furfural

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (> 99.9%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (94.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (15.2%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (84.8%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (> 99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H412 (10.2%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1911 reports by companies from 39 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" form, or carbon dioxide. use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place ... Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. For large quantities, cover with sodium bisulfite, add a small amt of water & mix. ... After 1 hr, flush with large amt of water & wash site with soap solution.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Add sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3).

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2005)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U125, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U125, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Furfural is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /From table/

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FURFURAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

During the handling or processing of furfural, exhaust ventilation & general ventilation should be provided to keep the atmospheric concn below recommended levels. ... Measures to prevent inhalation hazards will normally be sufficient to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures; the products should be confined as much as practicable, especially when heated, to prevent the escape of vapor, and sources of ignition should be eliminated.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.

If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for FURFURAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong bases, strong acids, strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Keep in the dark. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep in air tight container and protect from light

Furfural and its derivatives should be stored in well-ventilated areas, sheltered from direct sunlight and away from heat and other sources of ignition.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from strong oxidizing materials, strong alkalies, & strong acids. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Recommended: low-pressure storage tank, atmospheric < 0.5 psig.

Storage in either aboveground or underground installations is satisfactory. Because furfural is an excellent solvent and penetrant, care must be taken that all joints are secure and that the pump and valve packings are in good condition.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Furoic acid in urine = 200 mg/L at end of shift; The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. [TLVs and BEIs]]

2.0 [ppm]

10 [ppm]

50 [ppm]

See Appendix D

5.0 [ppm]

5 ppm (20 mg/m³)

TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

100 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Widespread eye and respiratory tract irritation has been noted in workers exposed to concentrations ranging from 5 to 16 ppm [Apol and Lucas 1975]. Headaches, itching of the throat, and red and weeping eyes have occurred at concentrations ranging from 1.9 to 14 ppm [Korenman and Resnik 1930].

See: 98011

0.2 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: total furoic acid in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 200 mg/L. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

0.2 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

0.2 ppm [2016]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

ERPG-1: 2 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 10 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 100 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) 2 ppm (no more than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 10 ppm (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(3) 100 ppm (not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

Furfural appears as colorless or reddish-brown mobile liquids with a penetrating odor. Flash points 140 °F. Denser than water and soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. May be toxic by ingestion, skin absorption or inhalation.

Colorless to amber liquid with an almond-like odor. [Note: Darkens in light and air.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-PALE YELLOW OILY LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS RED-BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO AIR AND LIGHT.

Colourless to yellow oily liquid which browns on storage, pungent, sweet, bread-like, caramellic, cinnamon-almond-like flavour, odour resembles benzaldehyde

Colorless to amber liquid with an almond-like odor.

Colorless to amber liquid with an almond-like odor. [Note: Darkens in light and air.]

Colorless, oily liquid ... Turns yellow to brown on exposure to air and light and resinifies

Colorless liquid (becomes reddish-brown on exposure to light and air)

Peculiar odor, somewhat resembling the odor of benzaldehyde

... Almond-like odor ...

Distinct caramel taste

323.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

161.7 °C

161.00 to 162.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

161-162 °C

161.7 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-33.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

-38.1 °C

-36.5 °C

140 °F (NTP, 1992)

60 °C, closed cup

60 °C (140 °F) (Closed cup)

60 °C c.c.

50 to 100 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in alcohol, ether; 8.3% soluble in water at 20 °C

Soluble in benzene, chloroform; very soluble in ethanol, acetone; miscible with ethyl ether

In water, 7.41X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

74.1 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 8.3

soluble in water; soluble in oils

miscible (in ethanol)

1.159 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1594 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.16

1.153-1.162

1.1594 @ 20°C

3.31 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.3 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.3

1 mmHg at 68 °F ; 3 mmHg at 86 °F; 10 mmHg at 122 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flammable. This chemical is sensitive to light and air. Soluble in water, with mixing.

Aldehydes

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

FURFURAL reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate. It also can react with strong oxidizers. An exothermic resinification of almost explosive violence can occur upon contact with strong mineral acids or alkalis. It forms condensation products with many types of compounds, including phenol, amines and urea. (NTP, 1992).

...Can react with oxidizing materials.

An exothermic polymerization of almost explosive violence can occur upon contact with strong mineral acids or alkalies.

Strong acids, oxidizers, strong alkalis [Note: May polymerize on contact with strong acids or strong alkalis].

Several cases of spontaneous ignition after exposure to air of fine coke particles removed from filter strainers on a petroleum refinery furfural extraction unit have been noted. This has been associated with the use of sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) injected into the plant for pH control, which produced a pH of 10.5 locally. This would tend to resinify the aldehyde, but there is also the possibility of a Cannizzaro reaction causing conversion of the aldehyde to furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid. The latter, together with other acidic products of autoxidation of the aldehyde, would tend to resinify the furfuryl alcohol. Pyrolysis GLC showed the presence of a significant proportion of furfuryl alcohol-derived resins in the coke. The latter is now discarded into drums of water, immediately after discharge from the strainers, to prevent further incidents.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for FURFURAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong acids, oxidizers, strong alkalis [Note: May polymerize on contact with strong acids or strong alkalis.]

Furfural

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

Bretherick's

Cases of spontaneous ignition are documented in the literature. See Bretherick's.

Yoshida, 1980, 313

IDENTIFICATION: 2-Furaldehyde is a liquid with a pungent almond-like odor. It is found in trace amounts in a number of dietary sources. HUMAN EXPOSURE: 2-Furaldehyde is present in many food items as a natural product or as a contaminant. Its presence in drinking water and mother's milk has been reported. Measured occupational exposures are available. Generally, airborne exposure in all industries is below 8 mg/cu m. Toxicokinetic data are limited, but there are indications that 2-furaldehyde is readily absorbed via the inhalation and dermal exposure routes. In humans, absorption of the vapor via both lungs and skin has been demonstrated. The metabolism of 2-furaldehyde in humans indicates a majority of the retained dose is excreted as urinary 2-furoylglycine. Furoic acid and furanacrylic acid are also detected as minor metabolites. Dermal absorption from liquid furaldehyde has also been observed. Sin and eye irritation have been reported. No throat or eye irritation was noted in humans exposed to 40 mg/cu m (10 ppm) for 8 hr or 80 mg/cu m (20 ppm) for 4 hr. There are no adequate data available regarding reproductive or developmental effects; hence it is not possible to evaluate the risk to human health for these endpoints. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute toxicity data from animals are variable; overall, this compound is toxic by inhalation and oral routes, with no clear information about the dermal route. Malignant and benign tumors have been observed in rats and mice following oral exposure for 103 weeks. 2-Furaldehyde is clearly genotoxic in vitro in mammalian cells; although no firm conclusions can be drawn on the genotoxic potential of 2-furaldehyde in vivo, the possibility that the genotoxicity could contribute to the carcinogenic process cannot be discounted. Toxic thresholds for a variety of microorganisms have been reported. Acute LC50's for fish have also been documented.

Furfural

3 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of furfural. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of furfural. Overall evaluation: Furfural is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

TR-382: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Furfural (CASRN 98-01-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1990 )

11/20/89

Some Evidence

No Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of furfural for male F344/N rats based on the occurrence of uncommon cholangiocarcinomas in two animals and bile duct dysplasia with fibrosis in two other animals. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for female F344/N rats that received doses of 0, 30,or 60 mg/kg furfural. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity for male B6C3F1 mice, based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in female B6C3F1 mice, based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas. Renal cortical adenomas or carcinomas in male mice and squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach in female mice may have been related to exposure to furfural.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Shortness of breath.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Aspiration hazard!

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; headache; dermatitis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

HEAST Current

IRIS Current

Children

General Population

0.848-84.8

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 175 ppm/6H

LD50 Rats oral 127 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 756 mg/cu m (189 ppm) /1 hour

LC50 Dog inhalation 370 ppm/ 6 hr

LD50 Dog oral 950 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for FURFURAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Binary mixtures of aldehydes, incl furfural, were tested for toxicity to the protozoan Chilomonas paramecium. Significant incr (eight-fold) in toxicity were found with combinations of crotonaldehyde with furfural, benzaldehyde, and acrolein and acetaldehyde with furfural and acrolein. A lesser potentiation of toxicity (four-fold) was found with furfural and benzaldehyde.

Subacute experiments with epicutaneous exposure of guinea pigs to oil processing products (furfurol and D-11 mineral oil distillate) have revealed that these substances change blood leukocyte morphology and function and alter the quantitative ratio of immunocompetent cells. The depth of changes in these parameters was related to the type of exposure. Combined exposure resulted in more manifest shifts as against those in isolated exposure.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 m1/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 32 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 16 mg/L/48 hr; static /formulated product/

LD50 Agelaius phoeniceus (Redwinged blackbird) oral 98.0 mg/kg

LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 44 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FURFURAL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.10e+02

2.60e+03

5.20e+01

2.20e+02

3.80e+01

4.00e+03

8.10e-03

3.00e-03

5.00e-02

Volatile

1.01e+04

6.40e+02

7.90e+03

1.60e+02

6.60e+02

1.10e+02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Furfural's production and use as a solvent, a chemical feedstock for furan derivatives and synthetic resins, a wetting agent, and a flavoring ingredient may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Furfural may also be released to the environment in the smoke of wood burning stoves or fireplaces, from tobacco smoke, and from automobile tailpipe emissions. Furfural is found in the essential oil of a variety of plants and in the smoke of wildfires. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.21 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates furfural will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase furfural will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.5 hours. Furfural contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. The gas-phase concentration of furfural, present as a component of the smoke obtained from burning oak in a wood stove, was found to decrease when irradiated in an experimental chamber equipped both with sun lights and UV lights. If released to soil, furfural is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 40. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Furfural may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Furfural was shown to support the aerobic growth of organisms obtained from soil and grown on phenol and 97% degradation was observed from 0.25-32 days at different furfural concentrations in a forest soil and municipal sewage mixture under anaerobic conditions. If released into water, furfural is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Furfural is expected to undergo biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the aquatic environment with complete degradation occuring within 3-12 days and 30 days, respectively. Also, furfural, present at 100 mg/L, reached 93.5% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.6 and 73 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An initial furfural concentration of 1.5 ppm in distilled water was found to decrease by only 0.1 ppm after 30 days at 20 °C, suggesting that hydrolysis under neutral conditions is not an important fate process. Even at high temperatures, long exposure times are necessary for extensive hydrolysis of furfural by dilute acids. Occupational exposure to furfural may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where furfural is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to furfural via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing furfural. Furfural is widely detected in food, indoor air, and smoke from wood fires. (SRC)

Furfural is found in several essential oils from plants of the pinaceae family, in the essential oil from cajenne linaloe, in the oil of leaves of trifolium pratense and trifolium incarnatum, in the distillation waters of several essential oils such as ambrette and angelica seeds, in ceylon cinnamon essential oil, in petitgrain oil, ylang-ylang, lavender, lemongrass, calamus, eucalyptus, neroli, sandalwood, tobacco leaves, and others(1). Furfural is also found in the smoke from wildfires(2).

Furfural's production and use as a solvent, a chemical feedstock for furan derivatives and synthetic resins, a wetting agent, and a flavoring ingredient(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Furfural may also be released to the environment in the smoke of wood burning stoves or fireplaces(3), from tobacco smoke(4), and from automobile tailpipe emissions(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furfural is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of furfural from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.21 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 7.41X10+4 mg/L(5). Furfural is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Furfural was shown to support the aerobic growth of organisms obtained from soil and grown on phenol(6) and 97% degradation was observed from 0.25-32 days at different furfural concentrations in a forest soil and municipal sewage mixture under anaerobic conditions(7). This suggests that furfural is susceptible to microbial degradation in soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furfural is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.21 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 7.41X10+4 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.6 and 73 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Furfural is expected to undergo biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the aquatic environment with complete degradation occuring within 3-12 days(8) and 30 days(9), respectively. Also, furfural, present at 100 mg/L, reached 93.5% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), furfural, which has a vapor pressure of 2.21 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase furfural is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.51X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 27 °C(3). Furfural contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4). The gas-phase concentration of furfural, present as a component of the smoke obtained from burning oak in a wood stove, was found to decrease when irradiated in an experimental chamber equipped both with sun lights and UV lights(5).

AEROBIC: Furfural, present at 100 mg/L, reached 93.5% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). In river die-away studies using water taken from the Great Miami, Little Miami, and Ohio Rivers, 1.0 ppm of furfural was completely degraded within 3 days under aerobic conditions(2). The rate of degradation at a higher initial furfural concentration was found to be dependent upon the degree of acclimation, and fully acclimated seeds were round to degrade 25 ppm furfural within 5-12 days(2). At initial concentrations of 1.7-20 and 440 ppm, furfural underwent 46% and 17% theoretical BOD, respectively, in 5 days using a sewage sludge seed under aerobic conditions(3). Furfural at an initial concentration of 300 mg/L, in solution with phenol and N-methyl-2-pyrolidine, was found to undergo 98% removal in a flow-through laboratory bioreactor using an activated sludge inoculum under aerobic conditions(4). At an initial feed concentration of 1,000 mg/L, degradation was also found to occur(4). Furfural at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L COD underwent 96.3% removal in less than 120 hours using a thickened adapted activated sludge under aerobic conditions (5). Furfural was shown to support the aerobic growth of organisms obtained from soil and grown on phenol(6).

ANAEROBIC: Under nitrate-reducing, anaerobic conditions, a microbial consortia isolated from a forest soil and municipal sewage mixture biodegraded more than 97% of furfural in 0.25, 1.5, 4, and 32 days at initial substrate concentrations of 0.5, 5, 50, and 500 ppm, respectively(1). A methanogenic microbial consortia isolated from municipal anaerobic digester sludge was able to metabolize 97% of furfural in 2, 4, 48, and 144 hours at initial concentrations of 0.5, 5, 50, and 500 ppm, respectively(1). Unactivated anaerobic organisms obtained from commercial wastewater reactors were found to completely utilize 580 mg/L of furfural in 30 days as measured by the production of methane and CO2(2). At a furfural concentration of 1160 g/L, no gas production was observed, although it was not clear if furfural was toxic to the microorganisms or merely inactivated them. Acclimated inoculum from the same source were found to remove 99% of an initial 2320 mg/L of furfural in 32 days under anaerobic conditions(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of furfural with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.51X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 27 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The night time degradation of the aldehyde group of furfural by the vapor-phase reaction with nitrate radicals may be an important process in urban areas where higher concentrations of this oxidant are expected(3). Furfural is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). An initial furfural concentration of 1.5 ppm in distilled water was found to decrease by only 0.1 ppm after 30 days at 20 °C(5), suggesting that hydrolysis under neutral conditions is not an important fate process. Even at high temperatures, long exposure times are necessary for extensive hydrolysis of furfural by dilute acids(6). Furfural contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(2). The gas-phase concentration of furfural, present as a component of the smoke obtained from burning oak in a wood stove, was found to decrease when irradiated in an experimental chamber equipped both with sun lights and UV lights(7). The rate of disappearance was greater when nitrogen oxides were added to the system(7).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for furfural(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of furfural is estimated as 40(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that furfural is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for furfural is estimated as 3.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.21 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 7.41X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that furfural is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 9.6 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 73 days(SRC). Furfural's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of furfural from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: Furfural has been identified in the drinking water supplies of the United States and Europe(1). It has been qualitatively detected in the drinking water of Ottumwa, IA(2).

SURFACE WATER: Furfural was detected in 1 out of 204 surface water samples taken near heavily industrialized sites across the USA (detection limit 1 ppb) at a concentration of 2 ppb(1). Furfural was found in 1 of 13 samples taken in the Lake Michigan basin, 1977, at a concn of 2 ug/L(2).

Furfural was detected at a concentration of 0.18 ug/cu m in the flue gas emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant in Germany(1). Residential wood combustion emissions from wood samples collected from Denver, Colorado burned in different appliances contained furfural concentrations of 317.60 mg/kg (fireplace, softwood), 445.33 mg/kg (fireplace, hardwood), 99.71 mg/kg (wood stove, hardwood), and 4.21 mg/kg (synthetic log)(2). Mean emission factors of furfural in smoldering smoke from wood, needles, bark, litter, duff, and humus (collected from ponderosa pine in northwestern Montana) fires were 0.81, 1.6, 1.2, 1.1, 0.3, and 0.08 g/kg dry mass of fuel consumed, respectively(3). Furfural was detected at a concentration of 80 ug/cu m in the air of a chamber containing tobacco smoke from four cigarettes(4). In non-catalyst equipped gasoline-powered motor vehicle (1969 and 1970 model years) tailpipe emissions, a furfural concentration of 1,700 ug/km was found; no furfural was detected in catalyst equipped gasoline-powered motor vehicle (1981-1994 model years) tailpipe emissions(5). Furfural was detected as an emission from the burning of jack pine, cedar, oak, and ash in a fireplace(6). It was identified in the smoke obtained from the burning of oak(7). Furfural was detected in the wastewater of a synthetic rubber company discharging into the Calcasieu River (or its tributaries), LA, at an approximate concentration of 1.7 ug/L(8). Furfural was identified in the spent chlorination liquor from the wood pulping industry which uses the sulfite process(9). The concentration of five sulfite evaporator condensates (wastewater) from a paper plant in Bellingham, WA, ranged from 179-471 mg/L, with a mean of 274 mg/L(10).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Furfural was qualitatively detected (5.1% relative abundance) in the ambient air around Pinus halepensis trees in Algiers, Algeria sampled in June 1997(1). Furfural was detected in 7 of 36 outdoor air samples collected from 6 residential homes in a suburban New Jersey area during the summer of 1992 at an average concentration of 0.17 ppb(2).

INDOOR: Furfural was detected at a mean concentration of between 0.5 and less than 1.5 ppb in the air in four newly manufactured houses and seven site-built houses between 2 to 9.5 months after instillation in 1997(1). Furfural was detected in 81% of indoor air samples collected from 26 residential houses. The indoor air of 50 residential houses contained an average furfural concentration of 1.56 ug/cu m(2). Furfural was detected in 19 of 36 indoor air samples collected from 6 residential homes in a suburban New Jersey area during the summer of 1992 at an average concentration of 0.27 ppb(3). Furfural was qualitatively detected in indoor air above a floor finished with a natural oil 4 to 5 months after its application(4).

RURAL/REMOTE: Furfural was qualitatively detected in the air above the Southern Black Forest (Kalbelescheur), Germany, in 1984-85(1).

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2005)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U125, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U125, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Furfural is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /From table/

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FURFURAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 132P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 132P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 132P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 132P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for FURFURAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1199 153P

1199 132P

UN 1199; Furfural

IMO 3.3; Furfural

49 131 46; Furfural

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 21-23/25-36/37/38-40; S: (1/2)-26-36/37-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: II