.2% to p-aminodiphenylamin hydrochloride, 3.4% to 4-aminophenol and 6.2% to o-nitro-p-phenylendiamine.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 597 dermatitis patients (hairdressers), of which 61.8% were current hair dressers, were patch tested in an IVDK multi-center study (1996-1998) in Germany with the patch test standard series and the hairdressers' series. 21.4% were positive to toluene-2,5-diamine, 18.1% were positive to p-phenylenediamine, 4.0% to p-aminophenol, 3.4% to m-aminophenol. Results from previous periods were also presented - 14.3% were tested positive to toluene-2,5-diamine in 1990-1991 and 16.2% in 1993-1995.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-METHYL-1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ An assessment of dermal irritation was conducted using New Zealand White rabbits. Toluene-2,5-diamine was applied as a 2.5% (wt/vol) preparation to the intact and abraded skin of 3 rabbits. Slight erythema and edema were observed at the intact site of all the animals. One rabbit had very slight erythema at the abraded site. The primary irritation index was estimated to be 0.3. No signs of irritation were observed after 72 hours.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 0.1 mL of a 2.5% w/v solution of Toluene-2,5-diamine in 0.05% aqueous sodium sulphite (pH 7.0) was instilled into one eye of each of three rabbits. After 10 seconds the eye was rinsed with 50 mL of lukewarm water. Eyes were evaluated and scored according to the Draize scoring system at 1 hr and then at Days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7. Mild conjunctival irritation was observed in 2 animals on days 1 and 3 respectively. Under the conditions of this test, a 2.5% toluene-2,5-diamine solution caused slight irritation to rabbit eyes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A volume of 0.1 mL of Imexine OD (pH 9.71) was applied into the conjunctival sac of the left eye of one male rabbit; the right eye served as a control. The eye was not rinsed, and was evaluated and scored according to the Draize scoring system at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr after application and then daily until Day 8. The test substance induced marked conjunctival irritation with chemosis and redness, slight iridial irritation and moderate to slight corneal opacity. All of these effects were reversible within 7-8 days. Under the test conditions, in which the test substance was applied undiluted and was not rinsed from the eye, the test substance was irritating to the rabbit eye. The high pH of the test solution may have contributed to the observed irritation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single dose of 0.5 mL of Imexine OD (pH 9.71) was prepared on a dry compress and then applied to a 6 sq cm clipped area of the skin and covered with a semi-occlusive dressing for 4 hr. Skin reactions were evaluated 1 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after removing the dressing and then daily until day 6. No edema, ulceration or necrosis was noted. Evaluation of erythema was not possible due to the black coloration of the treatment site. Although the application of a 50.6% aqueous solution of Imexine OD produced no evidence of an edematous response after topical application under semi-occluded conditions in New Zealand White rabbits, an erythematous response could not be excluded due to black coloration of the treatment site by Imexine OD.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-METHYL-1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of 2,5-toluenediamine sulfate was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. 2,5-Toluenediamine sulfate was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 males and 50 females of each species. The high and low time-weighted average concentrations of the compound were, respectively, 0.2 and 0.06% for rats and 0.1 and 0.6% for mice. Because compound administration to the high and low dose groups of each species was not begun simultaneously, each dosed group was assigned a control group. All control groups consisted of 50 animals, except for the high dose male and female rat control groups which were composed of 25 animals. The dosing period was for 78 weeks, followed by an additional 28 to 31 weeks of observation in rats and an additional 16 to 19 weeks in mice. Under the conditions of this bioassay, sufficient evidence was not obtained to demonstrate the carcinogenicity of 2,5-toluenediamine sulfate in either Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Negative.

The ability of 2,5-toluene diamine to induce morphological transformation was evaluated in secondary Syrian hamster embryo cells (Cell Transformation Assay). Results were not statistically calculated, but were based on the sensitivity of the positive control (benzo(a)pyrene). 2,5-Toluene diamine was tested at concentrations of 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 or 10ug/ml, with relative cell survival ranging from 100% to 0%. Under highly sensitive conditions (positive control highly active), at least one transformed foci was observed at the two highest treatments. A second experiment tested at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3 or 5.0ug/ml, resulted in a range of 95% to 25% relative survival. Under less sensitive conditions (positive control weakly active), none of the treatments produced transformed foci. 2,5-Toluene diamine was considered to be weakly active in the cell transformation assay.

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 16000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 48 hr

3.00e+00

1.30e+01

4.30e-01

1.00e+03

1.30e-04

1.80e-01

2.00e-04

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 16000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 48 hr

3.00e+00

1.30e+01

4.30e-01

1.00e+03

1.30e-04

1.80e-01

2.00e-04

Volatile

3.80e+01

4.90e+02

1.20e+01

2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine's production and use as hair dye intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 3.4X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.6 hours. By analogy to toluene-2,4-diamine which absorbs light at wavelengths >294 nm, 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 53. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.4X10-10 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradadtion data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine via dermal contact with consumer products containing 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine. (SRC)

2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine's production and use as a hair dye intermediate(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 53(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Volatilization of 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.4X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.4X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2012).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 53(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.4X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.16(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2012).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 3.4X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). By analogy to toluene-2,4-diamine which absorbs light at wavelengths >294 nm(4), 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 0.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). By analogy to toluene-2,4-diamine which absorbs light at wavelengths >294 nm(2), 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine can be estimated to be 53(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is expected to have high mobility in soil. However, aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(3,4), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is estimated as 7.4X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.4X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Occupational exposure to 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine is produced or used(1,2). Data collected in 1989-1992 in a Danish survey on 1448 businesses indicated an estimated 0.044 tonnes of 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine were used in personal services, cleaning, and hair dressing, with an estimated 94,000 exposure events occurring annually(2). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine via dermal contact with consumer products containing 2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine(3).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.