3-chloro-1,2-propanediol

H290 (14.4%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H300 (81.1%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (18.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (83.1%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (69.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (95%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (74.1%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (18.9%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (88.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360 (96.5%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370 (65.7%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372 (70.6%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P234, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 201 reports by companies from 23 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360F: May damage fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Dry. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs.

...MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMPOSE INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS...SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.005 [ppm]

0.015 [ppm]

0.89 [ppm]

5.4 [ppm]

0.023 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Avoid inhalation of mist.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Glycerol alpha-monochlorohydrin appears as a colorless liquid. Denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; [Hawley] Tends to turn straw-colored; [Merck Index] Colorless viscous liquid; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS-TO-PALE-YELLOW HYGROSCOPIC LIQUID.

Colorless or pale yellow liquid

Heavy liquid

SWEETISH TASTE

415 °F at 760 mmHg (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

213 °C (decomposes)

at 1.9kPa: 114-120 °C

-40 °F (NTP, 1992)

138 °F (NTP, 1992)

113 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN WATER, ALCOHOL, & ETHER

Immiscible with oils

Soluble in oxygenated solvents

Miscible in water

1000 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water: miscible

1.326 at 64 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3218 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.32

1.326 @25 °C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.8

3.75 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.2 [mmHg]

0.2 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 27

0.2 [mm Hg] @20 °C

-0.53 (estimated)

TENDENCY TO TURN STRAW COLOR

2.388 poise at 20 °C

182 mm²/s at 20 °C

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4831 @ 20 °C/D; BP: 213 °C WITH DECOMP

Tendency to turn straw color

Unstable; hygroscopic; BP = 213 (decomposes); wt/gal 11.102 lb.

114-120 °C @ 14 mm Hg

Other Classes -> Halogenated Alcohols

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

FCS -> FDA Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI)

Soluble in water. Hygroscopic.

Alcohols and Polyols

Halogenated Organic Compounds

GLYCEROL ALPHA-MONOCHLOROHYDRIN is hygroscopic and may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air. Glycols and their ethers undergo violent decomposition in contact with approximately 70% perchloric acid. (NTP, 1992).

3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 101: (2012) Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products, Food and Drinking-water

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. Further see Ingestion.

See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

LCLo (rat) = 125 ppm/4h

EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE ON ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN-INDUCED LESION OF TESTIS-EPIDIDYMIS COMPLEX IN RAT.

A 34 yr old man suffered from fumigant hepatitis after cleaning a tank in which there were traces of dichlorohydrin. In spite of daily plasma exchanges he /expired/ 10 days after exposure. A 27 yr old man with much lighter exposure showed only slight /hepatic/ dysfunction. ... /Dichlorohydrin/

The compound was tested externally on the eyes of rabbits, and, according to the degree of injury observed after 24 hours, rated on a scale of 1 to 10. The most severely injurious substances have been rated 10. 3-Chloropropanediol-1,2 rated 4 on rabbit eyes.

ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN INHIBITED GLYCOLYSIS @ THE GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE REACTION BY SPERMATOZOA FROM CAUDA EPIDIDYMIDIS OF THE RHESUS MONKEY.

GLYCOSIDASE ACTIVITIES WERE DETERMINED IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM CAPUT EPIDIDYMIDIS OF NORMAL & ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN-TREATED WISTAR RATS. IT HAD NO EFFECT ON ACTIVITIES OF BETA-GLUCURONIDASE OR N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE, BUT ACTIVITY OF BETA-GALACTOSIDASE DECR TO 50%.

PROMINENT ANTIFERTILITY ACTION OF ALPHA-CHLOROHYDRIN WAS DEMONSTRATED IN MALE RATS AFTER DAILY ORAL DOSE OF 5 MG/KG FOR 5 DAYS. TEST ON MALE RATS & DOGS WITH DAILY ORAL DOSE OF 20-25 MG/KG REVEALED PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN LIVER CELLS & CEREBELLAR ELEMENTS.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-CHLORO-1,2-DIHYDROXYPROPANE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The effects of acute oral exposure to 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (CPD) by gavage in male Wistar rats (20 in control group (water), 5/treated group, number of treated groups not reported) were determined. CPD (50 mg/kg) was administered orally and the rats were necropsied on the 11th day following dosing. There were differences between treated and control animals only in reduced sperm head counts. There were no significant differences between treated and control animals in the following: clinical observations, histopathology of the testes, and testes weights.

Acute oral toxicity of 2-propenyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane (CAS# 96-24-2) was evaluated using 4 groups of Long-Evans rats (6 per group, sex not indicated) dosed by gavage at levels of 0.10, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.20 g/kg bodyweight. The use of controls was not reported. Animals were observed for 10 days post-treatment. Mortalities included 1 at the 0.10 g/kg dose level, 1 at the 0.13 g/kg level, 3 at the 0.16 g/kg level and 6 (all) at the 0.20 g/kg level. All deaths occurred within 48 hours post-treatment. The LD50 was determined to be 0.15 (0.13-0.18) g/kg bodyweight (method not reported). Clinical observations included sluggishness, prostration, flaccid paralysis of head and legs, hypnosis, dyspnea, and moderate lacrimation. Findings upon gross necropsy included irritation of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, gelatinous pancreatic tissue, enlarged and hyperemic adrenals, granular-looking kidneys, as well as edematous conditions in some the lymphatic and lipoidal tissue of the peritoneum. Microscopic findings included inflammation in the biliary fat; early necrosis and regeneration of the tubular epithelium; and precipitated protein in and dilation of the tubules.

Acute toxicity was evaluated in groups of 6 male Long-Evans rats fed a-monochlorohydrin at dose levels of 0.10, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.20 g/kg bw, by gavage, then observed for 10 days. Clinical signs of toxicity first appeared 22 hours after treatment and included prostration, hypnosis, sluggishness, dyspnea, moderate lacrimation, and flaccid paralysis of the head or legs. Rats that survived treatment lost weight during the observation period. The treatment killed 1, 1, 3, and 6 rats from the lowest to highest dose groups, respectively. Rats that died had severe diffuse irritation of the lungs with hemorrhagic lesions and marked pleural effusion; slight to severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tracts with some friable livers; slight ascites; enlarged, hyperemic adrenals; pale, swollen, granular-looking kidneys; gelatinous pancreatic tissue; and occasionally, edematous lymphatic and lipoidal tissue of the peritoneum. Rats that survived treatment had hyperemia of the lungs and granular-looking kidneys. Histological abnormalities included acute inflammation in the hilar fat, and, in the kidneys, early necrosis of the tubular epithelium with precipitated protein in the tubules, and stages of regeneration of epithelium with dilation of tubules and presence of casts. The LD50 value was 0.15 g/kg bw.

Acute toxicity was evaluated in groups of 6 male Webster mice fed a- monochlorohydrin at dose levels of 0.10, 0.13, 0.17, and 0.22 g/kg bw, by gavage, then observed for 10 days. The treatment killed 0, 1, 4, and 6 mice from the lowest to highest dose groups, respectively. Clinical signs of toxicity prior to death included irritation with ataxia, stretching out, grotesque postures, loss of righting reflex, and a rigid tail; some mice also showed signs of delirium and partial paralysis. Gross abnormalities included hemorrhagic livers, adrenals, and spleens at all dose levels, and enlarged, pale kidneys at the highest dose level. No histological abnormalities were observed. The LD50 value was 0.16 g/kg bw.

For more TSCA Test Submissions (Complete) data for 3-CHLORO-1,2-DIHYDROXYPROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane's production and use in dynamite, in the manufacture of dye intermediates, as a rodent chemosterilant, a solvent and a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to the atmosphere, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a measured vapor pressure of 0.2 mm Hg at 20 °C. Vapor-phase 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 2 days. An estimated Koc value of 1 suggests that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will have very high mobility in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Data regarding the aerobic biodegradation of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in soil and water are variable; in screening tests, this compound reached 0 to 1% of the theoretical BOD in 5 days and 68% of the theoretical BOD in 14 days. Under anaerobic conditions, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane may be resistant to biodegradation. In water, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is not expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its Koc value. This compound is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may be low based on an estimated BCF value of 0.2. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is produced or used. (SRC)

3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane's production and use in dynamite, in the manufacture of dye intermediates, as a rodent chemosterilant(1), a solvent and a chemical intermediate(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is not expected to be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Data regarding the aerobic biodegradation of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in soil are variable; in screening tests, this compound reached 0(4) to 1%(5) of the theoretical BOD in 5 days and 68% of the theoretical BOD in 14 days(6). Under anaerobic conditions, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane may be resistant to biodegradation; using an acclimated culture, only 26% of the initial 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane concentration was utilized in 90 days(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane should not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(3). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF value of 0.2(1,SRC), from an estimated log Kow(9,SRC), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Data regarding the aerobic biodegradation of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in water are inconclusive; in screening tests, this compound reached 0(5) to 1%(6) of the theoretical BOD in 5 days and 68% of the theoretical BOD in 14 days(7). Under anaerobic conditions, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane may be resistant to biodegradation; using an acclimated culture, only 26% of the initial 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane concentration was utilized in 90 days(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane, which has a measured vapor pressure of 0.2 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 2 days(3,SRC).

In an aerobic aqueous screening test, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane, incubated for 2 weeks with a sludge inoculum, reached 68% of the theoretical BOD(1). 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane, seeded with a wastewater effluent, reached 1% of the theoretical BOD in 5 days(2); when retested using an acclimated culture, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 5 days(3). 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane showed poor acclimation, with only 26% utilization, following a 90 day acclimation period in an anaerobic mixed reactor(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

An estimated BCF value of 0.2 was calculated for 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.53(1,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane can be estimated to be about 1(SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane has very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is estimated as 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). Its estimated value for the Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces should not occur(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2917 workers are potentially exposed to 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in the US(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact at workplaces where 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with vapors and other products containing 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane(SRC).

3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane's production and use in dynamite, in the manufacture of dye intermediates, as a rodent chemosterilant, a solvent and a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to the atmosphere, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a measured vapor pressure of 0.2 mm Hg at 20 °C. Vapor-phase 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 2 days. An estimated Koc value of 1 suggests that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will have very high mobility in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Data regarding the aerobic biodegradation of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in soil and water are variable; in screening tests, this compound reached 0 to 1% of the theoretical BOD in 5 days and 68% of the theoretical BOD in 14 days. Under anaerobic conditions, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane may be resistant to biodegradation. In water, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is not expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its Koc value. This compound is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may be low based on an estimated BCF value of 0.2. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is produced or used. (SRC)

3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane's production and use in dynamite, in the manufacture of dye intermediates, as a rodent chemosterilant(1), a solvent and a chemical intermediate(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is not expected to be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Data regarding the aerobic biodegradation of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in soil are variable; in screening tests, this compound reached 0(4) to 1%(5) of the theoretical BOD in 5 days and 68% of the theoretical BOD in 14 days(6). Under anaerobic conditions, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane may be resistant to biodegradation; using an acclimated culture, only 26% of the initial 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane concentration was utilized in 90 days(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane should not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(3). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF value of 0.2(1,SRC), from an estimated log Kow(9,SRC), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Data regarding the aerobic biodegradation of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in water are inconclusive; in screening tests, this compound reached 0(5) to 1%(6) of the theoretical BOD in 5 days and 68% of the theoretical BOD in 14 days(7). Under anaerobic conditions, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane may be resistant to biodegradation; using an acclimated culture, only 26% of the initial 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane concentration was utilized in 90 days(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane, which has a measured vapor pressure of 0.2 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 2 days(3,SRC).

In an aerobic aqueous screening test, 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane, incubated for 2 weeks with a sludge inoculum, reached 68% of the theoretical BOD(1). 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane, seeded with a wastewater effluent, reached 1% of the theoretical BOD in 5 days(2); when retested using an acclimated culture, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 5 days(3). 3-Chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane showed poor acclimation, with only 26% utilization, following a 90 day acclimation period in an anaerobic mixed reactor(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

An estimated BCF value of 0.2 was calculated for 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.53(1,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane can be estimated to be about 1(SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane has very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is estimated as 6.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2,SRC). Its estimated value for the Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces should not occur(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2917 workers are potentially exposed to 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane in the US(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact at workplaces where 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with vapors and other products containing 3-chloro-1,2-dihydroxypropane(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III