Acetophenone

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P317, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (2 of 2981) of reports.

H302 (> 99.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (99.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2981 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 2981 reports by companies.

There are 9 notifications provided by 2979 of 2981 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P210, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P305+P354+P338, P317, P330, P370+P378, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

SKIN OR EYE CONTACT: irrigate affected area with water for 15 min. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use foam, /carbon dioxide/, dry chemical.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or polymer foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Use foam spray to reduce vapors. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after cleanup is complete. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Keep acetophenone out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the potential for an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U004, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Acetophenone (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Acetophenone (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and strong bases. Ventilation along the floor.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Light sensitive. Store under inert gas.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. ... Before entering confined space where acetophenone may be present, check to make sure than an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

Separated from strong oxidants. Ventilation along the floor.

100.0 [ppm]

30 [mg/m3]

330 [mg/m3]

2000 [mg/m3]

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

10 ppm as TWA

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 10 ppm. Last Revised: 2007.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Residues of acetophenone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: attractant. Limit: none.

Protect eyes and skin from direct contact. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Wear solvent-resistant gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ACHIG recommends Teflon as a protective material. ... Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn.

NO open flames. Above 77 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Acetophenone appears as a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent taste and odor resembling the odor of oranges. Freezes under cool conditions. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Hence sinks in water. Vapor heavier than air. A mild irritant to skin and eyes. Vapors can be narcotic in high concentrations. Used as a flavoring, solvent, and polymerization catalyst.

CBI; Liquid

Liquid that forms crystals at low temperature; [Merck Index]

COLOURLESS LIQUID OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless liquid which will solidify at 20 °CC

A colorless liquid with a sweet pungent taste and odor resembling the odor of oranges.

Colorless liquid

Liquid. Forms laminar crystals at low temperature.

Monoclinic prisms or plates

Sweet pungent odor

Sweet, pungent and strong medicinal odor

Sweet almond-like smell

Sweet, pungent taste

Bitter, aromatic cherry branch taste

395.1 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

202.1 °C

202.00 to 203.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

395.1 °F

202 °C @760 [mm Hg]

67.5 °F (USCG, 1999)

180 °F (USCG, 1999)

76 °C (169 °F) - closed cup

170 °F (77 °C) - closed cup

170.6 °F (77 °C) - closed cup; 180 °F (82.2 °C) - open cup

82 °C - open cup

77 °C c.c.

In water, 6,130 mg/L at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in water

Slightly soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid with orange color; freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, fatty oils, glycerol

Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene, concentrated sulfuric acid, chloroform

Miscible with ethanol at above 20 °C

6.13 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.6 (poor)

very slightly soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents, oils

miscible above 20� (in ethanol)

1.028 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0281 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density: 1.033 at 15 °C/15 °C

1.03 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1

Slightly soluble in water.

ACETOPHENONE reacts with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). Reacts with many oxidizing agents. Reacts with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. The amount of heat in these reactions may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion. Incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents.

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, and strong reducing agents.

Acetophenone

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

2 samples, 2-3 ppm Peroxide; &gt; 1 yr

Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetophenone is a liquid, forming crystals at low temperature. It is used in perfumery to impart an orange blossom-like odor, as a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, and in organic syntheses, especially as photosensitizer. HUMAN STUDIES: No skin sensitization was noted when 2% acetophenone in petrolatum was tested on humans. The substance is irritating to the eyes, and may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness. After long-term or repeated exposure the liquid defats the skin. ANIMAL STUDIES: Application of acetophenone to the eyes of rabbits as two drops of saturated aqueous solution caused discomfort. In another study, 0.005 mL of a 15% solution (750 ug) produced severe corneal necrosis in the rabbit eye. Mice survived 0.7 g/kg of acetophenone injected intraperitoneally, but clear-cut hypnotic effects occurred rapidly at dosage levels of 0.4 to 0.5 g/kg. In a combined subchronic and reproduction/developmental screening study, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats received oral gavage administrations of 0, 75, 225 or 750 mg/kg/day acetophenone for 28 days in the toxicity phase of testing. No deaths were seen; signs of overt toxicity included increased salivation at 225 and 750 mg/kg/day. The neurological examination further indicated decreased motor activity and decreased forelimb grip at 750 mg/kg/day in males only. Other signs of overt toxicity included decreased body weight and food consumption with increased cholesterol levels for the high-dose group. In the developmental portion of the study there were no adverse effects on the mating or fertility indices or on gestation lengths. The live birth index was decreased at 750 mg/kg/day. Similarly, pup survival was decreased during lactation and mean pup weights were decreased at 750 mg/kg. There was no indication of a mutagenic activity with and without metabolic activation with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1537.

Acetophenone

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and no animal data. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Headache. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Further see Inhalation.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

PDF Document

See the IRIS entry for Acetophenone

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

LC (rat) = >210 ppm/8h

LD50 Rat oral 2.2 g/kg.

LD50 Rat oral 2081 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat (male Wistar) oral 3.0 g/kg (14 day range finding test)

LD50 Mouse (male) ip 1.07 g/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Acetophenone (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Use of alcoholic beverages enhances the harmful effect.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ketones and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Ketones and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ketones and related compounds/

Remove any contact lenses at once, then flush eyes, wash contaminated areas of body with soap and water. If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ...

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No skin sensitization was noted when 2% acetophenone in petrolatum was tested on humans.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Effects of long-term or repeated exposure: The liquid defats the skin.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The acute toxicity was investigated in groups of 5 male and 5 female Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage application of undiluted acetophenone. The oral LD50 in rats was 2081 mg/kg bw. Death occurred within 24 hrs after application with unspecific clinical signs. Livers of deceased animals showed hyperemia.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 5 doses of acetophenone ranging from 0.71-3.9 g/kg were orally applied (gavage) to groups of 5 male and 5 female Sprague-Dawley rats with a study protocol similar to OECD Guideline 401. Mortality, clinical symptoms and weight development were observed for up to 15 days. All animals found dead and survivors sacrificed on day 15 p.a. were subjected to an autopsy with macroscopic examination of the principal viscera in abdomen and thorax. At 0.71 and 1.4 g/kg, toxicity was indicated by clinical symptoms as staggering gait followed by inhibition of turn-around reflex, watery eyes, palpebral ptosis, and slowed down breath with first signs appearing within 15 min after application. Body weight was significantly decreased at 1.4 g/kg on day 5 post application. At 2 g/kg, 3/10 rats died and flabby appearance and cyanotic extremities were observed as additional clinical signs. At 2.8 and 3.9 g/kg all animals died within 24 hrs. The LD50 was calculated at a value of 2.2 g/kg.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acetophenone was tested in a modified Draize test with groups of 10 male and female Hartley guinea pigs. For induction treatment, 0.1 mL aliquots of the test substance at 2.5 times the injection challenge concentration (ICC) were administered on one occasion as 4 intradermal injections at 4 sites which overlied the 2 auxilary and 2 inguinal lymph nodes. After an induction time of 14 days, the challenge treatment consisted of an intradermal injection in one flank and topical application (uncovered) on the other flank with an application challenge concentration (ACC) of 20 %. Reactions were scored 24 hrs later. In the absence of sensitization reactions at first challenge, the induction and challenge procedures were repeated, but this time a confirmatory challenge with controls was included. At each challenge 4 previously untreated animals of the same sex and similar weight to the test animals were treated intradermally and topically on opposite flanks with 0.1 mL aliquots of test substance at the ICC and ACC, respectively. Acetophenone was assessed as non-sensitizer ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The median lethal concentration, equivalent to an LC50 in air for a 4-hour mouse exposure was 1.2 mg/L, corresponding to an air intake of 127 mg/kg. This value suggests that acetophenone is moderately toxic via the inhalation route and appears to be more toxic via the inhalation rather than oral exposure.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Acetophenone (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of July 27, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

LC50; Species: /Pimephales promelas/ (fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, static bioassay in Lake Superior water, 18-22 °C; Concentration: >200 mg/L for 1 hr; >200 mg/L for 24 hr; 103 mg/L for 48 hr; 158 mg/L for 72 hr; 155 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 40.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 35.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, pH 7.83; Concentration: 162 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: /Pimephales promelas/ (fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, static bioassay in Lake Superior water, 18-22 °C; Concentration: >200 mg/L for 1 hr; >200 mg/L for 24 hr; 103 mg/L for 48 hr; 158 mg/L for 72 hr; 155 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 40.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 35.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, pH 7.83; Concentration: 162 mg/L for 96 hr

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 40.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 35.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, pH 7.83; Concentration: 162 mg/L for 96 hr; Effect: loss of equilibrium

7.80e+03

1.20e+05

1.90e+03

5.80e-01

1.00e-01

Volatile

2.52e+03

2.30e+04

3.50e+05

5.80e+03

Environmental effects of the substance have been adequately investigated, but no significant effects have been found.

Acetophenone's production and use as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, plastics and resins, as well as a fragrance and flavor additive may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Acetophenone has been identified in vehicle exhaust, residential fuel oil combustion and coal combustion. Acetophenone occurs in many types of plants and is a volatile component of honey. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetophenone will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetophenone will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. While acetophenone absorbs light at >290 nm, it is not expected to undergo direct photolysis in the environment because it donates its energy to other molecules instead of photodegrading. If released to soil, acetophenone is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 10-270. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Acetophenone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Screening studies indicate that acetophenone is readily biodegraded in soil. If released into water, acetophenone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon log Koc values of 1.23-1.98. The biodegradation half-life of acetophenone was 32, 8 and 4.5 days in groundwater, river water and lake water, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 32 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to acetophenone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetophenone is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acetophenone via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing acetophenone. (SRC)

Acetophenone has been identified in many types of plants(1) and as a volatile component of honey(2-3).

/Acetophenone is/ reported found cocoa, beef raspberry, peas and concord grape.

In oils of Labdanum, Stirlingia latifolia, Urtica dioica, Elsholtzia argyi var Nipponica, Elsholtzia ciliata, in various species of Orthodon (O. citraliferum, O. linalooliferum var Laerolinolooliferum, O. linalooliferum, O. sabinoliferum var Taiwanese), & in Castoreum absolute ... .

/Acetophenone/ is reported in oils of castoreum and labdanum resin; buds of balsam poplar; heavy oil fraction of coal tar

Acetophenone's production and use as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, plastics and resins, as well as a fragrance and flavor additive(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Acetophenone has been identified in vehicle exhaust(2), residential fuel oil combustion(3) and coal combustion(4).

/Acetophenone is reported/ in gasoline /engine/ exhaust: <0.1 to 0.4 ppm

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 10-270(2-3) indicate that acetophenone is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetophenone from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Acetophenone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Screening studies have indicated that acetophenone is readily biodegradable(6-8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values in sediment of 1.23-1.98(2-3) indicate that acetophenone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 32 days, respectively(SRC). Acetophenone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 1(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.58(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Biodegradation in water surfaces is expected based on half-lives of 32, 8, and 4.5 days in groundwater, river water and lake water, respectively(9-10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetophenone, which has a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetophenone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.74X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). While acetophenone absorbs light at >290 nm(4), it is not expected to undergo direct photolysis in the environment because it donates its energy to other molecules instead of photodegrading(5).

AEROBIC: Acetophenone, present at 100 mg/L, reached 64.7% of its Theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Acetophenone achieved 20-32% of its Theoretical BOD using a sewage inoculum over a 5 day incubation period(2-3). Acetophenone reached 59% of its Theoretical BOD using acclimated mixed microbial cultures and a 5 day incubation period(4). The biodegradation half-lives of acetophenone in groundwater, river water and lake water were 32, 8 and 4.5 days, respectively(5-6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetophenone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.74X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Acetophenone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Acetophenone absorbs light at >290 nm(4), but acts primarily as a photosensitizer whereby it transfers its excited energy from light absorption to a receptor molecule(4). The receptor molecule undergoes photoalteration and the excited acetophenone returns to its ground state without degradation(5).

An estimated BCF of 1 was calculated in fish for acetophenone(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.58(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Experimental log Koc values of acetophenone have been reported as 1.34-2.43 in a variety of soils(1-6). Koc values of 185, 270 and 105 were reported in soils containing 0.11, 0.05 and 1.2% organic carbon, respectively(7). The Koc of acetophenone was measured as 10, using an agricultural soil obtained from Northeastern China(8). The mean experimental log Koc was reported as 1.60(9). Log Koc values of 1.23-1.98 have been reported in sediments for acetophenone(4-5). According to a classification scheme(10), these log Koc values indicate that acetophenone will have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for acetophenone is reported as 1.04X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetophenone is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 32 days(SRC). Acetophenone's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetophenone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.397 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 0.15 ug/L) in five wells located near Norman Landfill, OK(1). In samples collected from a network of 47 groundwater sites across 18 US states in 2000, acetophenone was detected at a maximum concentration of 26,700 ng/L(2). Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in an aquifer near an organic waste dump site in Australia(3). Acetophenone was detected at <0.1-10 ppb in the groundwater of a waste disposal site in Netherlands at depths of up to 39 m(4). The concentration of acetophenone in well water gasses from Passerini landfill in Tuscany, Italy was 324-727 ppbv(5).

DRINKING WATER: Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in drinking water from Philadelphia, PA(1-3), Poplarville, MS(3), Cincinnati, OH(3), Miami, FL(3), New Orleans, LA(3) Ottumwa, IA(3), Seattle, WA(3) and Bayonne-Elizabeth area, NJ(4). The concentration of acetophenone in Philadelphia, PA drinking water collected in 1974 was 1.0 ppb(5). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ug/L) in drinking water samples derived from two low flow streams; samples were collected Nov to Dec 2001 by the US Geological Survey and the Center For Disease Control and Prevention(6). A concentration of 5.4 ppb was reported in a Japanese drinking water sample(7).

SURFACE WATER: Acetophenone was qualitatively detected in the following river and sea waters in the US and other parts of the world: Kanawha River, Nitro, WV(1); unnamed river in England(2); Waal River, Netherlands(3); river in Kitakyushu area in Japan(4); Hamilton Harbor, Bermuda(5); and sea water near Japan(4). It was also detected in 6 of 204 samples, at 1-2 ppb, from 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US sampled during 1975-1976(6). Acetophenone was detected at 2 ug/L in water from Lake Michigan(7). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 500 ng/L) in surface water samples collected from Assunpink Creek, NJ(8). In surface water samples were collected March, April and August of 2004 from 18 streams in north-central and northwestern Arkansas, acetophenone was not detected (reporting limit 0.5 ug/L)(9). Acetophenone was detected at 0.22 ug/L in 1 of 30 samples collected from 23 stream locations in 10 cities in Iowa during low flow conditions, it was not detected at high or normal flow conditions(10).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Acetophenone was detected at 0.36 ug/kg (Entuziastov, Russia) at one of 10 early March snow samples collected in Finland (4 sites) and Russia (6 sites)(1).

Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in a surface water downstream from a tire fire in Virginia(1), in secondary effluents from municipal treatment plants(2) and in industrial waste water(3). The concentration of acetophenone in waste water from a shale oil processing plant in Australia was 10 mg/L(4) and in spent chlorination liquor from kraft bleaching was 0.2-0.5 g/ton of treated pulp(5). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 0.500 ug/L) in the effluent of a waste water treatment plant collected May 29, 2001 from Phoenix, AZ(6). Acetophenone was detected in 7.5% of samples from collected upstream, downstream and from 10 waste water treatment plants located around the country (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South Dakota) at 0.50-0.78 ug/L(7). Acetophenone has been detected in the atmosphere from vehicular exhaust(8), residential fuel oil combustion(9) and coal combustion(10).Acetophenone was detected in exhaust fumes from light duty trucks measured in a San Francisco Bay area highway tunnel in the summers of 1999, 2001 and 2006 at 0.13, 0.17 and 0.07 mg/kg, respectively(11). Acetophenone was detected in stack gas samples collected Apr 26-May 7, 2007 from steel plants in Aliaga City, Turkey at respective average and mean concentrations of 3487 and 2533 ng/cu m with no pre-heating and at 127,657 ng/cu m with pre-heating(12). Acetophenone had an emission rate of 49.0, 44.8 and 84.3 mg/kg of biomass burned in open fires(13).

SEDIMENT: Acetophenone was detected in Calcasieu River near an area of heavy industrial discharge in Lake Charles, LA(1). In sediment samples taken from US streams in the Great Lakes basin from 1994 to 2000, acetophenone was detected in 89% of samples with concentrations ranging from 10-90 ng/g dry weight(2). Acetophenone was tentatively identified in the sediments of a polluted lake in Saskatchewan, Canada(3).

SOIL: The concentration of acetophenone in soil gasses at different depths from Passerini landfill in Tuscany, Italy were as follows(1):[Table#2594]

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Acetophenone was found in 9% of air samples collected outside of 36 area homes in Chicago(1). In the US, acetophenone was detected at a median concentration of 0.041 ppb in two urban air samples and at a median concentration of 0.094 ppb in 32 samples near industrial areas(2). In the ambient air in Japan(3) and Belgium(4), acetophenone was identified, not quantified. Acetophenone was detected in ambient air samples collected Apr 26-May 7, 2007 in Aliaga City, Turkey at an average and mean concentration of 71.4 and 47.9 ng/cu m, respectively(5). The concentration of acetophenone was 0.061-0.168 ug/cu m with an average of 0.107 ug/cu m measured in 3 hour ambient air samples collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from May 3 to Nov 2, 2000(6).

INDOOR: Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in 4 of 8 indoor air samples collected Jul-Dec 1980 from New Jersey area homes and in 5 of 12 breath samples from residents of these homes(1). Its frequency of occurrence in 36 area homes in Chicago was 17% in indoor air(2). Acetophenone was detected in indoor air of 11 newly constructed homes at 0.5-<1.5 ppb(3). Acetophenone was detected at 26.4-47.9 ug/cu m in the indoor air of a telephone switching station located in Neenah, WI in July 1988(4). In 50 telecommunication offices and 9 data centers, acetophenone was detected at mean concentrations of 0.04 and 0.05 ug/cu m, respectively(5).

RURAL/REMOTE: In the US, acetophenone was not detected in the ambient air of a remote area(1). Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in the ambient air samples collected Jan 1985 from the Black Forest, Germany(2).

Acetophenone was identified, not quantified, in the volatile components of filbert nut(1), clove essential oil(2), nectarines(3) and fish sauce(4). Acetophenone was detected in honey derived from yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) in the 1994-1995 season in Australia at 0.1-0.2 mg/kg(5). Acetophenone was detected at 110.5-188.5 ug/kg in nine honey samples derived from the honeydew of holm-oak, oak and forests of Spain(6). Acetophenone was not detected (detection limit 1 ppb) in fresh or frozen corn kernel, but was detected in canned kernel and canned cream corn at 5 and 10 ppb, respectively(7).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U004, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Acetophenone (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Combustible Liquid

Symbol: Xn; R: 22-36; S: (2)-26