Benzotrichloride

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (71.6%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (71%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (29%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 169 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (37 of 37) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 37 of 37 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 37 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 37 of 37 reports by companies.

There are 0 notifications provided by 0 of 37 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Warning: Benzotrichloride is a strong irritant. Direct contact may result in severe dermal or corneal burns.

Signs and Symptoms of Benzotrichloride Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to benzotrichloride may include strong irritation or burning of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It may cause esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation if ingested.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to benzotrichloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to benzotrichloride.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Rush to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to benzotrichloride.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Rush to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support to all victims.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz. or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

5. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after the fire is out. (EPA, 1998)

Use dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

WATER OR FOAM MAY CAUSE FROTHING

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use dry chemical, dry sand, or carbon dioxide. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water to knock-down vapors. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U023, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration with flammable solvent added in incinerator with afterburner and alkaline scrubber.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BENZOTRICHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BENZOTRICHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Keep containers closed. Store in dry, cool, dark place.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.0080 [ppm]

0.088 [ppm]

0.66 [ppm]

0.1 [ppm]

Ceiling Limit: 0.1 ppm, skin.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

(ceiling value): 0.1 ppm as STEL; (skin); A2 (suspected human carcinogen).

0.1 ppm [1994]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

National occupational exposure limits for benzotrichloride: Status: regulation; Hungary (1974) Time weighted avg (TWA) 1 mg/cu m; Romania (1975) Time weighted avg TWA) 5 mg/cu m, Maximum 8 mg/cu m; USSR (1977) Maximum 0.2 mg/cu m; Yugoslavia (1971) Time weighted avg (TWA) 1 mg/cu m. /From table/

USSR (1967) TLV l mg/cu m.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract. The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis.

The substance may have effects on the lungs, liver, kidneys and thyroid. This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear rubber gloves and coveralls. Use of self contained breathing apparatus is recommended.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Benzotrichloride appears as a clear colorless to yellowish colored liquid with a penetrating odor. Denser than water and vapors are heavier than air. May be toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Burns skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Insoluble in water. Used to make dyes and other chemicals.

Clear to yellow liquid with a penetrating odor; [ACGIH]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW FUMING OILY LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

A clear colorless to yellowish colored liquid with a penetrating odor. Denser than water and vapors are heavier than air. May be toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Burns skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Insoluble in water. Used to make dyes and other chemicals.

CLEAR, COLORLESS TO YELLOWISH LIQUID

OILY LIQUID

PENETRATING

429.4 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

220.8 °C AT 760 MM HG; 129 °C AT 60 MM HG; 105 °C AT 25 MM HG

429.4 °F

221 °C @760 [mm Hg]

23 °F (EPA, 1998)

-4.42 °C

260 °F (EPA, 1998)

260 °F (127 °C) (CLOSED CUP)

> 247 °C (Cleveland open cup)

108 °C c.c.

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

... Soluble in ... diethyl ether ... .

Water solubility = 53 mg/L at 5 °C

Solubility in water: reaction

1.3756 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3756 AT 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.3723 @ 20°C

6.77 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.77 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 6.8

1 to 10 mmHg at 114.44 to 189.68 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.2 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 1.35 mm Hg @ 50 °C; 5.4 mm Hg @ 75 °C

Vapor pressure = 0.4137 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 20

1-10 mmHg at 114.44-189.68 °F

0.4137 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow= 2.92

UNSTABLE; HYDROLYZES IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE, FORMING BENZOIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACIDS.

412 °F (211 °C)

Dynamic viscosity = 2.40 mPa.s @ 20 °C

1.7 mm²/s at 20 °C

Hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture. The reaction is rather slow due to low solubility in water.

Aryl Halides

BENZOTRICHLORIDE hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture. It reacts with water, lime, ammonia, strong alkalis, organic amines, chlorates and acids. (NTP, 1992)

Dangerous; ... on contact with acids or acid fumes, they evolve highly toxic chloride fumes. /Chlorides/

Though normally not very reactive, a few haloaryl cmpd /incl trichloromethylbenzene/ if sufficiently activated by other substituents or by specific reaction conditions, may undergo violent reactions.

Benzotrichloride

Respiratory

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of alpha-chlorinated toluenes and benzoyl chloride. ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of benzotrichloride. ... Overall evaluation: Combined exposures to alpha-chlorinated toluenes and benzoyl chloride are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). /alpha-Chlorinated toluenes & benzoyl chloride/

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in one strain of female mice treated orally, dermally, and by inhalation. There is also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

Benzotrichloride: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Burns.

Cough. Sore throat.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

5 x 10^-5 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

See the IRIS entry for Benzotrichloride

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 19 ppm/2H

LD50 Rat oral 6 g/kg/14 days.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Corrosive to skin, mucous membranes.

The effects of occupational exposure to a mixture of chlorinated toluenes on mortality were studied in 953 organic chemical factory workers. Mortality of 163 exposed employees was compared with that in 790 who were not exposed by first using the rates of mortality for England and Wales and then by using regression models in life tables. Cumulative exposure, age at start of employment in the factory, and age at death were considered. Compared with mortality rates in England and Wales, exposed workers had significantly elevated standard mortality ratios for all causes and all cancers, while the regression models indicated that an increased risk of cancer mortality was found for exposed workers who had first been employed before 1951. Cancers among the exposed employees concerned the mouth and throat, digestive system, respiratory system, genitourinary system, and lymphatic hemopoietic tissue. Although exposures were to several chlorinated toluenes, results from this study and previous studies indicates that benzotrichloride was the most likely carcinogen. /It was concluded/ that there is an increased risk of mortality from cancer among the workers, increased risk of mortality from cancer among the workers, especially those employed before 1951, who were exposed to chlorinated toluenes.

Six cases of respiratory cancer have been reported among benzoyl chloride production workers in two small plants, who were also potentially exposed to benzotrichloride. The cases occurred in young workers, three of whom were nonsmokers.

LARGE DOSES HAVE CAUSED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSION IN EXPTL ANIMALS.

BENZOTRICHLORIDE (PURITY & IMPURITIES UNSPECIFIED) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE MUTAGENIC IN REVERSION ASSAYS USING SALMOMELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAINS TA1535, TA98 & TA100 & IN ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN WP2 HCR; MUTAGENICITY REQUIRED METABOLIC ACTIVATION BY MICROSOMAL FRACTION OF THE LIVERS OF RATS INDUCED BY AROCHLOR 1254. ... SLIGHT ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED IN WP2 HCR IN THE ABSENCE OF ACTIVATION, BUT NO DATA WERE GIVEN. IT WAS ALSO POSITIVE IN REC-ASSAY BACILLUS SUBTILIS.

THE ORDER OF DECREASING TOXICITY AMONG THE CHLORINATED TOLUENES WAS: BENZOTRICHLORIDE GREATER THAN BENZAL CHLORIDE GREATER THAN BENZYL CHLORIDE. THUS, IN A SINGLE 2 HR EXPOSURE OF MICE & RATS TO 100 MG/CU M (12.5 PPM), ALL 3 CMPD PRODUCED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EXCITATION, IRRITATION OF EYES & RESPIRATORY MUCOSA & SLOWED RESPIRATION IN ORDER OF ACTIVITY DESCRIBED ABOVE. HYPEREMIA OF EXTREMITIES WAS ALSO NOTED; AT 1000 MG/CU M (125 PPM) MICE EXHIBITED MOTOR AUTOMATISM & RATS SHOWED TWITCHING OF PERIPHERAL MUSCLES. WHEN RATS WERE EXPOSED TO 100 MG/CU M OF EACH OF THE COMPOUNDS IN AN INHALATION CHAMBER, CONTINUOUSLY FOR 1 MO, THE DEGREE OF WEIGHT LOSS WAS RELATED TO THE SAME ORDER OF ACTIVITY AS IN THE ACUTE STUDIES. ... BENZOTRICHLORIDE CAUSED LEUKOPENIA & MILD ANEMIA. BENZOTRICHLORIDE ... CAUSED DECREASES IN RENAL FUNCTION.

... 3 COMPOUNDS /BENZOTRICHLORIDE, BENZYL CHLORIDE, & BENZAL CHLORIDE/ WERE DISSOLVED IN BENZENE & APPLIED TO THE CLIPPED BACKS OF SPECIFIC PATHOGEN FREE ICR FEMALE MICE, IRRITATION OF ... SKIN ... WAS OBSERVED. ... THE SKIN INITIALLY EXHIBITED ERYTHEMA & SWELLING, THEN ALOPECIA & INDURATION. IN SOME CASES, MARKED KERATINIZATION, ULCERS, &/OR NECROSIS OF THE SKIN WERE OBSERVED.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENZOTRICHLORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The mutagenicity of benzotrichloride was evaluated in Salmonella tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 and Saccharomyces strain D4 with and without metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. The test article was not mutagenic at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 10 ul/plate in the presence or absence of metabolic activation, while cytotoxicity at concentrations of 5 and 10 ul/plate was reported in all test strains.

The absorption and excretion of 14C-benzotrichloride (BTC) was studied in groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (3/group) exposed by gavage to a single doses of BTC. Groups of females were exposed to average concentrations of 0, 42.5, 40.4, 45.0, 43.0 or 46.0 mg/kg and sacrificed 8, 24, 24, 48, or 72 hrs after dosing, respectively. Groups of males were exposed to average concentrations of 0 or 39.9 mg/kg and sacrificed 72 hrs after dosing. BTC was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and efficiently eliminated in the urine (90%) and feces (10%) in 48 hrs. Radioactivity (as BTC equivalents) in the blood peaked at 6.5 ppm by 4 hrs after dosing and then steadily decreased to 2.6 ppm by 24 hrs. The elimination half-life of 14C in the blood was 22 hr. Total radiocarbon residue in tissues was approximately 1.5% of the dose after 72 hrs with fat, liver, and kidneys containing the highest residue levels. The pharmacokinetics of BTC appeared to follow a one-compartment open model system. BTC was rapidly distributed in the body and then eliminated in the urine following apparent first order kinetics. BTC was rapidly metabolized, apparently being hydrolyzed to benzoic acid which was then conjugated with glycine to form hippuric acid (> 90% of radiocarbon in urine). Small amounts of benzoic acid (0.7%) and phenylacetic acid (0.8%), as well as 4 unidentified metabolites (5.5%) were also found in the urine.

Persons involved in the manufacture of benzoyl chloride have an increased risk of developing cancer primarily because of their exposure to benzotrichloride (a major intermediate in the manufacture of benzoyl chloride) which was shown to be an animal carcinogen.

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) > 100 mg/l /test media: chlorine free tap water, saturated with oxygen, pH 7.6-7.7, temp 20-22 °C, hardness 16 deg (German)/

LC50 Leuciscus idus melanotus (golden orfe) 4,140 mg/l/48 hr /Static bioassay/

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) > 100 mg/l /test media: chlorine free tap water, saturated with oxygen, pH 7.6-7.7, temp 20-22 °C, hardness 16 deg (German)/

LC50 Leuciscus idus melanotus (golden orfe) 4,140 mg/l/48 hr /Static bioassay/

LC100 Lueciscus idus melanotus (golden orfe) 8,280 mg/l/48 hr /Static bioassay/

Toxic threshold concn Pseudomonas purida (bacterium) > 100 mg/l/16 hr /25 °C in bi-distilled water; additional conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZOTRICHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

5.30e-02

2.50e-01

3.00e-03

5.00e+00

1.30e+01

Volatile

3.24e+02

5.30e+00

2.50e+01

3.00e-01

Fugitive emissions from the industrial manufacture and use of benzotrichloride may be a potential source of exposure of the chemical to the environment. Still bottoms from the distillation of benzyl chloride contain benzotrichloride, but are disposed of in hazardous waste land disposal sites. Benzotrichloride's production and use in organic synthesis as the source of the benzenyl group, to make benzotrifluoride, hydroxybenzophone, pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial agents, chlorinated toluenes, dyes, and pesticides may also result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to soil, direct photolysis is not expected to occur. Benzotrichloride hydrolyzes quickly in the presence of moisture forming benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid with half-lives of 11 sec at pH of 7 and 3 minutes at 5.1 °C. Therefore, leaching, volatilization from moist soil, and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes. If released to water, volatilization, bioconcentration, adsorption to sediment, and photolysis are not expected to be important fate processes due to the rapid hydrolysis rate. Limited biodegradation data are available to determine the rate or importance of biodegradation of benzotrichloride in water; however, using a modified OECD-Screening-Test, DOC removal with benzotrichloride was 95-97% after 3 days. However, because of the rapid hydrolysis rate, this biodegradation study is probably for benzoic acid, the hydrolysis product of benzotrichloride. If released to the atmosphere, benzotrichloride will exist in the vapor phase. Vapor-phase benzotrichloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 45 days. Particulate-phase benzotrichloride may be physically removed from the air by wet deposition. Direct photolysis is not expected to occur in the troposphere. Due to the rapid hydrolysis of benzotrichloride in water, it may hydrolyze in the atmosphere when contacted with moisture. Occupational exposure probably occurs during manufacture and use. (SRC)

Benzotrichloride has not been reported to occur in nature(1).

Still bottoms from the distillation of benzyl chloride contain benzotrichloride (0.0005 kg per 1 kg of benzyl chloride product) and are disposed of in hazardous waste land disposal sites(1).

Benzotrichloride's production and use in organic synthesis as the source of the benzenyl group(1), to make benzotrifluoride, hydroxybenzophone, pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial agents(2), chlorinated toluenes(2), dyes(3), and pesticides(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The ultraviolet adsorption spectrum for benzotrichloride in methanol solution shows virtually no absorption above 290 nm(1), therefore direct photolysis on soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Benzotrichloride hydrolyzes quickly in the presence of moisture forming benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid(2). The hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C and pH 7 is reported to be 0.063 1/sec(3), which corresponds to a half-life of 11 sec(SRC). The hydrolysis rate constant at 5.10 °C was found to be 0.00387 per sec(4), which corresponds to a half-life of 3.0 minutes(SRC). Therefore, leaching, volatilization from moist soil, and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Benzotrichloride hydrolyzes quickly in the presence of water forming benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). The hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C and pH 7 is reported to be 0.063 1/sec(2), which corresponds to a half-life of 11 sec(SRC). The hydrolysis rate constant at 5.10 °C was found to be 0.00387 per sec(3), which corresponds to a half-life of 3.0 minutes(SRC). Therefore, volatilization, bioconcentration, adsorption to sediment, and photolysis are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC). Limited biodegradation data are available to determine the rate or importance of biodegradation of benzotrichloride in water(SRC); however, using a modified OECD-Screening-Test, DOC removal with benzotrichloride was 95-97% after 3 days(4). However, because of the rapid hydrolysis rate, this biodegradation study is probably for benzoic acid, the hydrolysis product of benzotrichloride(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a suggested classification scheme(1), an experimental vapor pressure of 0.4137 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) indicates that benzotrichloride will exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzotrichloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 45 days(3,SRC). Direct photolysis is not expected to occur in the troposphere due to lack of UV absorption above 290nm(7). Due to the rapid hydrolysis of benzotrichloride in water(4-6), it may hydrolyze in the atmosphere when contacted with moisture(SRC).

Using a modified OECD-Screening-Test, DOC removal with benzotrichloride was 95-97% after 3 days(1). However, because of the rapid hydrolysis rate, this biodegradation study is probably for benzoic acid, the hydrolysis product of benzotrichloride.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzotrichloride with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 45 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). Benzotrichloride hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture forming benzoic acid and hydrochloric acid(2). The hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C and pH 7 is reported to be 0.063 1/sec(3), which corresponds to a half-life of 11 sec(SRC). The hydrolysis rate constant at 5.10 °C was found to be 0.00387 per sec(4), which corresponds to a half-life of 3.0 minutes(SRC). The ultraviolet adsorption spectrum for benzotrichloride in methanol solution shows virtually no absorption above 290 nm(5); therefore, direct photolysis in the environment is not expected to occur(SRC).

An estimated BCF value of 540 was calculated for benzotrichloride(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.9(1,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will be an important fate process(SRC). However, due to the rapid hydrolysis of benzotrichloride in water(4-6), bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not expected to occur(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indexes(1), the Koc of benzotrichloride is estimated as approximately 1200(SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzotrichloride has slight mobility in soil(SRC). Due to the rapid hydrolysis of benzotrichloride in water(3-5), leaching in moist soils should not be significant due to its degradation to benzoic and hydrochloric acid(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for benzotrichloride is estimated as 2.6X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that benzotrichloride will volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 8.8 hours(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 7 days(2,SRC). However, due to the rapid hydrolysis of benzotrichloride in water(3-5), volatilization from water is not expected to be important(SRC). Benzotrichloride's vapor pressure(6) indicates that volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: Benzotrichloride has been identified in surface waters; the concn were not reported.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BENZOTRICHLORIDE HAS /OCCURRED/ & PROBABLY STILL DOES OCCUR DURING ITS MANUFACTURE & USE AS AN INTERMEDIATE IN MANUFACTURE OF BENZOYL CHLORIDE, DYES, ULTRA-VIOLET STABILIZERS & OTHER DERIVATIVES.

Workers were exposed to chlorinated toluenes, one of which was benzotrichloride, at an organic chemicals factory.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 171 workers are potentially exposed to benzotrichloride in the USA(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U023, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration with flammable solvent added in incinerator with afterburner and alkaline scrubber.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BENZOTRICHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BENZOTRICHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2226; BENZOTRICHLORIDE

IMO 8.0; Benzotrichloride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Corrosive

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 45-22-23-37/38-41; S: 53-45; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: II