1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

H201: (Deleted) Explosive; mass explosion hazard [Danger Explosives]

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P230, P240, P250, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P380, P372, P373, P391, P401, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H201 (97.7%): (Deleted) Explosive; mass explosion hazard [Danger Explosives]

H300 (97.7%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (97.7%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (97.7%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (97.7%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 43 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P316, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P230, P240, P250, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P380, P372, P373, P401, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

CARGO FIRE: DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches cargo! Cargo may EXPLODE! Stop all traffic and clear the area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions and let burn. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

TIRE OR VEHICLE FIRE: Use plenty of water - FLOOD it! If water is not available, use CO2, dry chemical or dirt. If possible, and WITHOUT RISK, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles from maximum distance to prevent fire from spreading to cargo area. Pay special attention to tire fires as re-ignition may occur. Stand by, at a safe distance, with extinguisher ready for possible re-ignition. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

If material is on fire and conditions permit, do not extinguish. Cool exposures using unattended monitors. If fire must be extinguished, use any agent appropriate for the burning material. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Cool exposed containers from unattended equipment or remove intact containers if it can be done safely. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Dangerously explosive. Do not fight fires in a cargo of explosives. Evacuate area and let burn. /Trinitrobenzene/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Solid streams of water may spread fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use dry chemical, graphite, or dry earth. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 10% water, by mass)/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Dangerously explosive. Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 30% water, by mass)/

Evacuation: If material is on fire or involved in fire consider evacuation of one (1) mile radius. /Trinitrobenzene; Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 30% water, by mass)/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Small Spill

· Flush area with large amounts of water.

Large Spill

· Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.

· KEEP "WETTED" PRODUCT WET BY SLOWLY ADDING FLOODING QUANTITIES OF WATER.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial evacuation for 500 meters (1/3 mile) in all directions.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

FIRE: If rail car or trailer is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial evacuation for 500 meters (1/3 mile) in all directions.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U234, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and spray into an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep spilled material wet. Wet spilled material before picking it up. Do not attempt to sweep up dry material. /Trinitrobenzene/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of warer sources and sewers. Keep spilled material wet. Do not attempt to sweep up dry material. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 30% water, by mass)/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Cover all suspected material with wet sand or earth to prevent ignition until material can be permanently disposed of. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 10% water, by mass)/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... /Trinitrobenzene/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

SMALL SPILL: Flush area with large amounts of water.

LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. KEEP "WETTED" PRODUCT WET BY SLOWLY ADDING FLOODING QUANTITIES OF WATER. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. DO NOT OPERATE RADIO TRANSMITTERS WITHIN 100 METERS (330 FEET) OF ELECTRIC DETONATORS. DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. (ERG, 2024)

Treat as an explosive. ... Store separately from all other flammable materials. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat, explosives, oxidizable materials. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.5 [mg/m3]

16 [mg/m3]

54 [mg/m3]

CARGO Fire

· DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches cargo! Cargo may EXPLODE!

· Stop all traffic and clear the area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions and let burn.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

TIRE or VEHICLE Fire

· Use plenty of water - FLOOD it! If water is not available, use CO2, dry chemical or dirt.

· If possible, and WITHOUT RISK, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles from maximum distance to prevent fire from spreading to cargo area.

· Pay special attention to tire fires as re-ignition may occur. Stand by, at a safe distance, with extinguisher ready for possible re-ignition.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ... All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. ... Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn.

Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water appears as a light yellow crystalline sludge or slurry. Burns but may require some effort to ignite. A high explosive when dry. Easily ignited and burns very vigorously when dry. Insoluble in water. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Trinitrobenzene, [dry] appears as a high explosive. Easily ignited and burns vigorously when dry. Insoluble in water. Will burn when wet, though may be difficult to ignite. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. May explode under exposure to heat or fire. Primary hazard is blast of an instantaneous explosion, not flying projectiles or fragments.

"Trinitrobenzene, wetted, with not less than 10% water by mass" is a yellowish moist mass of crystals or a slurry. An explosive, but wetting lowers the risk of detonation. Dangerously explosive if allowed to dry out. The dry compound has a melting point of 122.5 °C and is only slightly soluble in water (40 mg / L at 20 °C). Store tightly sealed (to protect from drying out) in a cool, ventilated place, away from acute fire hazards and easily oxidized materials. May be toxic by ingestion.

Yellow crystals--will explode if heated; [ATSDR-PHS]

Yellow crystals

Rhombic plates from benzene; leaflets from water

Orthorhombic bipyramidal plates from glacial acetic acid

Odorless

Tasteless

315 °C @760 [mm Hg]

121.3 °C

122.9 °C

Solubility in water, 278 mg/L at 15 °C

In water, 492 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

Soluble in alcohol and ether

6.2 g/100 g benzene; 4.9 g/100 g methanol; 1.9 g/100 g alcohol; 0.25 g/100 g carbon disulfide; 1.5 g/100 g ether; 0.05 g/100 g petroleum ether. Freely soluble in dilute sodium sulfite

Slightly soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, carbon disulfide; soluble in benzene, chloroform, pyrene; very soluble in acetone, toluene

1.688 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.4475 @ 152°C

0.0000032 [mmHg]

6.44X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C (extrapolated)

log Kow = 1.18

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/ and explodes.

-663.7 kg cal/g mol wt at 20 °C (solid)

Index of refraction: 1,4775 at 152 C

Can be sublimed by careful heating; it is dimorphous, the other (rare) form melts at 61 °C

Enthalpy of formation: -78.4 kJ/mol (crystalline solid); -13.4 kJ/mol (gas)

Half-wave potentials (vs saturated calomel electrode) of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene at 25 °C: -0.20, -0.29, -0.34 (phthalate buffer, pH 4.1) & -0.34, -0.48, -0.65 (borate buffer, pH 9.2)

Heat of sublimation: 23.8 kcal/mole at 298 K

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Formula unit

Formula weight

Fusion temperature

Insoluble in water.

Flammable/combustible material. Insoluble in water.

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Highly Flammable

Explosive

Aromatic nitro compounds, such as TRINITROBENZENE, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups.

TRINITROBENZENE is classified as explosive. Severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or shocked. TRINITROBENZENE is considered a powerful high explosive and has more shattering power than TNT. It is a highly dangerous material. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx and explodes. It is very incompatible with reducing agents and can explode upon immediate contact with such materials. Organic nitrates may explode when shocked, exposed to heat or flame or by spontaneous chemical reaction. It must be stored in a cool, ventilated place, away from acute fire hazards and easily oxidized materials. Also reacts violently with Al; BP; cyanides; esters; PN2H; P; NaCN; SnCl2; sodium hypophosphite; thiocyanates. Dangerous disaster hazard due to fire and explosion hazard. On decomposition, they emit toxic fumes. They are powerful oxidizing agents which may cause violent reaction with reducing materials. Nitrates should be protected carefully in storage. (SAX and Lewis, 1987) p.664

The product /potassium 4-methyoxy-1-aci-nitro-3,5-dinitro-2,5-cyclohexadienonide/ of interaction of /1,3,5-/trinitrobenzene and concn aqueous potassium hydroxide in methanol is explosive, and analyses as the hemihydrate of a hemiacetal of the aci-p-quinonoid form of picric acid, and/or the mesomeric o-forms.

The tetrahydrofuran-containing complexes formed between trinitrobenzene and the lithium or potassium salts of trimethyl-, triethyl- or triphenyl-germanate, -silanate or -stannate decomp explosively on heating, though trinitrobenzene-potassium trimethylstannate decomp explosively at ambient temp.

Can react vigorously with with reducing materials.

Incompatible with initiating explosives, combustible materials, oxidizers.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB) is a solid. It is used as an explosive, as a vulcanizing agent for natural rubber, and as an indicator for pH 12.0-14.0. HUMAN STUDIES: TNB is alleged to have caused optic neuritis and amblyopia. Chronic intoxication also is said to have caused yellowing of the conjunctiva or sclera. These reports of intoxication and ocular disturbances have come from the munitions industry where commonly there is exposure to a variety of substances, and it is difficult to be sure of the individual substance responsible. TNB was found toxic in TK6 human lymphoblastic cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Male rats were gavaged with TNB at 35.5 and 71 mg/kg in corn oil. Blood was collected 5 hr and 24 hr after a single oral dose or 24 hr after daily oral doses for 4 or 10 d in four different sets of experiments. A dose-dependent methemoglobinemia was present only in blood collected 5 hr after a single dose. A highly significant dose-dependent anemia with reduced red cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit was present in rats receiving TNB for 4 or 10 d. In a 90-day oral toxicity study of TNB, kidneys in male rats receiving TNB at dose levels of 67, 400 and 800 ppm TNB had an increased incidence of cytoplasmic hyaline droplets in proximal cortical tubular epithelial cells at all treatment levels. However, a diagnosis of alpha-2-u-globulin nephropathy was not deemed appropriate since there was no significant increase in single cell necrosis, no presence of granular casts or linear papillary mineralization or increased tubular hyperplasia. A 90-day toxicity test of TNB in mice revealed treatment-related changes in spleen (erythroid cell hyperplasia) and in testis (seminiferous tubule degeneration) in the 750 ppm TNB group. The carcinogenic activity of TNB was studied in mouse skin and lung tumor assays. A single application of 10 or 50 mg of TNB to the skin of mice increased the incidence of inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia and dark cells. TNB was found negative in assay for initiation-promotion of skin carcinogenicity. In rats, TNB-mediated tissue damage is accompanied by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The presence of vacuolation and associated extravasated serum proteins in TNB-treated rats is an indication of vasogenic brain edema, which appears to be a critical event in TNB toxicity. Sperm depletion and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules were noted in a reproduction study in rats. Mutagenicity was evaluated with the Salmonella fluctuation test (FT) and the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell mutagenicity assay. The fluctuation test results indicated that TNB was mutagenic. However, TNB was not mutagenic for the V79 mammalian cells with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Slight irritant effects suggesting respiratory distress upon short term exposure to marine fish Kuhlia sandvicensis were observed at exposure levels of 100 ug/L, while moderate and violent reactions to the chemical were produced at exposures of 1,000 and 10,000 ug/L. Results from the hydra assay of TNB indicated the minimal affective concentrations required to elicit a toxic response in the adult hydra and in the regenerating hydra were 3.8 ug/mL and 1.8 ug/mL, respectively.

In the red blood cell, 1,3,5-TNB induces formation of methemoglobin, leading to cyanosis. Reduction of the nitrogroup(s) of 1,3,5-TNB produces reactive nitroaromatic radical anions which redox cycle to produce other reactive species such as superoxide anion. Redox cycling of these intermediates probably causes the methemoglobinemia. 1,3,5-TNB may also exert neurotoxic effects by damaging the blood-brain barrier.(L199, A136)

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

Hematologic

3 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Chronic exposure to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can cause a reduction (or loss) in the number of red blood cells (anemia). 1,3,5-TNB may also have neurotoxic effects. (L199, A136)

Oral (L199); inhalation (L199) ; dermal (L199)

Exposure to high concentrations of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can reduce the ability of blood to carry oxygen and can cause skin bluishing. Other symptoms nclude headache, nausea, and dizziness. (L199)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LD50: 250 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T13)

LD50: 32 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T13)

LD50 Guinea pig oral 730 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse iv 32 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 572 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 275 mg/kg

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and may include gastric lavage and/or the administration of activated charcoal. Benzodiazepine may be administered if seizures occur. If methemoglobinemia is evident, 1 to 2 mg/kg of 1% methylene blue should be administered via IV. (T36)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Trinitrobenzene ... is alleged to have caused optic neuritis and amblyopia. Chronic intoxication also is said to have caused yellowing of the conjunctiva or sclera. These reports of intoxication and ocular disturbances have come from the munitions industry where commonly there is exposure to a variety of substances, and it is difficult to be sure of the individual substance responsible.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ...Mutagenicity was evaluated with the Salmonella fluctuation test (FT) and the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell mutagenicity assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using V79 and TK6 human lymphoblastic cells. For the TK6 and V79 assays, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 2,4,6-triaminotoluene were more toxic than as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), whereas hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) were without effect at their maximal aqueous solubility limits. The primary TNT metabolites (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene) were generally less cytotoxic than the parent compound. The fluctuation test results indicated that TNB, TNT and all the tested primary TNT metabolites were mutagenic. Except for the cases of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene in the TA98 strain, addition of rat liver S9 resulted in either no effect, or decreased activity. None of the tested compounds were mutagenic for the V79 mammalian cells with or without S9 metabolic activation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male F-344 rats were gavaged with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) at 35.5 and 71 mg/kg in corn oil. Blood was collected 5 hr and 24 hr after a single oral dose or 24 hr after daily oral doses for 4 or 10 d in four different set of experiments. A dose-dependent methemoglobinemia was present only in blood collected 5 hr after a single dose. A highly significant dose-dependent anemia with reduced red cells, hemoglobin, and hemotocrit was present in rats receiving TNB for 4 or 10 d. A dose-dependent decrease in serum triglycerides was present in rats receiving TNB for 10 d. There was no hemolysis when rat erythrocytes were incubated with TNB (in vitro) for 9 hr. Spectral changes of hemoglobin recorded during the incubation with TNB confirm methemoglobin formation and progressive denaturation of hemoglobin-forming hemichromes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... Male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were gavaged with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) at 71 mg/kg or with corn oil (vehicle). Rats were killed after 10 daily oral doses or were allowed to recover for 10 or 30 d after the 10 doses. ... proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling in the control rats was confined to the nuclei of spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, and nuclei of elongate spermatocytes. Conventional (hematoxylin and eosin) staining of testes from rats treated with TNB at 71 mg/kg for 10 d revealed loss of germ cells and cessation of spermatogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining of sections from these treated rats revealed only PCNA-positive spermatogonia. Rats allowed a 10-d recovery had both spermatogonial and spermatocytic staining. In rats allowed to recover for 30 d, the PCNA staining pattern was identical to the control rats.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Male and female Fischer-344 (F-344) and male NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) rats were dosed with 0, 35.5, or 71 mg 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB)/kg/day for 10 days. Male F-344 rats were dosed with TNB (0 and 35.5 mg/kg) for 20 and 30 days. Hematoxylin and eosin and Mallory-Heidenhain stains and alpha-2u-globulin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical stains were performed on kidney sections. All treated male F-344 rats exhibited dose-related accumulation of hyaline droplets containing alpha-2u-globulin in proximal tubules. The kidney weights were significantly increased in male and female rats treated with TNB. Significant increases in cell proliferation in proximal tubules were observed in male F-344 rats. Renal changes observed in TNB-treated rats appeared identical to those from other chemicals that induce alpha-2u-globulin nephropathy in male rats. No hyaline droplet accumulation was found in female F-344 and male NBR rats at any doses. We can conclude that TNB induces dose-related exacerbation of hyaline droplets containing alpha-2u-globulin in male rat kidney and subsequent cell proliferation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Toxic effects of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) in male and female rats were evaluated by feeding powdered certified laboratory chow diet supplemented with varied concentrations of TNB (0, 50, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg diet) for 14 days. Food intake by female rats in 400, 800 and 1200 mg TNB diet groups was reduced and resulted in a significant decrease in absolute body weights (BW). Food and water consumption by male rats in high-dose groups (800 and 1200 mg TNB/kg diet) was also reduced and resulted in a significant decrease in body weight. The calculated average TNB intake (from 1200 mg TNB/kg diet) was 92 mg/kg BW/day for male rats and 80 mg/kg BW/day for females. A decrease in testicular weight in males and an increase in spleen weight of both sexes in high-dose groups was noted. Histopathological examinations revealed that the susceptible organs for TNB toxicity were kidney (hyaline droplets), spleen (extramedullary hematopoiesis), brain (hemorrhage, malacia and gliosis) and testes (seminiferous tubular degeneration). Hematology and clinical chemistry studies indicated a decrease in red blood cell count and hematocrit, a decrease in alkaline phosphatase, an increase in Heinz bodies and increased methemoglobin concentration as compared to controls in both sexes. A lowest observed adverse effect level of 4.41 mg TNB/kg BW/day was established ... .

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 2700 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobile /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1030 ug/L for 96 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) size 2.4 cm, weight 0.28 g; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1100 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 1000 to 1200 ug/L) /95-99% purity/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) age 20-36 wk, size 29-40 mm, weight 0.64-1.82 g; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 850 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 520 to 1380 ug/L) />99.9% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Slight irritant effects ie, excitability, violent swimming, opercular movement increases suggesting respiratory distress upon short term exposure to marine fish Kuhlia sandvicensis were observed at exposure levels of 100 ug/L, while moderate and violent reactions to the chemical were produced at exposures of 1,000 and 10,000 ug/L. No effects were noted on exposures to concentrations of 50 or 10 ug/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity and bioconcentration factor of a series of nitrobenzene derivatives was determined for the guppy. Toxicity is found to be determined by both hydrophobicity (expressed by the octanol/water partition coefficient) and rate of reduction of the nitro group (expressed by either electrochemical halfwave reduction potential or Hammett sigma values).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (royal demolition explosive [RDX]); and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (high-melting explosive [HMX]), was evaluated in spiked sediment with two freshwater invertebrates. The midge Chironomus tentans and the amphipod Hyalella azteca demonstrated significant toxic effects after exposure to TNT and its degradation products, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). Significant reductions in survival of C. tentans exposed to TNT, TNB, and 2,4-DANT were observed at nominal sediment concentrations as low as 200 mg/kg. Hyalella azteca was more sensitive to TNT, TNB, and 2,4-DANT than the midge, where significant reductions in survival were observed at nominal concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Survival of the midge and the amphipod was unaffected after exposure to RDX or HMX at the highest concentrations of 1,000 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Growth of the midge, measured as total weight, was significantly reduced by 2,4-DANT. However, significantly increased growth was observed after exposure to sublethal concentrations of RDX and HMX. Although significant reductions in amphipod survival were observed at high concentrations of TNB, growth was significantly increased at sublethal concentrations. The results of the current investigation suggest that organisms exposed to explosives at contaminated sites may be affected at concentrations less than 25 mg/kg through hormetic growth enhancement and at higher concentrations through increased mortality.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Results from the hydra assay of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) indicated the minimal affective concentrations required to elicit a toxic response in the adult hydra and in the regenerating hydra were 3.8 ug/mL and 1.8 ug/mL, respectively.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 2700 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobile /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1030 ug/L for 96 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) size 2.4 cm, weight 0.28 g; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1100 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 1000 to 1200 ug/L) /95-99% purity/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) age 20-36 wk, size 29-40 mm, weight 0.64-1.82 g; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 850 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 520 to 1380 ug/L) />99.9% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Slight irritant effects ie, excitability, violent swimming, opercular movement increases suggesting respiratory distress upon short term exposure to marine fish Kuhlia sandvicensis were observed at exposure levels of 100 ug/L, while moderate and violent reactions to the chemical were produced at exposures of 1,000 and 10,000 ug/L. No effects were noted on exposures to concentrations of 50 or 10 ug/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity and bioconcentration factor of a series of nitrobenzene derivatives was determined for the guppy. Toxicity is found to be determined by both hydrophobicity (expressed by the octanol/water partition coefficient) and rate of reduction of the nitro group (expressed by either electrochemical halfwave reduction potential or Hammett sigma values).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (royal demolition explosive [RDX]); and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (high-melting explosive [HMX]), was evaluated in spiked sediment with two freshwater invertebrates. The midge Chironomus tentans and the amphipod Hyalella azteca demonstrated significant toxic effects after exposure to TNT and its degradation products, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). Significant reductions in survival of C. tentans exposed to TNT, TNB, and 2,4-DANT were observed at nominal sediment concentrations as low as 200 mg/kg. Hyalella azteca was more sensitive to TNT, TNB, and 2,4-DANT than the midge, where significant reductions in survival were observed at nominal concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Survival of the midge and the amphipod was unaffected after exposure to RDX or HMX at the highest concentrations of 1,000 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Growth of the midge, measured as total weight, was significantly reduced by 2,4-DANT. However, significantly increased growth was observed after exposure to sublethal concentrations of RDX and HMX. Although significant reductions in amphipod survival were observed at high concentrations of TNB, growth was significantly increased at sublethal concentrations. The results of the current investigation suggest that organisms exposed to explosives at contaminated sites may be affected at concentrations less than 25 mg/kg through hormetic growth enhancement and at higher concentrations through increased mortality.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Results from the hydra assay of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) indicated the minimal affective concentrations required to elicit a toxic response in the adult hydra and in the regenerating hydra were 3.8 ug/mL and 1.8 ug/mL, respectively.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.20e+03

3.20e+04

5.90e+02

5.00e+01

2.10e+00

3.00e-02

Volatile

6.70e+03

9.70e+04

1.80e+03

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene's production and use in the vulcanization of natural rubber and as an indicator in the pH range of 12.0-14.0 and a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in explosive compositions will result in its direct release to the environmen. It is a by-product of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) production as well as a photodegradation product of TNT. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.44X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 years. Particulate-phase 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1680. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene contaminated soils showed 93-99.2% reduction after 238 days with controlled flooding, tilling and addition of grass clippings. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was degraded an average of 93.5% in 3 days at room temperature in three soils. If released into water, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene degraded (up to 100% in 85 days) aerobically in five river waters, faster degradation was noted in water with higher dissolved organic carbon content. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in areas where spent TNT contamination has occurred. (SRC)

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene's production and use in the vulcanization of natural rubber and as an indicator in the pH range of 12.0-14.0(1) and a chemical intermediate(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in explosive compositions(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). It is a by-product of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene production as well as a photodegradation product of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1680(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 6.44X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 492 mg/L(4). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Three 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene contaminated soils with initial concentrations of 127-179 mg/kg showed 93-99.2% reduction after 238 days with controlled flooding, tilling and addition of grass clippings(5). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was degraded an average of 93.5% in 3 days at room temperature in three different soils(6), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1680(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.44X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 492 mg/L(5). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.18(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene degraded (up to 100% in 85 days) aerobically in five river waters, faster degradation was noted in water with higher dissolved organic carbon content(8), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 6.44X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The microbial degradation of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene was incomplete and unsustained in Tennessee river water(1). Nitro group reduction occurred in the presence of added nutrients and lab cultures of Tennessee river microorganisms(1). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was reported to degrade 84% in 7 days from surface water at room temperature(2). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene degraded (up to 100% in 85 days) aerobically in five river waters, faster degradation was noted in water with higher dissolved organic carbon content(3). Simulated biological treatment system, consisting of an aerator inoculated with A. agilis (first stage) and an activated sludge system (2nd stage), initial concentration of 118-146 mg/L nitroaromatic compounds gave 96-98% removal in first stage and 2-4% removal in second stage(4). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene at an initial concentration of 100 ppm was found to be resistant to biodegradation when incubated 180 minutes in a Warburg respirometer inoculated with a phenol-adapted mixed culture of microorganisms obtained from garden soil, compost, river sediment, and a petroleum refinery waste lagoon(5). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was degraded an average of 93.5% in 3 days at room temperature in three different soils; Windsor (pH 6.2, clay 30 %, total organic carbon 1.1%), Charlton (pH 6.0, clay 20%, total organic carbon 1.8%), Ft Edwards (pH 8.4, clay 70%, total organic carbon 0.5%)(6).

ANAEROBIC: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was 100% degraded under anaerobic conditions in 8 days by Desulfovibrio spp(1). In 30 days 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene was biodegraded 100% by Methanococcus strain B, 70% by Methanococcus deltae and 65% by M. thermolithotrophicus bacteria(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 34 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.18(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be estimated to be 1680(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is estimated as 3.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 6.44X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 492 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(3). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected in groundwater from Grand Island, NE sampled from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-contaminated wells in the vicinity of an Army munitions facility(2). Groundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant, TN contained 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene at concentrations of 79.4 ug/L(3).

SURFACE WATER: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was not detected (detection limit 0.05 mg/L) in surface water samples collected from the Werk Tanne munitions site in Germany(1). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene concentrations in aqueous samples from the former ammunition sites in Lower Saxony were 0.1-220 ug/L(2). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected in 23% of 107 surface water samples collected from 1994-2004 from four of the largest rivers of north Germany (Elbe, Weser, Aller, Ems) at 0.0001-9.5 ug/L(3).

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected in plant effluent from the production and purification of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); 54 samples were collected over a period of 1 year with 3.8% reported as positive (detection limit not reported), concentration ranging from 0.06 to 0.30 mg/L(1).

SEDIMENT: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was not detected (detection limit 2.9-7.8 ug/kg dry weight) in 52 samples collected from 43 locations in the fall of 2009 from within Ostrich Bay, Puget Sound, WA(1).

SOIL: In 26 soil sample sites collected from Joliet Army Ammunition Plant, IL and 4 soil sample sites collected from Iowa Army Ammunition plant in Burlington, IA, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene was detected at 0-282 and 1-305 ug/g of dry soil, respectively(1). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was reported in soil from Alabama Army Ammunition Plant, Childersburg, AL at 4.3 mg/kg and US Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station in Vicksburg, MS at 25 mg/kg(2). Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Norwood site and Kolin site reported a 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene soil concentration of 18.4 and 32.4 ug/g, respectively(3). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected at <0.10-0.63 mg/kg in soil samples collected from a former ammunition destruction facility in Belgium(4). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected at <0.05-39.2 ng/kg in soil samples collected from the Werk Tanne munitions site in Germany(5). Soil samples collected from two former ammunition plants in Germany contained 24.2 and 1.1 ng/kg of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene(6).

SOIL: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was not detected (detection limit not reported) in soil samples from US munitions plants in Newport, IN, VIGO Chemical Plant, IN, Chickasaw Ordnance Works, TN, Lexington-Bluegrass Depot, KY, Camp Shelby, MO, EOD site and impact area samples(1). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected in soil samples from the following US munitions plants(1):[Table#5588]

Occupational exposure to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in areas where spent 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene contamination has occurred. (SRC)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U234, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and spray into an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. DRIED OUT material may explode if exposed to heat, flame, friction or shock; treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Keep material wet with water or treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Health: Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 0214; Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with less than 30% water, by mass

UN 1354; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water, by mass

UN 3367; Trinitrobenzene, wetted, with not less than 10% water, by mass

IMO 1.1D; Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with less than 30% water, by mass

IMO 4.1; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water, by mass; Trinitrobenzene, wetted, with not less than 10% water, by mass

49 015 66; Trinitrobenzene, dry (high explosive), class A

49 171 40; Trinitrobenzene, wet (containing at least 10% water)

49 015 67; Trinitrobenzene, wet, containing at least 10% water, over 16 ounces in one outside package (high explosive), class A

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with less than 30% water, by weight; trinitrobenzene, wetted with 30% or more water, by weight; and trinitrobenzene, wetted, with 10% or more water but less than 30% water, by weight are included on the dangerous goods list. /Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with less than 30% water, by weight; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with 30% or more water, by weight; and Trinitrobenzene, wetted, with 10% or more water but less than 30% water, by weight/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with less than 30% water, by mass; trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water, by mass; and trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water, by mass are included on the dangerous goods list. /Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with less than 30% water, by mass; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water, by mass; and Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water, by mass/

Flammable Solid

Explosive 1.1D