Furfuryl Alcohol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (16.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (83.4%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (16.6%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (83.4%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (11.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (12.8%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (86.9%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (99%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (99.7%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373 (99.6%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2111 reports by companies from 39 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Not Classified

P210, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, powder, carbon dioxide.

To fight fire use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical ... .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking liquid in sealable non-plastic containers. Absorb remaining liquid in inert absorbent. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration in a mixture with a more flammable solvent. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Evaporation.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The explosion hazards associated with the use of acidic catalysts to polymerize furfuryl alcohol may be avoided by using as catalyst the condensation product of 1,3-phenylenediamine and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, acids and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD ... .

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

15 [ppm]

42 [ppm]

250 [ppm]

10 ppm (40 mg/m³)

15 ppm (60 mg/m³)

TWA 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin]

50.0 [ppm]

50 ppm (200 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) See Appendix G

75 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

75.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: Exposure of rats to 100 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 16 weeks resulted in decreased weight gain and biochemical changes in the brain (i.e., increased cerebral glial acid­proteinase and phosphohydrase activity) [Savolainen and Pfaffli 1983]. \\ Human data: No discomfort was reported from concentrations up to 10.8 ppm for 15 minutes, but severe lacrimation occurred at 15.8 ppm [Apol 1973]. It has also been reported that there is no hazard from exposures up to 16 ppm [Burton and Rivera 1972].

See: 98000

0.2 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 15 ppm, skin.

0.2 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

0.2 ppm [2016]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the upper respiratory tract and kidneys. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Furfuryl alcohol:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Furfuryl alcohol appears as a clear colorless liquid. Flash point 167 °F. Boiling point 171 °F. Denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion and skin contact and moderately toxic by inhalation.

Colorless to amber liquid with a faint, burning odor. [Note: Darkens on exposure to light.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS RED OR BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO LIGHT AND AIR.

Colourless or pale yellowish liquid, mild, warm oily, "burnt" odour

Colorless to amber liquid with a faint, burning odor.

Colorless to amber liquid with a faint, burning odor. [Note: Darkens on exposure to light.]

Colorless to yellow liquid

Colorless, mobile liquid (becomes brown to dark-red on exposure to light and air)

Faint burning odor

338 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

169-171 °C

171 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-24 °F (NTP, 1992)

-14.6 °C

167 °F (NTP, 1992)

167 °F (75 °C) (Open cup)

75 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in chloroform; very soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether

Soluble in alcohol, benzene; very soluble in ether

Miscible with alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate, and most organic solvents with the exception of paraffinic hydrocarbons

Immiscible with most oils

In water, 1.00X10+6 mg/L at 25 °C (miscible)

1000 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: freely soluble

miscible in water; miscible in oils

miscible (in ethanol)

Miscible

1.13 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1296 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.13

1.126-1.136

1.1296 @ 20°C

3.4 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.37 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

0.4 mmHg at 68 °F ; 1 mmHg at 89.2 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.61 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 53

0.6 mmHg at 77 °F

Slightly soluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Acetyl bromide reacts violently with alcohols or water, [Merck 11th ed., 1989]. Mixtures of alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Example: An explosion will occur if dimethylbenzylcarbinol is added to 90% hydrogen peroxide then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid. Mixtures of ethyl alcohol with concentrated hydrogen peroxide form powerful explosives. Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and 1-phenyl-2-methyl propyl alcohol tend to explode if acidified with 70% sulfuric acid, [Chem. Eng. News 45(43):73(1967); J, Org. Chem. 28:1893(1963)].

FURFURYL ALCOHOL will polymerize rapidly and at times with explosive force in the presence of strong mineral acids, [NFPA 491M, 1991]. Alkyl hypochlorites are violently explosive. They are readily obtained by reacting hypochlorous acid and alcohols either in aqueous solution or mixed aqueous-carbon tetrachloride solutions. Chlorine plus alcohols would similarly yield alkyl hypochlorites. They decompose in the cold and explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Tertiary hypochlorites are less unstable than secondary or primary hypochlorites, [NFPA 491 M, 1991]. Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents. Such reactions in the absence of solvents often occur with explosive violence, [Wischmeyer(1969)]. An explosion occurred in a laboratory when cyanoacetic acid was reacted with furfuryl alcohol in an attempt to form the ester, furfuryl cyanoacetate. The explosion occurred a few minutes after the agitator was turned on and heat applied, [MCA Case History 858(1963)]. In the attempt to prepare furfuryl formate from furfuryl alcohol and concentrated formic acid an explosion occurred, [Chem. Eng. News 18:72(1940)].

Strong oxidizers & acids [Note: Contact with organic acids may lead to polymerization].

An explosion occurred in a laboratory when cyanoacetic acid was reacted with furfuryl alcohol in an attempt to form the ester, furfuryl cyanoacetate. The explosion occurred a few minutes after the agitator was turned on and the heat applied.

During an attempt to prepare furfuryl formate from furfuryl alcohol and concentrated formic acid, an explosion occurred.

Furfuryl alcohol will polymerize rapidly, and sometimes with explosive violence, in the presence of strong mineral acids.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for FURFURYL ALCOHOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers & acids [Note: Contact with organic acids may lead to polymerization.]

Furfuryl alcohol

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 119: (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents

Furfuryl Alcohol

TR-482: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Furfural Alcohol in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1999 )

12/10/97

Some Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of furfuryl alcohol in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of combined neoplasms of the nose. There was of equivocal evidence carcinogenic activity of furfuryl alcohol in female F344/N rats based on marginally increased incidences of neoplasms of the nose and renal tubule neoplasms. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of furfuryl alcohol in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased inci dences of renal tubule neoplasms. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of furfuryl alcohol in female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 2, 8, or 32 ppm.

Exposure of male and female rats and male mice to furfuryl alcohol was associated with increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the nose and increased severities of nephropathy. Exposure of female mice to furfuryl alcohol was associated with increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the nose and corneal degeneration.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Headache. Nausea.

irritation eyes, mucous membrane; dizziness; nausea, diarrhea; diuresis; resp, body temperature depression; vomiting; dermatitis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

0.226-22.6

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 233 ppm/4 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 233 ppm/ 4 hr

LD50 Rat oral 275 mg/kg fed as 2 % aq. soln

LD50 Rat ip 650 mg/kg

LD50 Rat sc 85 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for FURFURYL ALCOHOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

/CASE REPORTS/ Three workers exposed for 15 min up to 43 mg/cu m (11ppm) did not report discomfort.

/CASE REPORTS/ Two studies of foundries in which furfuryl alcohol vapor was given off during core preparation were reviewed. /Investigators/ noted no discomfort from concentrations up to 10.8 ppm for 15 minutes, but at 15.8 ppm, severe lacrimation occurred; 0.33 ppm of formaldehyde was present. In another foundry, however, /investigators/ found no ocular irritation, headache, nausea, or dizziness in three workers exposed at 8-hour TWA concentrations of 5 or 6 ppm. Other workers were exposed for unspecified periods at concentrations up to 8 ppm (in one case 16 ppm) without apparent ill effects.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Investigators/ reported that single, oral doses of 0.6 to 1.0 g furfuryl alcohol in 5% aqueous solution given to three men stimulated the rate of respiration.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Small doses ... stimulated respiration ... larger doses depressed respiration, reduced body temperature, produced nausea, salivation, diarrhea, dizziness and diuresis.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for FURFURYL ALCOHOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 115 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

Furfuryl alcohol's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture in resins, as a wetting agent, a gel retarder, a diluent, a liquid propellant, in flavoring, and in foundry cores may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Furfuryl alcohol is found in the smoke from burning wood. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.609 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates furfuryl alcohol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase furfuryl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.7 hours. Furfuryl alcohol absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, furfuryl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 34. The pKa of furfuryl alcohol is 9.55, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its neutral form in the environment. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Furfuryl alcohol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, furfuryl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Furfuryl alcohol may be susceptible to biodegradation in the environment based on the observed degradation of 75-79% in 2 weeks and 97% in 5 days (acclimated for 20 days) in aerobic screening tests with activated sludge inoculum. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to furfuryl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where furfuryl alcohol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to furfuryl alcohol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing furfuryl alcohol. Furfuryl alcohol is widely detected in food. (SRC)

Furfuryl alcohol is found in the smoke from burning wood(1).

Furfuryl alcohol's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture in resins, as a wetting agent, a gel retarder, a diluent, a liquid propellant, in flavoring, and in foundry cores(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.28(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furfuryl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of furfuryl alcohol is 9.55(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its neutral form in the environment(5). Volatilization of furfuryl alcohol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.609 mm Hg(6), and an assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(7). Furfuryl alcohol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(6). Furfuryl alcohol may be susceptible to biodegradation in terrestrial environments based on the observed degradation of 75-79% in 2 weeks(8) and 97% in 5 days (acclimated for 20 days)(9) in aerobic screening tests with activated sludge inoculum.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.28(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furfuryl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.609 mm Hg(4), and an assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(5). The pKa of furfuryl alcohol is 9.55(6), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its neutral form in the environment(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Furfuryl alcohol may be susceptible to biodegradation in aquatic environments based on the observed degradation of 75-79% in 2 weeks(10) and 97% in 5 days (acclimated for 20 days)(11) in aerobic screening tests with activated sludge inoculum.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), furfuryl alcohol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.609 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase furfuryl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Furfuryl alcohol absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(5).

AEROBIC: Furfuryl alcohol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 75-79% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). A 97% removal of furfuryl alcohol was observed in 5 days in aerobic screening tests using a vigorous activated sludge system which was acclimated for 20 days prior to the experiments(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of furfuryl alcohol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.7 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Furfuryl alcohol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Furfuryl alcohol absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(1). Reaction with photochemically generated singlet oxygen may be a significant removal process in surface water based upon a measured rate constant for this process of 1.2X10+8/mole-sec at 19 °C which corresponds to a half-life of 40 hours at a singlet oxygen concentration of 4X10-14 mole/L(4).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for furfuryl alcohol(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.28(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of furfuryl alcohol is estimated as 34(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.28(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that furfuryl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of furfuryl alcohol is 9.55(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in its neutral form in the environment(5).

The Henry's Law constant for furfuryl alcohol is estimated as 7.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.609 mm Hg(1), and an assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that furfuryl alcohol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Furfuryl alcohol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Furfuryl alcohol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

Wastewater leachate collected from the Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY landfill in 1978 contained an estimated 76.7 mg/L of furfuryl alcohol(1). Mean emission factors of furfuryl alcohol in smoldering smoke from wood and from the self-sustained smoldering smoke from bark, litter, and duff (collected from ponderosa pine in northwestern Montana) fires were 0.28, 0.87, 0.1, and 0.044 g/kg dry mass of fuel consumed, respectively(2). No furfuryl alcohol was detected in the smoldering smoke from needles, bark, litter, duff, and humus fires(2). Furfuryl alcohol was qualitatively detected in kitchen waste exudate from household waste collected in Denmark(3). Furfuryl alcohol was qualitatively detected in 4 of >4000 samples of effluent from 4 of 46 industrial categories (pulp and paper, synfuels, publicly-owned treatment works, and rum industries)(4).

INDOOR: Furfuryl alcohol was qualitatively detected in 1 of 44 air samples taken from a chamber simulating indoor conditions containing wood-based furniture with different coatings(1).

Furfuryl alcohol was found in canned cream, canned kernel, frozen kernel, and fresh kernel forms of cooked sweet corn at concentrations of 1000, 350, 8, and 5 ppb, respectively(1). Concentrations of 500 and 5,900 ug/kg furfuryl alcohol were detected in microwave-oven produced popcorn volatiles(2). Furfuryl alcohol was detected at 2,000 and 2,300 ppb in rice cake volatiles(3). Furfuryl alcohol was detected in the volatiles of three commercial fermented soybean curd brands collected at local markets in Hong Kong at concentrations of 382.5, 412.7, and 1927.6 ug/kg dry sample(4). Furfuryl alcohol was qualitatively detected in the volatiles of raw beef(5). The volatile flavor components of roasted peanuts contained furfuryl alcohol concentrations ranging from 9.54X10-4 to 4.93X10-3 ug/g(6). Furfuryl alcohol was detected at concentrations of 0.19, 1.21, 1.93, and 8.89 ppb in the volatiles of water-boiled duck meat, duck fatty tissue, Cantonese style roasted duck, and Cantonese style roasted duck gravy, respectively(7). Furfuryl alcohol was detected at a concentration of less than the quantitation limit of 10 ppb in nectarine volatiles(8). It was qualitatively detected in the mixture of volatile components from roasted filberts(9), fried bacon, pork, and smoke flavors(10), heated sukyaki mixture (beef, vegetables, and sugar and soy sauce seasonings) and individual sukyaki ingredients (beef and soy sauce)(11), fried chicken (12), and mountain Beaufort cheese(13). It has been listed as a constituent of the compounds which contribute to the aroma of coffee(14).

Furfuryl alcohol was detected in mean concentrations of 3,260 and 10,900 ng/g in salt-fermented anchovy and hair tail viscera volatiles obtained from a fish market in Masan, Korea(1). Furfuryl alcohol was detected at a concentration of 14.2 ug/g (wet weight) in rotten mussels and was not detected in fresh mussels that were collected off the Oarai coast in Ibaraki, Japan in 1985(2).

Furfuryl alcohol was detected in 2 of 8 samples of mother's milk volatiles with two samples collected at each of four sites, Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Pittsburgh, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA; positive samples were from Jersey City and Baton Rouge(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 77,710 workers (14,624 of these are female) are potentially exposed to furfuryl alcohol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to furfuryl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where furfuryl alcohol is produced or used(SRC). The daily, time-weighted average air concentration of furfuryl alcohol ranged from 0.80 to 23 mg/ cu m in the work rooms of two aluminum sand foundries collected from 1992 to 1995(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to furfuryl alcohol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing furfuryl alcohol(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration in a mixture with a more flammable solvent. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Evaporation.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for FURFURYL ALCOHOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2874; Furfuryl alcohol

IMO 6.1; Furfuryl alcohol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III