2,5-dimethylphenol

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (99.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (> 99.9%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (55.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (77.5%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2365 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

FOUNDRY PLANT WASTE GASES WERE DEODORIZED WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, AND DEODORIZATION EFFICIENCY WAS MEASURED BY PRESENCE OF 2,5-XYLENOL IN SCRUBBED WASTE GASES.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Chemical Treatability of 2,5-Dimethylphenol; Concentration Process: Biological treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 94.5% reduction based on chemical oxygen demand; rate of biodegradation 10.6 mg chemical oxygen demand/g hr (activated sludge process).

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and protect it from moisture and oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

1.0 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Some data suggesting breakthrough times /for butyl rubber/ of approximately an hour or more. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

Breakthrough times /for neoprene/ greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

Breakthrough times / for polyvinyl alcohol/ less (usually significantly less) than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

2,5-dimethylphenol is a colorless to off-white crystalline solid. Odor threshold concentration 0.4 mg/L. Taste threshold concentration 0.5 mg/L. (NTP, 1992)

Liquid; Dry Powder

Colorless to off-white solid; [CAMEO] Needles; [MSDSonline]

Colourless crystalline solid; Colourless needles

Crystals from alcohol plus ether

NEEDLES FROM WATER; PRISMS FROM ALCOHOL-ETHER

0.5 mg/l (taste threshold concn)

414 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

211.5 °C @ 762 mm Hg

211.00 to 212.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

211-212 °C

160 to 163 °F (NTP, 1992)

71 - 73 °C

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in ethyl alcohol; very sol in ethyl ether; sl sol in chloroform

Very sol in benzene

In water, 3.54X10+3 mg/l @ 25 °C.

2.6 x 10 (-2) mol/l, at pH 5.1 and 25 °C.

3.54 mg/mL at 25 °C

slightly soluble to soluble in water; soluble in fat

moderately soluble (in ethanol)

0.971 (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

0.965 AT 80 °C

1 mmHg at 125.2 °F ; 5 mmHg at 172.4 °F; 10 mmHg at 196.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.15 [mmHg]

0.156 mm Hg @ 25 °C

log Kow= 2.33

When heated to decomp, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

1.55 mN.s.m-2 at 80 °C

13,130.2 g cal/g mole

2.0-2.3 mg/cu m (recognition in air)

0.0005 mg/cu m (detection in air)

0.4 mg/l (detection in water)

Index of refraction: 1.5092 @ 80 °C

pKa= 10.41 at 25 °C

pK = 10.3

Heat of fusion: 23.38 kJ/mole @ 74.8 °C

Dipole moment: 1.43 debye (benzene, 20 °C); 1.52 debye (benzene, 60 °C)

Hydroxyl radical rate constant = 8.00X10-11 cu cm/molc sec @ 25 °C

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

This chemical is hygroscopic. Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL is incompatible with bases, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents. It corrodes steel, brass, copper and copper alloys. (NTP, 1992)

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LD50 Rat oral 444 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 383 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 938 mg/kg

A SPONTANEOUSLY DEVELOPING VASOCONSTRICTION IN ISOLATED PERFUSED LUNG AND THE VASOCONSTRICTION CAUSED BY ARTERIALLY INJECTED ATP (50 UG) WERE BOTH INHIBITED BY THE ADDITION TO THE PERFUSATE OF VARIOUS PHENOLS INCLUDING 2,5-XYLENOL.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Dilution may be contraindicated because it may increase absorption. Do not use emetics ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Phenols and Related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and Related Compounds/

TOXIC BY INGESTION AND SKIN ABSORPTION. /COMMERCIAL MIXTURES/

LISTED AS A TUMOR PROMOTER. /FROM TABLE/

... DIMETHYLPHENOLS WERE AS POTENT IN PROMOTING PAPILLOMAS AS PHENOL ITSELF (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF 2,6-DIMETHYLPHENOL, WHICH WAS INACTIVE) ... IT APPEARS THAT THERE MUST BE AT LEAST ONE UNSUBSTITUTED POSITION ORTHO TO THE PHENOLIC GROUP FOR PAPILLOMA-PROMOTING ACTIVITY /IN MICE/. /DIMETHYLPHENOLS/

TO ENSURE LONG TERM SURVIVAL OF SALMONIDS IN PRESENCE OF PHENOLIC WASTES WHERE 2,5-XYLENOL IS THE MAIN CONSTITUENT, THE CONCN SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.5 MG/L.

2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL WAS NONMUTAGENIC IN TA98 AND TA100 STRAINS OF THE SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM HISTIDINE-REVERSION TEST SYSTEM.

THE CILIOTOXICITY OF COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL) REPRESENTATIVE OF THE GASEOUS AND SEMIVOLATILE PHASES OF TOBACCO SMOKE WAS INVESTIGATED USING CHICKEN TRACHEAL ORGAN CULTURES. THE ALKYLATED PHENOLS EXHIBITED GREATER CILIOSTATIC EFFECTS THAN PHENOL ITSELF.

Phenol, three cresols, and 2,5-, 2,4-, 3,5-, and 3,4-dimethylphenols were detected in ether extract of black fermented tea. ... Six of the 15 mice of Group 1 developed epithelial-cell carcinoma in the neck region after one painting of 3,4-benzopyrene followed by 55 paintings of brewed tea /over 110 days/. All other mice in this group developed pre-carcinogenic or carcinogenic stages of squamous-cell tumors. The mice of Group 2 after one painting of 3,4-benzopyrene only, developed no pathologic legions.

LC50 Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) 3.2-5.6 mg/l/96 hr /Static bioassay/

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 10.0 mg/1/48 hr /Static bioassay/

2,5-Dimethylphenol's production and use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants, in the manufacture of artificial resins, as a constituent of coal tar creosote, as a raw material for antioxidants in gasoline and rubber, and as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 2,5-Dimethylphenol has been found to occur naturally in tobacco and marijuana smoke and in black tea. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dimethylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours. There is potential for the direct photolysis of 2,5-dimethylphenol since a small band extends over 290 nm and thus 2,5-dimethylphenol may absorb light in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 440. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Complete biodegradation of 2,5-dimethylphenol occurred in 14 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam. If released into water, 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb very little to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 94.5% chemical oxygen demand after 5 days. In addition, it has been reported that 2,5-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water. Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur in one study using a river sediment inoculum, but 55% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study using a contaminated groundwater digester. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 days and 46, respectively. An estimated BCF of 35 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,5-dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation of this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dimethylphenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air (i.e., tobacco smoke and automobile exhaust), ingestion of food, and contact with other products containing 2,5-dimethylphenol. (SRC)

2,5-Dimethylphenol has been found in tobacco(1-3) and marijuana mainstream smoke(3), and black tea(4).

/SRP/: 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL IS A CONSTITUENT OF ... AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST, AND SHALE OIL WASTE WATER.

2,5-Dimethylphenol's use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants (1), in the manufacture of artificial resins(1), as a constituent of coal tar creosote (0.7 wt%)(2), as a raw material for antioxidants in gasoline and rubber(3), and as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust(4-7) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Dimethylphenols, of which 2,5-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are components of disinfectants, solvents, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs(8).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,5-dimethylphenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from its vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 3540 mg/l(5). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(3). 2,5-Dimethylphenol has been reported to biodegrade in soil in 14 days at a temperature of 19 °C(6). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur in one study using a river sediment inoculum, time unspecified(7), yet 55% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study using a contaminated groundwater digester(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb very little to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from its vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 3540 mg/l(5). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 days and 46 days, respectively(3,SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 35(3,SRC), from 2,5-dimethylphenol's log Kow(2), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). In humic waters, degradation by the reaction with peroxy radicals should ensue with a half-life on the order of hours(7). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 94.5% chemical oxygen demand after 5 days(8). In addition, it has been reported that 2,5-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water(9). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur in one study, time unspecified(10), yet 55% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,5-dimethylphenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dimethylphenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 8.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Atmospheric 2,5-dimethylphenol is known to be removed by rainwater(4). 2,5-Dimethylphenol has an absorption band at 276 nm (alcohol-ether), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm, thus making it a candidate for direct photochemical degradation(5,6). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(7,SRC).

ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS TO METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN SEWAGE SLUDGE DIGESTION OCCURRED IN BOTH GROUND WATER AND LABORATORY DIGESTORS. WATER SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM THE NEAR SURFACE GROUND WATER IN AN AREA CONTAMINATED WITH PLANT PROCESS WASTES RESULTING FROM OPERATION OF A COAL TAR DISTILLING AND WOOD TREATING PLANT. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL) WERE ISOLATED FROM THE AQUEOUS SAMPLES BY DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACTION.

... Adapted activated sludge at 20 °C, product is sole carbon source: 94% chemical oxygen demand removal at 11 mg chemical oxygen demand/g dry inoculum/hr ... .

In shake flask studies, an initial 2,5-dimethylphenol concentration of 0.1 ug/ml was reduced to below detection following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(1). 2,5-Dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water(2). 2,5-Dimethylphenol completely biodegraded in 14 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam at 19 °C(3). Using a biological treatment simulator, 11.2% theoretical oxygen demand after 10 days was obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol from a coal gasification waste water feed and an acclimated sludge seed(4). The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 94.5% chemical oxygen demand loss after 5 days(5). In a biological treatment simulator using an activated sludge seed, 2,5-dimethylphenol underwent 78% chemical oxygen demand removal afer 40 days; at 50 days, no further degradation had ensued(6).

ANAEROBIC: In a screening test using a mixed culture sewage seed and substrate concns of 100, 300, and 500 mg/l, anaerobic degradation did not occur(1). However, in another study, 2,5-dimethylphenol, at an initial concn of 5.44 mg/l, underwent 55% degradation when incubated in coal tar-contaminated groundwater in an anaerobic digester for 8 weeks(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,5-dimethylphenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been determined to be 8.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.8 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,5-Dimethylphenol has an absorption band at 276 nm (alcohol-ether), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm, thus making it a candidate for direct photochemical degradation(2,3). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(4,SRC). Peroxy radicals found in humic waters react with phenols; the half-lives can be measured in hours(5). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

An estimated BCF of 35 was calculated for 2,5-dimethylphenol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

The Koc of 2,5-dimethylphenol is estimated as 440(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,5-dimethylphenol is estimated as 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 0.156 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 3540 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as approximately 6 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 46 days(SRC). 2,5-Dimethylphenol's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: 2,5-Dimethylphenol was found in concns ranging from 1-130 ug/l in 4 out of 4 up-gradient wells, and 1,800-9,400 ug/l in 6 out of 7 down-gradient wells near a former pine-tar manufacturing facility in Gainesville, FL, analyzed as a mixture with 3,4-dimethylphenol(1). Studies near a closed wood preserving facility in Pensacola, FL detected 2,5-dimethylphenol in groundwater ranging from 3.04 mg/l at 6 m depth and 2.55 mg/l at 18 m depth approximately 170 m from the plant site; at approximately 330 m from the site, 0.57 mg/l 2,5-dimethylphenol was detected at a depth of 6 m and 0.33 mg/l was detected at a depth of 12 m(2). The concn of 2,5-dimethylphenol in groundwater collected from a coal tar distillation/wood-treatment plant at St. Louis Park, MN in 1978 and from a wood-preserving plant at Pensacola, FL in 1985 was determined to be 6.24 mg/l and 0.56 mg/l, respectively(3). Groundwater samples collected from three creosote-contaminated sites in Denmark, date unspecified, were found to contain 2,5-dimethylphenol ranging in concn from below detection to 2090 ug/l(4). 2,5-Dimethylphenol was detected at a concn of 0.1 mg/l in groundwater near an abandoned wood preservative manufacturing plant in Florida(5). Water samples collected during December 1986 from Gas Works Park, Seattle, WA were found to contain 2,5-dimethylphenol ranging in concn from below detection to 1.5 mg/l(6).

SURFACE WATER: 2,5-Dimethylphenol was qualitatively identified in samples from the Saint Lawrence River(1).

RAIN/SNOW: In 1984, 2,5-dimethylphenol was detected in seven rain events in Portland, OR, with concns ranging from 300-1300 ng/l and averaging 820 ng/l; analyzed as a mixture with 2,4-dimethylphenol(1).

LC50 Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) 3.2-5.6 mg/l/96 hr /Static bioassay/

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 10.0 mg/1/48 hr /Static bioassay/

2,5-Dimethylphenol's production and use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants, in the manufacture of artificial resins, as a constituent of coal tar creosote, as a raw material for antioxidants in gasoline and rubber, and as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 2,5-Dimethylphenol has been found to occur naturally in tobacco and marijuana smoke and in black tea. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dimethylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours. There is potential for the direct photolysis of 2,5-dimethylphenol since a small band extends over 290 nm and thus 2,5-dimethylphenol may absorb light in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 440. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Complete biodegradation of 2,5-dimethylphenol occurred in 14 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam. If released into water, 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb very little to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 94.5% chemical oxygen demand after 5 days. In addition, it has been reported that 2,5-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water. Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur in one study using a river sediment inoculum, but 55% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study using a contaminated groundwater digester. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 days and 46, respectively. An estimated BCF of 35 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,5-dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation of this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dimethylphenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air (i.e., tobacco smoke and automobile exhaust), ingestion of food, and contact with other products containing 2,5-dimethylphenol. (SRC)

2,5-Dimethylphenol has been found in tobacco(1-3) and marijuana mainstream smoke(3), and black tea(4).

/SRP/: 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL IS A CONSTITUENT OF ... AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST, AND SHALE OIL WASTE WATER.

2,5-Dimethylphenol's use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants (1), in the manufacture of artificial resins(1), as a constituent of coal tar creosote (0.7 wt%)(2), as a raw material for antioxidants in gasoline and rubber(3), and as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust(4-7) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Dimethylphenols, of which 2,5-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are components of disinfectants, solvents, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs(8).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,5-dimethylphenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from its vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 3540 mg/l(5). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(3). 2,5-Dimethylphenol has been reported to biodegrade in soil in 14 days at a temperature of 19 °C(6). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur in one study using a river sediment inoculum, time unspecified(7), yet 55% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study using a contaminated groundwater digester(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb very little to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from its vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 3540 mg/l(5). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 days and 46 days, respectively(3,SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 35(3,SRC), from 2,5-dimethylphenol's log Kow(2), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). In humic waters, degradation by the reaction with peroxy radicals should ensue with a half-life on the order of hours(7). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 94.5% chemical oxygen demand after 5 days(8). In addition, it has been reported that 2,5-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water(9). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur in one study, time unspecified(10), yet 55% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,5-dimethylphenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,5-dimethylphenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 8.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Atmospheric 2,5-dimethylphenol is known to be removed by rainwater(4). 2,5-Dimethylphenol has an absorption band at 276 nm (alcohol-ether), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm, thus making it a candidate for direct photochemical degradation(5,6). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(7,SRC).

ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS TO METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN SEWAGE SLUDGE DIGESTION OCCURRED IN BOTH GROUND WATER AND LABORATORY DIGESTORS. WATER SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM THE NEAR SURFACE GROUND WATER IN AN AREA CONTAMINATED WITH PLANT PROCESS WASTES RESULTING FROM OPERATION OF A COAL TAR DISTILLING AND WOOD TREATING PLANT. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL) WERE ISOLATED FROM THE AQUEOUS SAMPLES BY DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACTION.

... Adapted activated sludge at 20 °C, product is sole carbon source: 94% chemical oxygen demand removal at 11 mg chemical oxygen demand/g dry inoculum/hr ... .

In shake flask studies, an initial 2,5-dimethylphenol concentration of 0.1 ug/ml was reduced to below detection following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(1). 2,5-Dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water(2). 2,5-Dimethylphenol completely biodegraded in 14 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam at 19 °C(3). Using a biological treatment simulator, 11.2% theoretical oxygen demand after 10 days was obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol from a coal gasification waste water feed and an acclimated sludge seed(4). The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,5-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 94.5% chemical oxygen demand loss after 5 days(5). In a biological treatment simulator using an activated sludge seed, 2,5-dimethylphenol underwent 78% chemical oxygen demand removal afer 40 days; at 50 days, no further degradation had ensued(6).

ANAEROBIC: In a screening test using a mixed culture sewage seed and substrate concns of 100, 300, and 500 mg/l, anaerobic degradation did not occur(1). However, in another study, 2,5-dimethylphenol, at an initial concn of 5.44 mg/l, underwent 55% degradation when incubated in coal tar-contaminated groundwater in an anaerobic digester for 8 weeks(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,5-dimethylphenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been determined to be 8.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.8 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,5-Dimethylphenol has an absorption band at 276 nm (alcohol-ether), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm, thus making it a candidate for direct photochemical degradation(2,3). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(4,SRC). Peroxy radicals found in humic waters react with phenols; the half-lives can be measured in hours(5). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

An estimated BCF of 35 was calculated for 2,5-dimethylphenol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

The Koc of 2,5-dimethylphenol is estimated as 440(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,5-dimethylphenol is estimated as 7.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 0.156 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 3540 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,5-dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as approximately 6 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 46 days(SRC). 2,5-Dimethylphenol's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC). 2,5-Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.156 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: 2,5-Dimethylphenol was found in concns ranging from 1-130 ug/l in 4 out of 4 up-gradient wells, and 1,800-9,400 ug/l in 6 out of 7 down-gradient wells near a former pine-tar manufacturing facility in Gainesville, FL, analyzed as a mixture with 3,4-dimethylphenol(1). Studies near a closed wood preserving facility in Pensacola, FL detected 2,5-dimethylphenol in groundwater ranging from 3.04 mg/l at 6 m depth and 2.55 mg/l at 18 m depth approximately 170 m from the plant site; at approximately 330 m from the site, 0.57 mg/l 2,5-dimethylphenol was detected at a depth of 6 m and 0.33 mg/l was detected at a depth of 12 m(2). The concn of 2,5-dimethylphenol in groundwater collected from a coal tar distillation/wood-treatment plant at St. Louis Park, MN in 1978 and from a wood-preserving plant at Pensacola, FL in 1985 was determined to be 6.24 mg/l and 0.56 mg/l, respectively(3). Groundwater samples collected from three creosote-contaminated sites in Denmark, date unspecified, were found to contain 2,5-dimethylphenol ranging in concn from below detection to 2090 ug/l(4). 2,5-Dimethylphenol was detected at a concn of 0.1 mg/l in groundwater near an abandoned wood preservative manufacturing plant in Florida(5). Water samples collected during December 1986 from Gas Works Park, Seattle, WA were found to contain 2,5-dimethylphenol ranging in concn from below detection to 1.5 mg/l(6).

SURFACE WATER: 2,5-Dimethylphenol was qualitatively identified in samples from the Saint Lawrence River(1).

RAIN/SNOW: In 1984, 2,5-dimethylphenol was detected in seven rain events in Portland, OR, with concns ranging from 300-1300 ng/l and averaging 820 ng/l; analyzed as a mixture with 2,4-dimethylphenol(1).

2,5-Dimethylphenol was identified in Los Angeles County, CA effluent (1980-81) at 10 ug/l(1). Waste water from the gasification of Indian Head lignite coal in North Dakota was determined to have an estimated 2,5-dimethylphenol concentration of 358 mg/l(2). 2,5-Dimethylphenol was detected but not quantified in low temperature carbonization wastewater collected in Naspur, India(3).

2,5-Dimethylphenol was qualitatively detected in soil samples at the site of a former pine-tar manufacturer in Gainsville, FL(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In 1984, a gas phase concn of 2,5-dimethylphenol was detected in 7 of 7 rain events in Portland, OR, at concns ranging from 15-70 ng/cu m, averaging 33 ng/cu m, analyzed as a mixture with 2,4-dimethylphenol(1). The amount associated with adsorption to particulate matter was <5% of the gas phase concn in every case(1). Not detected in either rural or urban air samples (detection limit = 0.05 ug/cu m)(2). SOURCE DOMINATED: Although found in gasoline and diesel motor exhaust, it was not detected in an Allegheny Mountain highway tunnel(3).

2,5-Dimethylphenol was identified as a volatile component of fresh tree-ripened apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) with a concn of 33 mg/kg fresh fruit tissue(1). 2,5-Dimethylphenol was identified as a volatile flavor component of the Japanese dried food, Bonito(2).

IDENTIFIED IN PARTICULATE PHASE OF TOBACCO SMOKE: 2,4- AND 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOLS, 2000 UG/100 CIGARETTES. /FROM TABLE/

2,5-Dimethylphenol was identified as a component of cigarette smoke, with concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.1 mg/100 cigarettes (analyzed with 2,4-dimethylphenol)(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7,786 workers are potentially exposed to dimethylphenol in the US, isomer not specified(1). Occupational exposure to 2,5-dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation of this compound at workplaces where 2,5-dimethylphenol is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2,5-dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air (i.e., tobacco smoke(2) and automobile exhaust(3)), ingestion of food(4,5), and contact with other products that may contain 2,5-dimethylphenol(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Chemical Treatability of 2,5-Dimethylphenol; Concentration Process: Biological treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 94.5% reduction based on chemical oxygen demand; rate of biodegradation 10.6 mg chemical oxygen demand/g hr (activated sludge process).

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2261; Dimethylphenols

IMO 6.1; Dimethylphenols

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.