Cumene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P318, P319, P331, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3187) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (> 99.9%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H332 (26.3%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (97.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (10.7%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411 (97.1%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P331, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3187 reports by companies from 58 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3187 reports by companies.

There are 57 notifications provided by 3186 of 3187 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Cumene:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Remove all ignition sources; ventilate /the/ area of spill or leak. For small quantities absorb on paper towels /and/ evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U055, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Cumene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

... Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a flammable liquid. Cumene liquid should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Isopropylbenzene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and acids. Cool. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

... Precautions ... such as mounds around storage tanks, sills at doorways or especially designed floors /are needed/ to limit spread of escaping liquid. Open flames & other sources of ignition should be excluded where cumene is stored.

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials, nitric acid, sulfuric acid.

Storage temperature: Ambient.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

10.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Distinct Odor Awareness (LOA) = 0.017 ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

50 [ppm]

300 [ppm]

730 [ppm]

50 ppm (245 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (245 mg/m3) [skin]

50.0 [ppm]

900 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

900.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Daily exposures of rats to 500 ppm for 5 months resulted in no significant blood changes, although hyperemia and congestion were noted in the lungs, liver, and kidneys [Clayton and Clayton 1981].

900 ppm [IDLH based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]

900 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 98828

5.0 [ppm]

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

5 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

50 ppm [1997]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Australia: 50 ppm, skin (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 50 ppm, skin (1990); Sweden: 25 ppm, 15-min short-term value 35 ppm, skin (1984); United Kingdom: 50 ppm, 10-min STEL 75 ppm, skin (1991).

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Cumene appears as a clear colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. May be moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption.

Liquid; CBI

Colorless liquid with a sharp, penetrating, aromatic odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a sharp, penetrating, aromatic odor.

Colorless liquid

Gasoline-like odor

... Sharp, penetrating, aromatic odor

306.3 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

152.4 °C

152.00 to 153.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

152.41 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-140.9 °F (USCG, 1999)

-96.0 °C

-96.9 °C

-96.02 °C

96 °F (USCG, 1999)

102 °F (39 °C) (Closed cup)

31 °C c.c.

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 61.3 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 50 mg/L at 20 °C

Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride

Soluble in many organic solvents

0.0613 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/l at 20 °C: 0.2 (very poor)

Insoluble

0.866 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

Specific gravity: 0.862 at 20 °C/4 °C

% in saturated air at 38.3 °C and 760 mm Hg: 1.32; density of saturated vapor-air mixture at 38 °C and 760 mm Hg (Air = 1): 1.03

Relative density (water = 1): 0.90

0.864 @25 °C

4.1 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.2

25.85 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

4.5 [mmHg]

4.5 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 427

7.5 [mm Hg] @33 °C

log Kow = 3.66

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Highly Flammable

Mixing CUMENE in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, oleum, NFPA 1991.

Reacts with oxidizing materials. Reacts with nitric acid and sulfuric acid with release of energy.

Incompatible with oxidizers.

Oxidizers, nitric acid, sulfuric acid [Note: Forms cumene hydroperoxide upon long exposure to air.]

Oxidizers, nitric acid, sulfur acid [Note: Forms cumene hydroperoxide upon long exposure to air.]

B: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)

2 samples had 3-30 ppm peroxide; age &gt;9 yrs

IDENTIFICATION: Cumene is a water insoluble petrochemical used in the manufacture of several chemicals, including phenol and acetone. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In humans, cumene is metabolized primarily to the secondary alcohol. 2-phenyl-2-propranol. This alcohol and its conjugates are readily excreted by humans. No data are available with which to quantify human exposure. It is not possible to assess its potential for carcinogenicity in humans, because long term carcinogenicity studies with the chemical have not been performed. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Cumene is metabolized primarily to the secondary alcohol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol in animals. This alcohol and its conjugates are readily excreted by rodents. Increases in organ weights, primarily the kidney weughts are the most prominent effects observed in rodents readily exposed to cumene by either the oral or inhalation route. No adverse effects were observed in rat or rabbit fetuses whose mothers had been exposed to cumene during fetal development. Although no multigenerational reproductive studies have been performed using cumene, the rapid metabolism and excretion, coupled with the lack of effects on sperm morphology in a subchronic study, suggest that it has a low potential for reproductive toxicity. Most genotoxicity test data with cumene are negative. Inadequate data, especially measured exposure information, exist to allow a quantitative evaluation of the risk to populations of aquatic ot terrestrial organisms from exposure to cumene. Values indicate a slight potential for bioconcentration in fish. There are no data on the bioaccumulation in fish.

Petroleum distillates are central nervous system depressants and cause pulmonary damage. (A600)

Endocrine

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

4 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

Isopropylbenzene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Last updated 8/1/1997; listed as cumene

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: No data were available from studies in humans. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cumene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of alpha-methylstyrene. Cumene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). alpha-Methylstyrene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Classification - D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Basis -- Under the current Risk Assessment Guidelines, cumene is assigned category D, not classifiable, indicating no or inadequate human or animal data. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, it is concluded that the carcinogenic potential of cumene cannot be determined because no adequate data, such as well-conducted long-term animal studies or reliable human epidemiological studies, are available for any assessment. Concern for the carcinogenic potential of cumene is judged to be limited from several standpoints. The metabolic pathways of this compound are, for the most part, known for both rats and humans and do not involve any suspect reactive species. Cumene has been examined in a relatively complete battery of in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity tests, including gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, and primary DNA damage. Only a single test, a micronucleus assay, was mildly positive, and then at a dose that resulted in mortality in some animals. Trends in structure-activity relationships are unclear for cumene. It is, however, clear with respect to metabolism that cumene is more analogous to methyl benzene (toluene) than to ethyl benzene, and that toluene showed no evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats or mice in a 2-year inhalation study /by NTP, 1990/. In summary, there is not much suspicion that cumene would pose a significant carcinogenic hazard. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate; none are available. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate; none are available.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 101: (2012) Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products, Food and Drinking-water

TR-542: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Cumene (CASRN 98-82-8) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (2009 )

05/16/07

Clear Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of cumene in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of respiratory epithelial adenoma in the nose and renal tubule adenoma or carcinoma (combined). Increased incidences of interstitial cell adenoma of the testis may have been related to exposure to cumene. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of cumene in female F344/N rats based on the incidences of respiratory epithelium adenoma in the nose. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of cumene in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms. The increased incidences of hemangiosarcoma in the spleen and follicular cell adenoma in the thyroid gland in male mice may have been related to cumene exposure. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of cumene in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms. Increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in female mice were also considered to be related to exposure to cumene.

Exposure of male rats to cumene resulted in nonneoplastic lesions of the kidney characteristic of α2u-globulin accumulation. Exposure to cumene resulted in nonneoplastic lesions in the nose of male and female rats; the lung, nose, liver, and forestomach of male mice; and the lung and nose of female mice.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Petroleum distillates are aspiration hazards and may cause pulmonary damage, central nervous system depression, and cardiac effects such as cardiac arrhythmias. They may also affect the blood, immune system, liver, and kidney. (A600, L1297)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L400) ; inhalation (L400) ; dermal (L400)

Dizziness. Incoordination. Drowsiness. Headache.

Dry skin.

Redness.

See Inhalation. Aspiration hazard!

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; dermatitis; headache, narcosis, coma

Petroleum distillate poisoning may cause nausea, vomiting, cough, pulmonary irritation progressing to pulmonary edema, bloody sputum, and bronchial pneumonia. At high amounts, central nervous system depression may also occur, with symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, slow and shallow respiration, unconsciousness, and convulsions. Petroleum distillates are also irritating to the skin. (A594)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LCLo (rat) = 8,000 ppm/4H

LD50: 1400 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LC50: 24 700 mg/m3 over 2 hours (Inhalation, Mouse) (T14)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 0.6 ppm for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LD50; Species: Agelaius phoeniceus (red-winged blackbird) oral 98 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.4 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.6 mg/L, hardness 44.3 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.1 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.58; Concentration: 6.32 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 6.04-6.61 mg/L)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Condtions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.4 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.6 mg/L, hardness 44.3 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.1 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.58; Concentration: 6.32 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 6.04-6.61 mg/L); Effect: loss of equilibrium. Affected fish lost schooling behavior and swam in a corkscrew/spiral pattern. They were hyperactive and darkly colored, had increased respiration, and lost equilibrium prior to death.

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Isopropylbenzene (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Mytilus edulis (mussel larvae) /blue mussel/: no significant alteration of growth rate at concentrations of 1 to 50 ppm.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Cumene at 0.5 mL/L within 24 hr caused 100% mortality of both crabs Asellus aquaticus L and Gammarus fossarum Koch (Isopoda, Amphipoda).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ One-day exposure to cumene at 0.05 and 0.1% caused 100% death of Radix peregra /wandering pond snail/ and Lymnea stagnalis /great pond snail/, respectively. ... Water temperature, pH, and total hardness had no effect on the toxic effect of the compound. The only important factor was oxygen, so the water was aerated during the experiments.

1.90e+03

9.90e+03

4.20e+02

1.80e+03

4.50e+02

1.30e+03

7.40e-01

1.00e-01

4.00e-01

Volatile

2.68e+02

5.80e+03

3.00e+04

5.30e+03

1.40e+03

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Isopropylbenzene's production and use as a chemical intermediate, as a gasoline constituent, and component in products such as paint thinners and solvents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isopropylbenzene occurs in a variety of natural substances including essential oils from plants, marsh grasses, and various foodstuffs. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isopropylbenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase isopropylbenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 hrs. Isopropylbenzene exhibits a UV absorption of 258 nm in cyclohexane and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, isopropylbenzene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 700. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. Isopropylbenzene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A biodegradation half-life of 2 days (rate constant = 0.322/day) was calculated for isopropylbenzene added to soil microcosms from a weathered petroleum spill site, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, isopropylbenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Isopropylbenzene, incubated in a sediment/freshwater ecocore, exhibited a mineralization rate of 0.02/day, corresponding to a half-life of 34.6 days, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. A BCF of 35.5 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to isopropylbenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isopropylbenzene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isopropylbenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing isopropylbenzene. (SRC)

Isopropylbenzene occurs in a variety of natural substances including essential oils from plants(1), marsh grasses(2,3), and a variety of foodstuffs(4-12).

Isopropylbenzene's production and use as a chemical intermediate(1,2), as a gasoline constituent, and component in products such as paint thinners and solvents(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

About 98% of isopropylbenzene produced in the U.S. is used to produce acetone and phenol(1). Isopropylbenzene is released by manufacturing and processing plants and during the transport of isopropylbenzene. Isopropylbenzene is also a constituent of crude oil and finished fuels(2). It is, therefore, released to the environment by oil spills and the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels by land transportation vehicles. It is also released during the transportation and distribution of motor fuels and by evaporative loss from gasoline stations. Cigarette tobacco also releases isopropylbenzene during consumption(3). Other unquantifiable anthropogenic isopropylbenzene releases include building materials(4), jet engine exhaust(5), outboard motor operation(6), solvent uses(7), paint manufacture(8), pharmaceutical production(10), and textile plants(9,11). Isopropylbenzene is also released to the environment from leather tanning, iron and steel manufacturing, paving and roofing, paint and ink formulation, printing and publishing, ore mining, coal mining, organics and plastics manufacturing, pesticide manufacturing, electroplating and pulp and paper production(12).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 700(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isopropylbenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isopropylbenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(3). Isopropylbenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A biodegradation half-life of 2 days (rate constant = 0.322/day) was calculated for isopropylbenzene added to soil microcosms from a weathered petroleum spill site(5), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 700(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isopropylbenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF of 35.5(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Isopropylbenzene, incubated in a sediment/freshwater ecocore, exhibited a mineralization rate of 0.02/day, corresponding to a half-life of 34.6 days(7), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: In an experiment to study the disappearance of organic compounds found in crude oil during an oil spill, isopropylbenzene was found to disappear (combination of evaporation and dissolution) within 90 minutes of being spilled into seawater(1). In a similar experiment, water samples taken from an oil spill in the Canadian Arctic waters in the Ragged Channel revealed that after 6 hours, isopropylbenzene could not be detected in the aromatic fraction(2). Isopropylbenzene has a reported volatilization half-life in water ranging from 3.2 to 5.8 hrs(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isopropylbenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isopropylbenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Isopropylbenzene exhibits a UV absorption of 258 nm in cyclohexane(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Isopropylbenzene biodegradation in batch reactors proceeded following about 144 hr of acclimation and after 120 hr, isopropylbenzene was non-detectable. In unacclimated cultures, the half-life of isopropylbenzene was 206 hr (62 hr after acclimation)(1). When isopropylbenzene was incubated with an activated sludge acclimated to benzene, the theoretical BOD was reduced by 37.8% after 192 hr(2). A 20-day biological oxygen demand study was conducted using unacclimated, settled, domestic wastewater as the inoculum. After 10 and 20 days, the theoretical BOD was 62% and 70%, respectively(3). Activated sludge acclimated to aniline degraded isopropylbenzene following an acclimation period of about 30 hr(4). Activated sludge samples from three different communities were able to degrade 50 mg/L isopropylbenzene(5). A biodegradation rate constant of 0.322/day was calculated when 0.235-0.571 g/cu m isopropylbenzene was added to soil microcosms from a weathered petroleum spill site(6).

AEROBIC: Using river water and sediment in a test system, the aerobic biodegradation of isopropylbenzene was studied in a closed system. The disappearance rate constant of isopropylbenzene (average concentration 2.5 mg/L) for total mineralization was 0.02/day; this equates to a half-life of 34.6 days. However, when volatilization was considered coupled with biodegradation, the half-life for isopropylbenzene became 2.5 days. Isopropylbenzene biodegradation experienced a lag time of approximately 5 days. Based on the results of this experiment, residence time of isopropylbenzene in aquatic ecosystems will likely be brief(1). Isopropylbenzene was added to uncontaminated groundwater and this solution was continuously percolated through a column containing homogeneous sand(2). No additional nutrients were added to the system and it was assumed to be aerobic throughout. Biodegradation occurred following 5 days of acclimation and the isopropylbenzene degraded to non-detectable levels within 48 hr(2). Mixed cultures from contaminated and uncontaminated estuarine sediments were capable of degrading isopropylbenzene with the higher rate observed in the culture from the contaminated sediment(3). Isopropylbenzene incubated with mixed cultures taken from various depths in the Atlantic Ocean at 15 °C were all capable of biodegrading isopropylbenzene(4).

ANAEROBIC: In an in-situ anaerobic biodegradation study of various alkyl benzene compounds, isopropylbenzene was found to undergo considerable biodegradation, proceeding via methanogenic and fermentative bacteria(1,2). Isopropylbenzene, added to in-situ microcosms of material from leachate-impacted aquifers at North Bay, Ontario was completely biodegraded using the North Bay aquifer material. The microcosm was amended with nitrate and glucose(2). Using an inoculum from a gas condensate-contaminated aquifer incubated under sulfate-reducing conditions, isopropylbenzene was 100% biodegraded over a 100-day period(3).

PURE CULTURE: Incubation with a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida resulted in the degradation of isopropylbenzene to an orthodihydroxy compound in which the isopropyl side chain of isopropylbenzene was intact(1). Incubation of isopropylbenzene with Pseudomonas desmolytica and Pseudomonas convexa resulted in the formation of (+)-2-hydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxo-octanoic acid via 3-isopropylcatechol(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isopropylbenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 6.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). In general, substituted benzenes, such as isopropylbenzene, undergo addition of hydroxyl radical to the benzene ring to form substituted phenols(2). Isopropylbenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Isopropylbenzene exhibits a UV absorption of 258 nm in cyclohexane(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The theoretically estimated direct photolysis half-life is about 1500 years(7). In aqueous solution, isopropylbenzene will react with hydroxyl radical (average concentration = 1.0X10-17 molec/cu cm) at a reaction rate of 7.5X10+9 L/mol sec at pH 7; resulting in an estimated half-life of 107 days(5). In another study of the abiotic degradation of isopropylbenzene in aquatic systems, photooxidation of isopropylbenzene by alkylperoxy radicals and hydroxyl radicals was found to occur with half-lives of 2.2 and 0.7 yrs, respectively(6).

A BCF of 35.5 was measured in goldfish which were exposed to isopropylbenzene at 1 mg/L(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of isopropylbenzene can be estimated to be 700(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that isopropylbenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil. A Kd value of 0.374 was reported for isopropylbenzene added at 113.1 ug/L to an anaerobic microcosm using aquifer material from Canada Forces Base Borden(3).

Recovery of 100 mL samples of ... isopropylbenzene was in most cases >99%, after percolation through black soil, red soil, clayish loam, potter's clay, and alluvium soil columns 75 cm high and 3 cm in diameter. ... The petrochem changed pH in acidic soils more than in buffered soils.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U055, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Cumene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

... Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a flammable liquid. Cumene liquid should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Isopropylbenzene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Isopropylbenzene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1918; Isopropylbenzene

IMO 3.3; Isopropylbenzene

49 131 25; Cumene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 10-37-51/53-65; S: (2)-24-37-61-62; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III