1,2,3-trichloropropane

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360F ***: May damage fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (13.4%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301+H311 (50%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (63.4%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302+H312+H332 (17.9%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (36.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (63.4%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (36.6%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (65%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (28.1%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (71.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (63.4%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (64.7%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360FD (27.8%): May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (63.4%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373 (35.6%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (63.4%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 374 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water; foam; carbon dioxide; dry chemical (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, alcohol foam, or polymer foam extinguishers.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it under ambient temperatures. Keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from powdered metals and food and feedstuffs. Cool. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects

Store in a secure location. ... Before entering a confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in a refrigerator or a cool, dry place and keep away from chemically active metals, oxidizers, strong caustics. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored.

0.20 [ppm]

17 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

10 ppm (60 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix A

50.0 [ppm]

50 ppm (300 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (300 mg/m3) See Appendix G

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that objectionable ocular and mucosal irritation were experienced after 15 minutes of exposure to 100 ppm [Silverman et al. 1946].

NIOSH considers 1,2,3-trichloropropane to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [100 ppm]

See: 96184

0.005 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.005 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

0.005 ppm as TWA; A2 (suspected human carcinogen).

0.005 ppm [2014]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants: Contaminant, 1,2,3-trichloropropane; Minimum reporting level, 0.03 ug/L; Period during which monitoring to be completed, 1/1/2013-12/31/2015.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin. The substance may cause effects on the liver and kidneys at high concentrations. This may result in tissue lesions. Exposure at high levels could cause lowering of consciousness.

This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxic effects upon human reproduction.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

1,2,3-trichloropropane is a colorless liquid with a strong acid odor. Denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Odor described as being quite similar to that of trichloroethylene or chloroform

Chloroform-like odor

313 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

157 °C @760 [mm Hg]

5.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

-13.9 °C

-14.7 °C

180 °F (NTP, 1992)

74 °C (165 °F) - closed cup

180 °F (82.2 °C) (Open Cup)

160-164 °F (Closed cup)

180 °F (open cup)

71 °C (closed cup)

73 °C c.c.

1 to 5 mg/mL at 75 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 1750 mg/L at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether; very soluble in chloroform

Dissolves oils, fats, waxes, chlorinated rubber, and numerous resins.

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.18 (very poor)

1.3889 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3889 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.39

1.3889 @ 20°C

5.08 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.08 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.1

2 mmHg at 68 °F ; 4 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)

3.69 [mmHg]

3.69 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.29

7.5 [mm Hg] @37 °C

log Kow = 2.27

Henry's Law constant = 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

579 °F (USCG, 1999)

Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE is sensitive to prolonged exposure to light. Sensitive to heat. May react with active metals, strong caustics and oxidizing agents. Attacks some plastics, rubber and some coatings (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong acids, aluminum, tin/tin oxides, zinc, magnesium.

Chemically-active metals, strong caustics and oxidizers.

Vigorous reaction with strong oxidizers. Keep away from chlorinated rubber, resins and waxes, and sunlight.

Chemically-active metals, strong caustics & oxidizers

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) is a colorless liquid with a acrid, unpleasant. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals (e.g., pesticides) and as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers, such as polysulfides and hexafluoropropylene. Former uses include a solvent for hydrophobic compounds and resins, as a paint and varnish remover, and as a degreasing agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Vapors of 1,2,3-trichloropropane were found to be objectionable to subjects at a concentration of 100 ppm because of eye and throat irritation and unpleasant odor. It was noted that vapors of 1,2,3-TCP were acrid at 50 ppm. Acute/subchronic neurotoxic effects of 1,2,3-TCP include CNS damage in humans. Sporadic cases of toxic hepatic injury from 1,2,3-TCP in humans have been reported. In an in vitro micronucleus assay, 1,2,3-TCP did not exhibit mutagenic activity compared to the concurrent control. The DNA breakage capacity and the cytotoxicity was assessed in the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis test (comet assay) with and without S9-mix in isolated human lymphocytes. 1,2,3-TCP induced DNA breakage. 1,2,3-TCP is a suspected human carcinogen. ANIMAL STUDIES: A dose of 0.5 mL of 1,2,3-TCP applied to the intact skin of rabbits for 4 hr under semi-occlusive and for 24 hr under occlusive dressings produced mild reversible irritation. In contrast to these test results, another study classified 1,2,3-TCP as severely irritating, based on irritation scores from a Draize test on intact and abraded skin of rabbits. After instillation of 0.1 mL of undiluted 1,2,3-TCP, mild to moderate irritation of rabbit eyes was observed, with all effects being reversible within 2-7 days. Symptoms of intoxication in rats and mice included prostration, hypoactivity, ataxia, sedation, dyspnea, convulsions, lacrimation, salivation, irritation of the mucosa of eyes and nose, and liver and kidney damage. Immediate respiratory depression was a frequent cause of death. Delayed deaths (after 7-10 days) were ascribed to liver damage. Three dogs that received intragastic administration of 1,2,3-TCP had CNS depression, within 1-2 hours, and died within 1-2 days. Continuous inhalation of 0.4 and 0.8 mg/cu m of 1,2,3-TCP for 7 days caused hemorrhages in rat lungs with desquamation and destruction of bronchial, bronchiolar & alveolar epithelium. Rats given 113 or 149 mg/kg 1,2,3-TCP in drinking water for 13 weeks developed renal pyknosis, glomerular adhesions, and accumulated protein in the tubular lumen. Intermittent 4-hour exposures for 11 days at 3 ppm of 1,2,3-TCP caused a decreased thickness of olfactory epithelium in rats. A degeneration of the olfactory epithelium was found in rats at 10 ppm or higher concentrations, and inflammation and decreased thickness of the olfactory epithelium were found in mice at 10 to 13 ppm with degeneration at higher concentrations. Among 140 carcinogenic chemicals tested in long-term animal studies, 1,2,3-TCP was among the seven producing uterine neoplasms in mice (spontaneous tumor rate 0.3%). 1,2,3-TCP was evaluated in 2-year toxicology and carcinogenesis studies by the NTP. 1,2,3-TCP induced benign and/or malignant neoplasms at multiple sites in both rats and mice. 15 daily doses of 37 mg/kg 1,2,3-TCP were given by intraperitoneal injection to pregnant rats throughout implantation and organogenesis; there were no fetotoxic or teratogenic effects in the offspring, but maternal toxicity was evident. Male rats given five oral doses of 80 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of testicular toxicity. In a one-generation reproduction study, progeny indices were unaffected by treatment with 1,2,3-TCP. Male rats administered 1,2,3-TCP by gavage at a dosage of 125 mg/kg body weight per day for 120 days showed significant increases in relative testes weights and a significant decrease in relative epididymis weight. However, no effects on sperm count or sperm morphology and no histomorphological changes of testes or epididymis were observed. Impairment of survival rates was observed among pups of treated females that had been mated with untreated males. 1,2,3-TCP is mutagenic in bacterial test systems with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 97, TA 100, and TA 1535 and E. coli WP2 uvr A in the presence of metabolic activation. 1,2,3-TCP did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes. It induced gene mutation at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster V79 and ovary cells and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, only in the presence of metabolic activation. Additionally, 1,2,3-TCP enhanced the transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by simian adenovirus SA7.

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

Gastrointestinal

Reproductive

Respiratory

4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

0.001−0.1

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Overall evaluation: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). In making the overall evaluation, the working group took into account the following evidence: (1) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane causes tumors at multiple sites and at high incidence in mice and rats. (2) The metabolism of 1,2,3-trichloropropane is qualitatively similar in human and rodent microsomes. (3) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane is mutagenic to bacteria and to cultured mammalian cells and binds to the DNA of animals treated in vivo.

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

1,2,3-Trichloropropane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

Fish Project (1,2,3-Trichloropropane)

TR-528: Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,2-bis(Bromomethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, Nitromethane, and 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (CASRNs 3296-90-0, 75-52-5, and 96-18-4) in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and Medaka (Oryzias latipes) (Waterborne Studies) (2005 )

02/18/04

FISH (Medaka)

M = P F = P

Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol at concentrations of up to 150 mg/L for 16 months was considered carcinogenic for male guppies based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas. The study in female guppies was considered inadequate based on reduced survival. Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)- 1,3-propanediol at concentrations of up to 150 mg/L for 14 months was considered carcinogenic for male medaka based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas. The study in female medaka was considered negative.

Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, the study of nitromethane in male guppies was considered inadequate based on reduced survival. The study in female guppies at concentrations up to 70 mg/L for 16 months was considered negative. The study in male and female medaka was considered negative.

Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 1,2,3-trichloropropane at concentrations of up to 18 mg/L for 16 months was considered carcinogenic for male and female guppies based on increased incidences of a variety of liver neoplasms. Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 1,2,3-trichloropropane at concentrations of up to 18 mg/L for 13 months was considered carcinogenic for male and female medaka based on increased incidences of a variety of liver neoplasms and papillary adenoma of the gallbladder.

TR-384: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1993 )

07/09/91

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the oral mucosa and forestomach, adenomas of the pancreas and kidney, adenomas or carcinomas of the preputial gland, and carcinomas of the Zymbal's gland. Adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas of the intestine may have been related to chemical administration. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the oral mucosa and forestomach, adenomas or carcinomas of the clitoral gland, adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland, and carcinomas of the Zymbal's gland. Adenocarcinomas of the intestine may have been related to chemical administration.

There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach, hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas of the liver, and harderian gland adenomas. Squamous cell papillomas of the oral mucosa may have been related to chemical administration. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in female B6C3F1, mice based on increased incidences of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach, hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas of the liver, harderian gland adenomas, and uterine adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and stromal polyps.

Nonneoplastic lesions associated with exposure to 1,2,3-trichloropropane included increased severity of nephropathy in male rats and increased incidences of basal cell and squamous hyperplasia of the forestomach, acinar hyperplasia of the pancreas, renal tubule hyperplasia, and preputial or clitoral gland hyperplasia in male and female rats. Increased incidences of squamous hyperplasia of the forestomach and eosinophilic foci in the liver in male and female mice were chemical related.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Redness. Tingling sensation.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Headache. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; central nervous system depression; In Animals: liver, kidney injury; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

[in animals: forestomach, liver & mammary gland cancer]

EC50; Species: Chlamydomonas angulosa (Green algae) age 72-96 hr, exponential growth phase, 5X10+4 cells/mL; Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 760 mmol/cu m for 3 hr; Effect: physiology, photosynthesis /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae) age 72-96 hr, exponential growth phase, 20X10+4 cells/mL; Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 1150 mmol/cu m for 3 hr; Effect: physiology, photosynthesis /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (Green algae); Concentration: 49.6 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: inhibition of biomass formation /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (Green algae); Concentration: 101 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: inhibition of growth rate /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

5.10e-03

1.10e-01

3.10e-01

1.30e+00

7.50e-04

5.00e+01

3.00e+01

4.00e-03

3.00e-04

Volatile

1.40e+03

5.10e-01

1.10e+01

9.40e-01

3.90e+00

7.50e-02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to ground water contamination.

1,2,3-Trichloropropane's production and use as a chemical intermediate, and former use as a paint and varnish remover, solvent and degreasing agent may result in its direct release to the environment through various waste streams. Its occurrence as an impurity in nematicides and soil fumigants will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.69 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,2,3-trichloropropane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,3-trichloropropane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 46 days. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,2,3-trichloropropane is expected to have high mobility based upon Koc values of 95 and 77. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1,2,3-trichloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD in four weeks was reached, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. However, aerobic biodegradation may occur in the presence of other halogens and using an adapted culture. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 6 days, respectively. A BCF range of 5.3-13 suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. A hydrolysis half-life of about 44 years in water at pH 7 indicates that hydrolysis is not an important environmental fate process. Occupational exposure to 1,2,3-trichloropropane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2,3-trichloropropane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2,3-trichloropropane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound. (SRC)

1,2,3-Trichloropropane's production and use as a chemical intermediate(1-3) and former use as a paint and varnish remover, solvent and degreasing agent(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste treams(SRC). It's occurrence as an impurity in the soil fumigant DD ((EZ)-1,3-dichloropropene)(5,6) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 77 and 95(2) indicate that 1,2,3-trichloropropane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2,3-trichloropropane from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.69 mm Hg(4). When 1,2,3-trichloropropane was incubated in Captina silt loam and McLaurin sandy loam soils in the dark at 20 °C for 7 days, its disappearance half-life from the soils was 2.7 days, a value that was independent of soil type and whether the soil was active or sterile(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in four weeks(6), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, aerobic biodegradation may occur in the presence of other halogens and using an adapted culture(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 95 and 77(2) indicates that 1,2,3-trichloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hrs and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF range of 5.3-13(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in four weeks(6), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). However, aerobic biodegradation may occur in the presence of other halogens and using an adapted culture(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2,3-trichloropropane, which has a vapor pressure of 3.69 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,3-trichloropropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 46 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, present at 100 ppm, reached 0% of its Theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 ppm in the Japanese MITI test(1). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane showed little degradation in an anaerobic serum bottle test over a 60 day period. It was one of 12 chlorinated aliphatic compounds (1-3 carbons) in the test mixture. Almost complete removal was obtained in a 7-day aerobic bottle test with methanogenic cultures, but not with phenol-adapted cultures(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2,3-trichloropropane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 46 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The experimental neutral and basic hydrolysis rate constants for 1,2,3-trichloropropane at 25 °C are 1.8X10-6 1/hr and 9.9X10-4 1/M-hr, respectively(2). This translates to a half-life of about 44 years in water at pH 7(SRC). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

BCF values of 5.4-12 and 5.3-13 were calculated in fish for 1,2,3-trichloropropane at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.02 mg/L, respectively, using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over an 8-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The partition coefficient of the compound to Captina silt loam (pH 4.97, 1.49% OC) and McLaurin sandy loam (pH 4.43, 0.66% OC) soils were 1.41 and 0.508, respectively(1), corresponding to calculated Koc values are 95 and 77(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that 1,2,3-trichloropropane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2,3-trichloropropane is 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2,3-trichloropropane may be expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). Experimental half-lives for volatilization of 1,2,3-trichloropropane from fresh water lakes and sea water obtained in the laboratory are 92 and 93 minutes, respectively (theoretical values 106 and 114 minutes, respectively; initial conditions 1 mg/L in a cylinder 106 mm diameter x 148 mm deep)(1). The experimental half-life for volatilization from a rapidly stirred solution in the laboratory (initial concentration 1 ppm, 25 °C, average depth - 6.5 cm) was measured to be 56.1 minutes(3). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,2,3-trichloropropane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.69 mm Hg(4).

1,2,3-Trichloropropane was fed into a controlled shower (bathing) chamber at a concentration range of 82-92 ug/L, where it was found that 20% of the fraction was volatilized at varying water temperatures and shower times(1).

GROUNDWATER: 1,2,3-Trichloropeopane was detected in groundwater samples in CA and HI at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 ug/L(1,2). The compound has been found in small-scale and large-scale retrospective studies of Californian and Hawaiian groundwater, including wells in Oahu and the Central Valley of California. Typical positive values were 0.2 and 2 ppb, respectively(2,3). In 1983-84, it was found in all nine wells sampled on Oahu, HI(4). The maximum detected concentrations were 300-2800 ng/L(4). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was not detected in groundwater samples at 25 municipal and industrial landfills in Wisconsin (detection limit not reported)(5). The concentration range of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in 52 samples of bore water (7-68 m) in Drenthe, The Netherlands was <0.05 to 9.1 ug/L with a mean of 1.0 ug/L(6). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was detected in 0.76% of groundwater samples taken from 1,831 sites around the United States, with a maximum concentration of 1.10 ug/L (detection limit ranged from 0.001 to 0.20 ug/L)(7). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was detected in less than 1% of 214 groundwater samples taken near various industrial sites in Taiwan(8). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was quantitatively detected (reporting level of 0.2 ug/L) in groundwater samples from wells around the United States(9). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was detected in 7 out of 42 piezometers and domestic wells from the Abbotsford aquifer in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, with a maximum concentration of 0.86 ug/L(10). The compound was reported at a maximum concentration of 325 ng/L as a result of sampling Italian ground waters in the Piedmont, Emilia River, Lombardy and Sicily regions, between 1997 and 2013(11).

DRINKING WATER: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was listed as being qualitatively identified in drinking water(2). It has been detected at a concentration of 0.2 ug/L in drinking water taken from the Carrollton Water Plant in New Orleans, LA, 1974(1). It was also qualitatively determined in drinking water samples in Cincinnati, OH(3) and Ames, IA(4). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was detected in one of 956 source-water samples as part of a US National Survey conducted in 1998; detection frequency of 0.1 (detection limit = 0.27 ug/L; minimum reporting level = 0.2 ug/L)(5). The compound was detected in 2 of 1,208 well samples (0.17% detection frequency) as part of a US Geological Survey of 55 volatile organic chemicals from 2,041 wells sampled from 1985 through 2002(6).

DRINKING WATER: The USEPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program monitors for 30 contaminants (including 1,2,3-trichloropropane) in PWSs (public water systems)(1). All PWSs serving more than 10,000 people and 800 representative PWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people were monitored beginning in January 2013. The April 2016 Data Summary reports that 4,850 systems contained 1,2,3-trichloropropane, 64 of which were at or above the minimum reporting level (MRL) of 0.03 ug/L(2).

SURFACE WATER: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was qualitatively found in 4 samples (2 in summer and 2 in winter) in Narragansett Bay, RI(1) in 1979-81(1). In 1989, 1,2,3-trichloropropane was found at 1 station of the main stream Rhine delta, 0.066 and 0.027 ug/L in May and Sept, respectively; no 1,2,3-trichloropropane was detected at 2 other stations on the main stream Rhine delta and 2 stations on branches of the Rhine(2). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was reported river water samples tested from August 1993 through February 1995 in Osaka City, Japan. 6 of 136 samples contained 1,2,3-trichloroporpane at 1.3 ug/L; 18 of 28 samples from northern part of Osaka Port, Shorenjigawa River, which receives sewage effluents, contained 1,2,3-trichloroporpane at 100 ug/L; the detection limit = 0.18 ug/L(3).

1,2,3-Trichloropropane was qualitatively determined at an advanced wastewater treatment plant in Lake Tahoe, CA, 1974(1).

SOIL: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane has been qualitatively identified in small-scale and large-scale retrospective studies in Californian and Hawaiian soil samples(1,2).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was detected in air samples over the Pacific ocean, off the coast of northern Japan in 1994(1).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T; R: 45-60-20/21/22; S: 53-45; Note: D

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III