Benzal chloride

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 13.2% (30 of 227) of reports.

H302 (86.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (86.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (86.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (86.8%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (86.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (85.9%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 227 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 30 of 227 reports by companies.

There are 9 notifications provided by 197 of 227 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411 (91.7%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 24 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Benzal Chloride Exposure: Benzal chloride may be very irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Eye irritation may be severe, and permanent eye damage may result. Lacrimation (tearing) is common. Other signs and symptoms of acute exposure may include headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, irritability, itching of the skin, profuse sweating, insomnia, tremors, unsteadiness, and central nervous system excitation or depression. Gastrointestinal effects may include nausea, vomiting, cramps, anorexia, and diarrhea. Pulmonary edema and disturbance of liver function may also occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to benzal chloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to benzal chloride.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to benzal chloride.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Keep unnecessary people away and isolate hazard area. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

For small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if possible. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Ventilation along the floor.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.06 [ppm]

0.35 [ppm]

2.1 [ppm]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Levels of benzal chloride in the working environment in USSR may not exceed a maximum allowable concn of 0.5 mg/cu m.

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

NO open flames.

AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation.

Protective gloves.

Wear face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Benzylidene chloride appears as a colorless oily liquid with a faint aromatic odor. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Strongly irritates skin and eyes. Used to manufacture dyes.

Very refractive liquid; fumes in air; pungent odor; [Merck Index] Colorless liquid; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

COLORLESS OILY LIQUID

PUNGENT ODOR

FAINT AROMATIC ODOR

401 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

205 °C @760 [mm Hg]

2.48 °F (EPA, 1998)

-16.4 °C

198 °F (NTP, 1992)

93 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 63 °F (NTP, 1992)

INSOL IN WATER

SOL IN DILUTE ALKALI

> 10% in ethanol

> 10% in ether

Soluble in most org solvents.

Solubility in water: none

1.26 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

Relative density (water = 1): 1.26

1.26 @25 °C

5.6 (technical grade) (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1 mmHg at 95.72 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.47 [mmHg]

1 MM HG AT 35.4 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 35.4 °C: 0.13

0.75 [mm Hg] @31 °C

log Kow= 3.217 (calculated)

when heated to decomp ... emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

11,075.9 G CAL/G MOLE

20.20 mN/m at 203.5 °C

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.5502 AT 20 °C

Very refractive liquid

Undergoes reactions both at the sidechain containing the chlorines & at the aromatic ring; conversion factor: 1 ppm= 0.152 mg/cu m.

Dipole moment: 6.9x10-30 coulomb m (in dilute soln)

Boiling point

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Heat of sublimation

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

BENZYLIDENE CHLORIDE is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong bases. It readily hydrolyzes under acid or alkaline conditions. It reacts with metals (except nickel and lead). (NTP, 1992).

... REACTS WITH WATER TO RELEASE HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

Dangerous ... on contact with acids or acid fumes, they evolve toxic chloride fumes. /Chlorides/

(Dichloromethyl) benzene reacts with strong bases to yield phenylchlorocarbene.

Fuming liquid; hydrolyzes to benzaldehyde & hydrogen chloride on contact with water.

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of alpha-chlorinated toluenes and benzoyl chloride. ... There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of benzal chloride. ... Overall evaluation: Combined exposures to alpha-chlorinated toluenes and benzoyl chloride are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). /alpha-Chlorinated toluenes & benzoyl chloride/

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Cough. Laboured breathing. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Further see Inhalation.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

LC50 (rat) = 61 ppm/2h

LD50 Rat oral 3,250 mg/kg.

LD50 Mouse oral 2,460 mg/kg.

STRONG ... LACRIMATOR.

No data clearly relating cancer to exposure to benzal chloride were available to the /IARC/ Working Group. However, benzoyl chloride manufacturing workers, among whom an excess of respiratory cancer has been reported (6 cases in total), were also potentially exposed to benzal chloride.

... Categorized as moderately toxic /by inhalation and ingestion/.

Benzal chloride (redistilled commercial material, purity & impurities not specified) has been reported to be mutagenic in reversion assays using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 (the only strain tested) & in Escherichia coli strain WP2 hcr; mutagenicity required metabolic activation by a microsomal fraction of the livers of rats induced by Arochlor 1254. It was also positive in a rec-assay Bacillus subtilis.

The LC16, LC50, & LC84 values for 2 hr exposures to benzal chloride were 160, 400, & 1000 mg/cu m (24, 61 & 152 ppm), respectively, for rats, & 80, 210, & 550 mg/cu m (12, 32 & 84 ppm), respectively for mice. The order of decreasing toxicity among the chlorinated toluenes was: benzotrichloride > benzal chloride > benzyl chloride. Thus, in single 2 hr exposure of mice & rats to 100 mg/cu m (15.2 ppm), all 3 cmpd produced central nervous system excitation, irritation of the eyes & respiratory mucosa & slowed respiration in order of activity described above. Hyperemia of the extremities was also noted; at 1000 mg/cu m (152 ppm) mice exhibited motor automatism, & rats showed twitching of peripheral muscles. When rats were exposed to 100 mg/cu m of each of the compounds in inhalation chamber, continuously for 1 mo, the degree of wt loss was related to the same order of activity as in the acute studies.

... Two groups, each consisting of 19 or 20 female ICR mice, 7 wk old ... were given skin applications of 25 ul (22 mg) benzene (controls) or 25 ul of a 9.2% soln of benzal chloride in benzene (vol/vol; 2.9 mg benzal chloride /treatment; about 75-100 mg/kg body weight, assuming body weights of 24-40 g/ twice weekly for 50 wk (total dose, about 289 mg/animal). All mice were killed at wk 82. ... No skin tumor was observed in any control. Of the 19 benzal chloride treated mice, 14 (74%) had died by the end of the experiment; 12 (63%) developed tumors: 9 with squamous cell carcinomas of the skin (p < 0.01), 2 with skin fibrosarcoma, & 1 with a lymphoma; lung adenomas were reported in 5 treated mice & 2 controls. /Fukuda et al, 1981/.

Benzal chloride and benzotrichloride induced mutation and DNA damage in bacteria.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENZAL CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Benzal chloride may potentially be released to the environment by fugitive emissions and waste streams from benzyl chloride manufacture. If released to water, benzal chloride will hydrolyze rapidly (half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C and pH 7) and form benzaldehyde as a hydrolysis product. If released to soil hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant fate process in the presence of moisture. Leaching in moist soils is not expected to be significant since benzal chloride is expected to hydrolyze first. Evaporation from dry surfaces is expected to occur. If released to the atmosphere, benzal chloride will react in the vapor-phase with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated half-life rate of 1.84 days. Occupational exposure by inhalation and dermal routes probably occur as a result of its industrial production. (SRC)

Benzal chloride has not been reported to occur as such in nature.

Benzal chloride is produced as a by-product during the commercial manufacture of benzyl chloride(1,2); currently, this is the only source by which benzal chloride is produced industrially(SRC). Fugitive emissions and waste streams from benzyl chloride manufacture are a potential source of benzal chloride(SRC). Since benzal chloride has no current industrial uses(SRC), commercial use of the compound is not a current source of pollution(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Benzal chloride hydrolyzes rapidly in water (half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C;) therefore, hydrolysis is expected to be a dominant fate process in moist soil. A theoretical Koc value of 510 can be estimated based on the molecular structure which indicates medium to low soil mobility; however, leaching in moist soils is not expected to be significant since the compound is expected to hydrolyze first. Evaporation of benzal chloride from dry surfaces is expected to occur. (SRC)

AQUATIC FATE: When released to water, benzal chloride will hydrolyze rapidly (half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C and pH 7) and produce benzaldehyde as a hydrolysis product. Due to the rapid hydrolysis, aquatic volatilization, bioconcentration, and adsorption to sediments are not expected to be significant. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Benzal chloride will react in the vapor-phase with photochemically produced radicals at an estimated half-life rate of 1.84 days. Hydrolysis in the presence of sufficient atmospheric moisture may be possible. (SRC)

Benzal chloride was found to readily biodegrade in water(1).

The hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C and pH 7 has been repoted to be 0.00156 1/sec which corresponds to a half-life of 7.4 minutes(1). The hydrolysis rate constant at 30 °C was determined to be 0.00297 1/sec(2) which corresponds to a half-life of 3.9 minutes(SRC). The hydrolysis product has been reported to be benzaldehyde under both acid and alkaline conditions(3). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction between benzal chloride and photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere at 25 °C has been estimated to be 5.44X10-12 cu cm/molecule sec which corresponds to a half-life of 1.84 days in an atmosphere containing 8X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(4).

Based on a computer-calculated log Kow value of 3.217(1), the BCF value for benzal chloride can be estimated to be 164(2,SRC). Due to the relatively rapid hydrolysis of benzal chloride in water, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not likely to occur(SRC).

Based on molecular topology and quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, the Koc value for benzal chloride can be estimated to be about 510(1,SRC) which is indicative of medium to low soil mobility(SRC). Due to the relatively rapid hydrolysis in water, leaching of benzal chloride in moist soils is not expected to be significant since it is expected to hydrolyze first(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for benzal chloride at 25 °C can be estimated to be 0.0007 atm cu m/mol by a bond-structural contribution method(1,SRC) which can be used to estimate a volatilization half-life of 5.3 hr from a river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec(2,SRC). However, the hydrolysis half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C indicates that volatilization from water is not significant relative to hydrolysis(SRC ). Benzal chloride fumes in air(3) and has a reported vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg at 20 °C(4) which suggests that evaporation from dry surfaces will occur(SRC).

Inhalation and dermal exposure are possible routes of occupational exposure(SRC).

Occupational exposure to benzal chloride occurs during its manufacture and conversion to benzaldehyde.

Benzal chloride may potentially be released to the environment by fugitive emissions and waste streams from benzyl chloride manufacture. If released to water, benzal chloride will hydrolyze rapidly (half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C and pH 7) and form benzaldehyde as a hydrolysis product. If released to soil hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant fate process in the presence of moisture. Leaching in moist soils is not expected to be significant since benzal chloride is expected to hydrolyze first. Evaporation from dry surfaces is expected to occur. If released to the atmosphere, benzal chloride will react in the vapor-phase with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated half-life rate of 1.84 days. Occupational exposure by inhalation and dermal routes probably occur as a result of its industrial production. (SRC)

Benzal chloride has not been reported to occur as such in nature.

Benzal chloride is produced as a by-product during the commercial manufacture of benzyl chloride(1,2); currently, this is the only source by which benzal chloride is produced industrially(SRC). Fugitive emissions and waste streams from benzyl chloride manufacture are a potential source of benzal chloride(SRC). Since benzal chloride has no current industrial uses(SRC), commercial use of the compound is not a current source of pollution(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Benzal chloride hydrolyzes rapidly in water (half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C;) therefore, hydrolysis is expected to be a dominant fate process in moist soil. A theoretical Koc value of 510 can be estimated based on the molecular structure which indicates medium to low soil mobility; however, leaching in moist soils is not expected to be significant since the compound is expected to hydrolyze first. Evaporation of benzal chloride from dry surfaces is expected to occur. (SRC)

AQUATIC FATE: When released to water, benzal chloride will hydrolyze rapidly (half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C and pH 7) and produce benzaldehyde as a hydrolysis product. Due to the rapid hydrolysis, aquatic volatilization, bioconcentration, and adsorption to sediments are not expected to be significant. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Benzal chloride will react in the vapor-phase with photochemically produced radicals at an estimated half-life rate of 1.84 days. Hydrolysis in the presence of sufficient atmospheric moisture may be possible. (SRC)

Benzal chloride was found to readily biodegrade in water(1).

The hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C and pH 7 has been repoted to be 0.00156 1/sec which corresponds to a half-life of 7.4 minutes(1). The hydrolysis rate constant at 30 °C was determined to be 0.00297 1/sec(2) which corresponds to a half-life of 3.9 minutes(SRC). The hydrolysis product has been reported to be benzaldehyde under both acid and alkaline conditions(3). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction between benzal chloride and photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere at 25 °C has been estimated to be 5.44X10-12 cu cm/molecule sec which corresponds to a half-life of 1.84 days in an atmosphere containing 8X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(4).

Based on a computer-calculated log Kow value of 3.217(1), the BCF value for benzal chloride can be estimated to be 164(2,SRC). Due to the relatively rapid hydrolysis of benzal chloride in water, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not likely to occur(SRC).

Based on molecular topology and quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, the Koc value for benzal chloride can be estimated to be about 510(1,SRC) which is indicative of medium to low soil mobility(SRC). Due to the relatively rapid hydrolysis in water, leaching of benzal chloride in moist soils is not expected to be significant since it is expected to hydrolyze first(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for benzal chloride at 25 °C can be estimated to be 0.0007 atm cu m/mol by a bond-structural contribution method(1,SRC) which can be used to estimate a volatilization half-life of 5.3 hr from a river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec(2,SRC). However, the hydrolysis half-life of 7.4 minutes at 25 °C indicates that volatilization from water is not significant relative to hydrolysis(SRC ). Benzal chloride fumes in air(3) and has a reported vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg at 20 °C(4) which suggests that evaporation from dry surfaces will occur(SRC).

Inhalation and dermal exposure are possible routes of occupational exposure(SRC).

Occupational exposure to benzal chloride occurs during its manufacture and conversion to benzaldehyde.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BENZAL CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1886; Benzylidene chloride

IMO 6.1; Benzylidene chloride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 22-23-37/38-40-41; S: (1/2)-36/37-38-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II