Alpha-Methylstyrene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (10%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (12.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (11.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (88.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (99.6%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411 (> 99.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3710 reports by companies from 46 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P331, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable non-metallic containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

For spills & leakage absorb on paper. Evaporate on a glass or iron dish in hood. Burn the paper.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Avoid inhalation & skin contact.

Wear appropriate clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Wear eye protection to prevent any ... eye contact. Employees should wash promptly when skin is wet or contaminated. Remove nonimpervious clothing promptly if wet or contaminated.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Fireproof. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants.

DURING STORAGE IT IS FREQUENTLY STABILIZED WITH TERT-BUTYL CATECHOL AS INHIBITOR.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

50.0 [ppm]

9.1 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

700 [ppm]

TWA 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) ST 100 ppm (485 mg/m3)

100 ppm (480 mg/m³)

C 100 ppm (480 mg/m3) See Appendix G

700 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

700.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: A considerable number of rats and guinea pigs exposed to 3,000 ppm for 7 to 8 hours/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months died [Gerarde 1960; Wolf et al. 1956]. Rats and guinea pigs had slight changes in liver and kidney weights and some reduction in body weight following exposure to 800 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 27 days [Wolf et al. 1956]. No adverse effects were noted in rats, rabbits, mice, monkeys, and guinea pigs exposed 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 5 months to 200 ppm [Wolf et al. 1956]. . . . Human data: Four volunteers reported a definite unpleasant odor and slight eye irritation after about 2 minutes of exposure to 200 ppm [Wolf et al. 1956]. Strong eye and nasal irritation has been noted at concentrations above 600 ppm [Gerarde 1960; Wolf et al. 1956].

See: 98839

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time-Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 100 ppm.

2008 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their corresponding vaules and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: alpha-Methyl styrene; Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): None; Notations: A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.; Molecular Weight: 118.18; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s): Cancer; upper respiratory tract irritation; female reproductive damage; body weight effects; liver damage.

10 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

10 ppm [2009]

246 mg/m

250 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

West Germany: 100 ppm; USSR: 1 ppm.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Lachrymation.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for alpha-Methyl styrene:

Isopropenylbenzene appears as a colorless liquid. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Flash point 115 °F. May be mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Vapors may be narcotic by inhalation. Used as a solvent and to make other chemicals.

Liquid; CBI; Large Crystals

Colorless liquid with a characteristic odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.

Colorless liquid ...

... Characteristic odor.

Sharp aromatic odor

329.7 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

165.4 °C

-9 °F (NTP, 1992)

-23.2 °C

129 °F (NTP, 1992)

83.89 °C (CLOSED CUP)

57.8 °C (Cleveland open-cup)

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN ALC; SOL IN ALL PROPORTIONS IN ACETONE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

Sol in benzene, chloroform

Sol in ether

Sol in n-heptane, ethanol

In water, 116 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.012 (very poor)

Insoluble

0.91 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

Critical volume, 3.26 ml/g; critical density, 0.29 g/ml; specific heat of liquid, 2.0460 J/g deg K at 40 °C, & 2.1757 J/g deg K at 100 °C; specific heat of vapor, 1.2357 J/g deg K at 25 °C; heat of formation of liquid, 112.97 kJ/mol at 25 °C; heat of polymerization, 39.75 kJ/mol; cubical coefficient of expansion, 9.774X10-4 at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.91

0.913 @ 17°C

4.08 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.08

1.9 mmHg at 68 °F ; 5 mmHg at 93 °F (NTP, 1992)

1.9 [mmHg]

1.9 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 300

log Kow= 3.48

1066 °F (USCG, 1999)

1066 °F (574 °C)

When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke & fumes.

0.940 cP @ 20 °C

4863.73 kJ/mol at 25 °C (gas at constant pressure)

404.55 J/g at 25 °C; 326.35 J/g at boiling point

Flammable. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154, 164]. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

ISOPROPENYLBENZENE is easily peroxidizable; the peroxide may initiate exothermic polymerization of the bulk material. Reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents [Handling Chemicals Safely, 1980 p. 866; Bretherick, 1979 p. 160].

Oxidizers, peroxides, halogens, catalysts for vinyl or ionic polymers; aluminum, iron chloride, copper [Note: Usually contains an inhibitor such as tert-butyl catechol].

Oxidizers, peroxides, halogens, catalysts for vinyl or ionic polymers; aluminum, iron chloride, copper [Note: Usually contains an inhibitor such as tert-butyl catechol.]

α-Methylstyrene

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 101: (2012) Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products, Food and Drinking-water

alpha-Methylstyrene

TR-543: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of alpha-Methylstyrene (CASRN 98-83-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (2007 )

06/12/06

Some Evidence

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this 2-year inhalation study, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of α-methylstyrene in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenomas and carcinomas (combined). The increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia in 1,000 ppm male F344/N rats may have been related to α-methylstyrene exposure. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of α-methylstyrene in female F344/N rats exposed to 100, 300, or 1,000 ppm. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of α-methylstyrene in male B6C3F1 mice based on marginally increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of α-methylstyrene in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas.

Exposure of rats to α-methylstyrene resulted in kidney toxicity, which in males exhibited some features of α2µ-globulin nephropathy. Exposure to α-methylstyrene resulted in nonneoplastic lesions of the nose in male and female rats and mice and of the liver and kidney in female mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Dizziness. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Watering of the eyes.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; drowsiness; dermatitis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

HEAST Current

LCLo (rat) = 3,000 ppm

LD50 Rat oral 4900 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

If alpha-methyl styrene gets into the eyes, wash eyes immediately with large amounts of water, lifting the lower and upper lids occasionally. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

If alpha-methyl styrene gets in the skin, promptly flush the contaminated skin with water. If alpha-methyl styrene soaks through the clothing, remove the clothing immediately and flush the skin with water when there is skin irritation, get medical attention.

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE WAS MONITORED BY MEASURING THE ATROLACTIC ACID (2-PHENYL-2-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID) CONTENT OF THE URINE. DETERMINATION WAS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC.

Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from alpha-methyl styrene exposure. Skin disease: alpha-Methyl styrene can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of alpha-methyl styrene might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties or psychic reflex bronchospasm. Kidney disease: Although alpha-methyl styrene is not known as a kidney toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the elimination of toxic substances justifies special consideration in those with possible impairment of renal function. Liver disease: Although alpha-methyl styrene is not known as a liver toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the biotransformation and detoxification of foreign substances should be considered before exposing persons with impaired liver function.

Prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis, & repeated inhalation may result in CNS depression.

... FOUR HUMAN SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO A CONCENTRATION OF 200 PPM OF ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE REPORTED ... UNPLEASANT ODOR & SLIGHT EYE IRRITATION AFTER ... 2 MINUTES /OF EXPOSURE/.

Overall, alpha-methyl styrene appears to be somewhat less toxic than styrene & vinyltoluene.

Overexposure to alpha-methyl styrene causes slight irritation of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, and skin. With prolonged and repeated contact, there may be depression of the central nervous system.

GROUPS OF RATS, GUINEA PIGS, RABBITS, MICE & MONKEYS WERE GIVEN REPEATED EXPOSURES 7 HR DAILY, 5 DAYS/WK AT A CONCN OF 200 PPM OF ALPHA-METHYLSTYRENE VAPOR FOR ... ABOUT 6 MO. AS JUDGED BY GROWTH, MORTALITY, GROSS APPEARANCE & BEHAVIOR, ORGAN WT STUDIES & GROSS & MICROSCOPIC EXAM OF TISSUES, THIS VAPOR CONCN HAD NO ADVERSE EFFECT UPON ANY OF THE SPECIES STUDIED. ...

ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE ... HAS BEEN TESTED BY APPLICATION OF A DROP TO RABBIT EYES & HAS BEEN FOUND TO CAUSE ONLY SLIGHT TRANSIENT EVIDENCE OF CONJUNCTIVAL IRRITATION & NO CORNEAL DAMAGE DEMONSTRATED WITH FLUORESCEIN.

5.50e+03

8.20e+04

7.80e+02

5.00e+00

1.20e+00

7.00e-02

Volatile

5.00e+02

1.60e+04

2.50e+05

2.30e+03

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish.

alpha-Methylstyrene's production and use as a monomer in the production of polymers and as a reactive diluent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates alpha-methylstyrene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-methylstyrene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-life for these reactions in air are estimated to be 7 and 2 hrs, respectively. alpha-Methylstyrene absorbs light in the environmental UV spectrum and has the potential for direct photolysis. If released to soil, alpha-methylstyrene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,900. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.6X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. alpha-Methylstyrene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, alpha-methylstyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A 0% theoretical BOD obtained using the Japanese MITI test indicates that this compound is not expected to biodegrade. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 4 days, respectively. A BCF of 30 for goldfish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to alpha-methylstyrene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-methylstyrene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to alpha-methylstyrene via inhalation of indoor air containing alpha-methylstyrene. (SRC)

alpha-Methylstyrene's production and use as a monomer in the production of polymers and as a reactive diluent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). In automotive products, alpha-methylstyrene is added to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene in order to create less heavy, more fuel efficient cars(2). alpha-Methylstyrene is also used in modified polyester and alkyd resins(2). As a copolymer with methylmethacrylate, alpha-methylstyrene is resistent to distortion at high temperatures and is used in food applications(2). Polymers of alpha-methylstyrene possess low molecular weights and are viscous liquids that are employed as plasticizers in plastics, paints, waxes and adhesives(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.48(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that alpha-methylstyrene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of alpha-methylstyrene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.6X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 116 mg/l(5). The potential for volatilization of alpha-methylstyrene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). alpha-Methylstyrene, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6). Therefore this compound is not expected to biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.48(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that alpha-methylstyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.6x10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 116 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 30 for goldfish(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). alpha-Methylstyrene, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6). Therefore this compound is not expected to biodegrade in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), alpha-methylstyrene, which has a vapor pressure of 1.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase alpha-methylstyrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone(SRC); the half-life for these reactions in air are estimated to be 7 and 2 hrs, respectively(SRC), calculated from rate constants of 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) and 1.4X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec(4), respectively.

AEROBIC: alpha-Methylstyrene, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6). Therefore this compound is not expected to biodegrade(SRC). However, several microorganisms are able to grow using alpha-methylstyrene as a carbon source(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-methylstyrene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-methylstyrene with ozone has been estimated as 1.4X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). alpha-Methylstyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4). In cyclohexane, alpha-methylstyrene weakly absorbs UV light in the environmentally significant range (wavelengths >290 nm)(5). Hence, the potential for direct photolysis of alpha-methylstyrene in the environment exists(SRC).

A BCF of 30 in goldfish was measured for alpha-methylstyrene(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of alpha-methylstyrene is estimated as 1,900(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.48(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that alpha-methylstyrene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for alpha-methylstyrene is estimated as 2.6X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 116 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that alpha-methylstyrene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 hrs(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). alpha- Methylstyrene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of alpha-methylstyrene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.9 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: Alpha-methylstyrene was identified in 2 of 14 treated water supplies in England(2). Alpha-methylstyrene was detected in the analysis of volatiles in Delaware River water, which is used as a drinking water supply for Philadelphia, PA; however, it was not detected in 11 samples that were solvent extracted(1). Alpha-methylstyrene was detected in a groundwater aquifer which serves as the drinking water supply for Milan, Italy, at a depth of 30 m beneath a paint factory where organics were stored in leaking tanks(3).

GROUND WATER: alpha-Methylstyrene was identified at 2 of 7 groundwater sample-sites taken near "The Valley of Drums", KY at concentrations of 0.48 and 9 ug/l(1).

Alpha-methylstyrene was detected in the sediments at 1 of 7 sample sites taken near "The Valley of Drums", KY at concn ranging from 10 to 1000 ug/kg(1). A sediment sample dredged from the Calcasieu River, LA in Nov 1979 was found to contain alpha-methylstyrene; no concn was reported(2).

From 1970 to 1987, the national average daily ambient air concn of alpha-methylstyrene for 176 points representing remote, rural, suburban and urban sites was 0.050 ppbV(1). Alpha-methylstyrene was detected in the atmospheres of 6 industrialized cities of the USSR ranging in size of population from 0.4 to 4.5 million people(2-4).

INDOOR AIR: alpha-Methylstyrene was detected, not quantified, in the indoor air of 8 of 26 houses located in Finland at relatively low concentrations(1).

An unidentified isomer of alpha-methylstyrene was detected in 2 of 12 samples of human breast milk taken from women in 4 USA cities(1).

The headspace concn of alpha-methylstyrene from copier toner cartridges ranged from 22-33 ng/ml in the air taken from emission test chambers(1). The emission rate of alpha-methylstyrene from dry-process photocopiers ranged from <10-24 ug/hr per copier while idle and <50-330 ug/hr per copier during operation(2).

WASHINGS FROM THE HANDS OF WORKERS IN SYNTHETIC RUBBER PRODN CONTAINED 0.024 TO 4.05 MG OF ALPHA-METHYLSTYRENE. THE SKIN ROUTE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN INHALATION IN CONDITIONS WHERE HANDS ARE GREATLY EXPOSED.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3,214 workers are potentially exposed to alpha-methylstyrene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to alpha-methylstyrene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where alpha-methylstyrene is produced or used(SRC). Workers at a polystyrene production plant were exposed to alpha-methylstyrene in the atmosphere at time weighted average concn 8, 15, 23, 98, and 116 ppb for 13, 1, 6, 11, and 9 samples at 5 separate locations with maximum concns of 56, 40, 52, 360, and 583 ppb respectively(2). The atmospheric concn of alpha-methylstyrene ranged from 0 to 5 ug/cu m for the extrusion area of an electrical insulation manufacturing plant(3). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to alpha-methylstyrene via inhalation of indoor air containing alpha-methylstyrene(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Isopropenylbenzene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Isopropenylbenzene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Isopropenylbenzene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Isopropenylbenzene/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ALPHA-METHYL STYRENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2303; Isopropenylbenzene

IMO 3.3; Isopropenylbenzene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xi, N; R: 10-36/37-51/53; S: (2)-61

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III