2,5-dichloroaniline

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.5% (1 of 201) of reports.

H301+H311+H331 (19.9%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (99.5%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (99.5%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (99.5%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (47.3%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (46.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (47.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 201 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 201 reports by companies.

There are 13 notifications provided by 200 of 201 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this compound should be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. use water in flooding quantities as fog. /Dichloroaniline/

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Dichloroaniline/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

... ANILINE SHOULD BE REACTED IN CLOSED VESSELS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE. IN FACTORIES VENTILATION SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO KEEP ATMOSPHERIC ANILINE CONTENT WELL BELOW PERMITTED LEVEL. /ANILINE/

Eating and smoking should not be allowed in areas where liquid aniline is handled, processed, or stored. /Aniline/

Clothing which becomes soaked with aniline should be promptly removed. /Aniline/

In the case of /skin/ contact it should be washed for a long time with soap & tepid water. When eyes are /exposed to aniline/ copious irrigation with water is immediately necessary. ... /Aniline/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2,5-DICHLOROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with alcohol, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with alcohol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminate area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly-closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it in a freezer or refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs.

STORE IN A COOL, DRY, WELL-VENTILATED LOCATION. SEPARATE FROM ACIDS, OXIDIZING MATERIALS, & COMBUSTIBLES. /DICHLOROANILINES/

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. Exposure could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

POSSIBLE EXPOSURE TO HIGHER CONCN (PIPE BREAKAGE, SPLASHING, CLEANING OR REPAIR OF STORAGE TANKS) NECESSITATES USE OF SAFETY GOGGLES, GAS MASK, APRON, & RUBBER GLOVES. /ANILINE/

RESPIRATOR FOR ORGANIC VAPORS, SPLASHPROOF GOGGLES ... /&/ BOOTS. /ANILINE/

Respiratory protection from aniline is as follows: vapor concentration of 100 ppm or less: a chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vapor cartridge(s) or a gas mask with a chin-style front or back-mounted organic vapor canister or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet or hood, or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece; greater than 100 ppm or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode or a combination respirator which includes a type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; escape: any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors or any self-contained breathing apparatus. /Aniline/

Butyl rubber protective clothing. ... /Aniline/

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /Dichloroanilines/

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

2,5-dichloroaniline is a brown crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992)

Colorless to brown solid; [ICSC] Brown flakes; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS-TO-BROWN NEEDLE-LIKE CRYSTALS OR FLAKES WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Light brown or amber-colored crystalline mass

NEEDLES FROM PETROLEUM ETHER

484 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

120 to 124 °F (NTP, 1992)

235 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 72.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in dilute hydrochloric acid

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, banzene

Solubility in water: none

1.54 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.01

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.6

0.01 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C:

log Kow= 2.92

When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/ and nitrogen oxides.

380 °C. Decomposes on burning. This produces toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163).

Crystal structure

Formula unit

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Quadrupole coupling

Space group

Unit cell

Unit cell parameter

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Aromatic

Pesticide degradation product

This chemical is sensitive to prolonged exposure to heat, light and air. (NTP, 1992). Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

Amines, Aromatic

2,5-DICHLOROANILINE is incompatible with acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

2,5-Dichloroaniline

Pesticide degradation product

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Confusion. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LD50 Rat oral 1600 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 400 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1600 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 400 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse iv 56 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation. /Aniline and related compounds/

IN GUELPH LOAM, 2,5-DICHLOROANILINE, AT CONCN OF 5-100 UG/G SOIL, WAS INHIBITORY AGAINST THE OXIDN OF THE NITROGEN OF AMMONIA TO NITRITE NITROGEN BY NITROSOMONAS, BUT NOT NITRITE NITROGEN TO NITRATE. THE DICHLOROANILINES SHOWED INCREASED TOXICITY AGAINST NITROSOMONAS.

TWENTY-ONE HALO-SUBSTITUTED ANILINES WERE COMPARED WITH ANILINE FOR THEIR ABILITY TO STIMULATE METHEMOGLOBIN FORMATION IN CATS. HALO SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE 4-POSITION INCREASED THE ACTIVITY OF ANILINE, WHILE SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE 2 AND 3 POSITIONS DID NOT CHANGE OR REDUCE THE ACTIVITY. POLYHALO SUBSTITUENTS (SUCH AS 2,6-DICHLOROANILINE) REDUCED THE ACTIVITY COMPARED TO ANILINE. /DICHLOROANILINES/

Dichloroaniline produces methemoglobinemia in rats & mice. /Dichloroaniline/

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

2,5-Dichloroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,5-dichloroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dichloroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours. If released to soil, 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 355. However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption. 2,5-Dichloroaniline demonstrated almost a linear rate of decomposition in Guelph loam over a 12 week period, with a half-life of 8 weeks. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Using the modified AFNOR Test (28 days of incubation), 7% of initial 2,5-dichloroaniline underwent biodegradation based on DOC analysis. If released into water, 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 35 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,5-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dichloroaniline is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dichloroaniline via drinking water and dermal contact with this compound in dye products containing 2,5-dichloroaniline. (SRC)

2,5-Dichloroaniline's production and use as a dye intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Aromatic amines such as 2,5-dichloroaniline are introduced into the environment directly as industrial effluents and indirectly as transformation products from pesticides or pharmaceuticals(2). 2,5-Dichloroaniline has been identified as a degradation product of Acid Dye 13155(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 355(2) indicates that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption(3). 2,5-Dichloroaniline demonstrated almost a linear rate of decomposition in Guelph loam over a 12 week period, with a half-life of 8 weeks(4). Volatilization of 2,5-dichloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). 2,5-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 355(2) indicates that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively(SRC), using an estimation method(3). However, this model underestimates the volatilization half-life of 2,5-dichloroaniline since it does not take into account the effects of adsorption. The Koc of 355(2) suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water(SRC). This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 662 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 317 days in a model pond 2 m deep(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 35(3,SRC), from a log Kow value of 2.92(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,5-dichloroaniline, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dichloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours(SRC) from its estimated rate constant of 2.2X10-12(3).

The effects of dichlorine-substituted anilines on Guelph loam were studied. 2,5-Dichloroaniline at concentrations of 5 to 100 ug/g soil was inhibitory against the oxidation of the nitrogen of ammonia to nitrite nitrogen, but not nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. It showed almost a linear rate of decomposition over the 12 wk period of the expt. The dichloroanilines were more persistent than aniline or the monochloroanilines.

2,5-Dichloroaniline demonstrated almost a linear rate of decomposition in Guelph loam over a 12 week period, with a half-life of 8 weeks(1). 2,5-Dichloroaniline has been classified as resistant to biodegradation (theoretical BOD of less than 30% over a 14-day incubation period using an activated sludge inocula) using the Japanese MITI test protocol(2-4). 2,5-Dichloroaniline, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5). Using the modified OECD Screening Test (activated sludge inocula, 28 days aerobic incubation), less than 25% of initial 2,5-dichloroaniline was degraded based on DOC analysis(6). Using the modified AFNOR Test (28 days of incubation), 7% of initial 2,5-dichloroaniline was degraded based on DOC analysis(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,5-dichloroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,5-dichloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 35 was calculated for 2,5-dichloroaniline(SRC), using log Kow of 2.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

The Koc for 2,5-dichloroaniline is 355(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,5-Dichloroaniline is estimated as 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 30 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 219 days(SRC). However, the volatilization half-life does not take into account the effects of adsorption. A Koc of 355(3) suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water(SRC). This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 662 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 317 days in a model pond 2 m deep(4). 2,5-Dichloroaniline's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,5-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5).

GROUNDWATER: 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected in 8 out of 8 wells sampled from an industrialized area in Milan, Italy between Nov 1995 to Nov 1996, concns not specified(1).

SURFACE WATER: Water samples of the Elbe River near Hamburg Germany were analyzed for 2,5-dichloroaniline in 1992. Samples taken upstream of Hamburg at Zollenspieker had concns of 13 ng/l (minimum) 65 ng/l (max) and 31 ng/l (median) while samples downstream at Seem had concns of 6.6 ng/l (minimum) 70 ng/l (max) and 24 ng/l (median) of 2,5-dichloroaniline(1). Samples of 100 l were taken from the North Sea at a depth of 5 m. 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected at 0.038, 0.036, 0.20, 0.064, 0.46, and 0.19 ng/l at points 1, 4, 9, 27, 30, and 36 respectively in the North Sea in 1990. In 1995, 2,5-dichloroaniline was detected only at points 27, 30, and 36 at concns of 0.65, 0.30, and 0.060 ng/l, respectively (limits of detection 0.01 ng/l)(2). In 1979, 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected along the Rhine River in 13 of 46 samples at Lobith, Germany (0.39 ppb (max) and 0.04 ppb (mean)), 4 of 12 samples at Boven Merwede, Netherlands (0.32 ppb (max) and 0.05 ppb (mean)) and 3 of 13 samples at Ijssel, Netherlands (0.40 ppb (max) and 0.04 ppb (mean)). 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected along the Meuse River in 0 of 9 samples at Eijsden, Netherlands and 2 of 12 samples at Lith, Netherlands (0.07 ppb (max) and 0.01 ppb (mean))(3).

No reaction product was found when 2,5-dichloroaniline was heated over K-10 and the other ion-exchanged montmorillonites (Fe+3, Cu+2, Al+3) over a six hour period in n-hexane(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,819 workers (246 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 2,5-dichloroaniline in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2,5-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dichloroaniline is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dichloroaniline via drinking water(2-4) and dermal contact with this compound in dye products(5) containing 2,5-dichloroaniline.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

2,5-Dichloroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,5-dichloroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dichloroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours. If released to soil, 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 355. However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption. 2,5-Dichloroaniline demonstrated almost a linear rate of decomposition in Guelph loam over a 12 week period, with a half-life of 8 weeks. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Using the modified AFNOR Test (28 days of incubation), 7% of initial 2,5-dichloroaniline underwent biodegradation based on DOC analysis. If released into water, 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 35 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,5-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dichloroaniline is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dichloroaniline via drinking water and dermal contact with this compound in dye products containing 2,5-dichloroaniline. (SRC)

2,5-Dichloroaniline's production and use as a dye intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Aromatic amines such as 2,5-dichloroaniline are introduced into the environment directly as industrial effluents and indirectly as transformation products from pesticides or pharmaceuticals(2). 2,5-Dichloroaniline has been identified as a degradation product of Acid Dye 13155(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 355(2) indicates that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption(3). 2,5-Dichloroaniline demonstrated almost a linear rate of decomposition in Guelph loam over a 12 week period, with a half-life of 8 weeks(4). Volatilization of 2,5-dichloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). 2,5-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 355(2) indicates that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively(SRC), using an estimation method(3). However, this model underestimates the volatilization half-life of 2,5-dichloroaniline since it does not take into account the effects of adsorption. The Koc of 355(2) suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water(SRC). This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 662 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 317 days in a model pond 2 m deep(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 35(3,SRC), from a log Kow value of 2.92(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,5-dichloroaniline, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dichloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours(SRC) from its estimated rate constant of 2.2X10-12(3).

The effects of dichlorine-substituted anilines on Guelph loam were studied. 2,5-Dichloroaniline at concentrations of 5 to 100 ug/g soil was inhibitory against the oxidation of the nitrogen of ammonia to nitrite nitrogen, but not nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. It showed almost a linear rate of decomposition over the 12 wk period of the expt. The dichloroanilines were more persistent than aniline or the monochloroanilines.

2,5-Dichloroaniline demonstrated almost a linear rate of decomposition in Guelph loam over a 12 week period, with a half-life of 8 weeks(1). 2,5-Dichloroaniline has been classified as resistant to biodegradation (theoretical BOD of less than 30% over a 14-day incubation period using an activated sludge inocula) using the Japanese MITI test protocol(2-4). 2,5-Dichloroaniline, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5). Using the modified OECD Screening Test (activated sludge inocula, 28 days aerobic incubation), less than 25% of initial 2,5-dichloroaniline was degraded based on DOC analysis(6). Using the modified AFNOR Test (28 days of incubation), 7% of initial 2,5-dichloroaniline was degraded based on DOC analysis(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,5-dichloroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,5-dichloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 35 was calculated for 2,5-dichloroaniline(SRC), using log Kow of 2.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

The Koc for 2,5-dichloroaniline is 355(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,5-Dichloroaniline is estimated as 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,5-dichloroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 30 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 219 days(SRC). However, the volatilization half-life does not take into account the effects of adsorption. A Koc of 355(3) suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water(SRC). This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 662 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 317 days in a model pond 2 m deep(4). 2,5-Dichloroaniline's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,5-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5).

GROUNDWATER: 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected in 8 out of 8 wells sampled from an industrialized area in Milan, Italy between Nov 1995 to Nov 1996, concns not specified(1).

SURFACE WATER: Water samples of the Elbe River near Hamburg Germany were analyzed for 2,5-dichloroaniline in 1992. Samples taken upstream of Hamburg at Zollenspieker had concns of 13 ng/l (minimum) 65 ng/l (max) and 31 ng/l (median) while samples downstream at Seem had concns of 6.6 ng/l (minimum) 70 ng/l (max) and 24 ng/l (median) of 2,5-dichloroaniline(1). Samples of 100 l were taken from the North Sea at a depth of 5 m. 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected at 0.038, 0.036, 0.20, 0.064, 0.46, and 0.19 ng/l at points 1, 4, 9, 27, 30, and 36 respectively in the North Sea in 1990. In 1995, 2,5-dichloroaniline was detected only at points 27, 30, and 36 at concns of 0.65, 0.30, and 0.060 ng/l, respectively (limits of detection 0.01 ng/l)(2). In 1979, 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected along the Rhine River in 13 of 46 samples at Lobith, Germany (0.39 ppb (max) and 0.04 ppb (mean)), 4 of 12 samples at Boven Merwede, Netherlands (0.32 ppb (max) and 0.05 ppb (mean)) and 3 of 13 samples at Ijssel, Netherlands (0.40 ppb (max) and 0.04 ppb (mean)). 2,5-Dichloroaniline was detected along the Meuse River in 0 of 9 samples at Eijsden, Netherlands and 2 of 12 samples at Lith, Netherlands (0.07 ppb (max) and 0.01 ppb (mean))(3).

No reaction product was found when 2,5-dichloroaniline was heated over K-10 and the other ion-exchanged montmorillonites (Fe+3, Cu+2, Al+3) over a six hour period in n-hexane(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,819 workers (246 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 2,5-dichloroaniline in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2,5-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dichloroaniline is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dichloroaniline via drinking water(2-4) and dermal contact with this compound in dye products(5) containing 2,5-dichloroaniline.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,5-DICHLOROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Dichloroanilines

UN 1590; Dichloroanilines

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-33-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II