1,3-dinitrobenzene

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (92.3%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (98.1%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 52 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water from protected location (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fire Fighting Respirator: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Consult an expert! Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material & burn in a suitable combustion chamber which allows burning in an unconfined condition & is equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this is not practical, dissolve in fuel oil & atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By making packages of dinitrobenzene in paper or other flammable material & burning in a suitable combustion chamber which allows burning in an unconfined condition & is equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving dinitrobenzene in fuel oil & atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Dissolve in combustible solvent such as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solution into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for dinitrobenzene: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis. /Dinitrobenzene/

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where dinitrobenzene or liquids containing dinitrobenzene are handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle dinitrobenzene or liquids containing dinitrobenzene should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

Protect containers against physical damage. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition or acute fire hazard area. Storage area should be equipped with an automatic sprinkler system if within a building.

Clothing contaminated with dinitrobenzene should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of dinitrobenzene from the clothing.

If employees' clothing becomes contaminated with solid dinitrobenzene, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. ... If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the dinitrobenzene, the person performing the operation should be informed of dinitrobenzene's hazardous properties.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,3-DINITROBENZENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under freezer conditions. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

3.0 [mg/m3]

33 [mg/m3]

200 [mg/m3]

TWA 1 mg/m3 [skin]

1.0 [mg/m3]

50 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

50.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The probable lethal oral dose has been reported to be 2 grams [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 2 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 1,300 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]

50 mg/cu m

50 mg/m3

See: IDLH INDEX

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.15 ppm, skin. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

0.15 ppm as TWA; (skin); BEI issued.

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Acute Oral: 0.008 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.0005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Czechoslovakia, East & West Germany, Sweden, & USSR: 0.15 ppm (no date)

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia. The substance may have effects on the liver. This may result in liver impairment. The substance may have effects on the nervous system. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. May cause impaired vision.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for m-Dinitrobenzene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent skin contact with dinitrobenzene or liquids containing dinitrobenzene. /SRP: Liquid dinitrobenzene will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings./

Respiratory protection for dinitrobenzene (all isomers): Minimum respiratory protection required above 1 mg/cu m: Particulate concentration: 5 mg/cu m or less: Any dust and mist respirator, except single-use. 10 mg/cu m or less: Any dust and mist respirator, except single-use or quarter-mask respirator, or any fume respirator or high efficiency particulate filter respirator, or any supplied-air respirator, or any self-contained breathing apparatus; 50 mg/cu m or less: A high efficiency particulate filter respirator with a full facepiece, or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood, or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece; 200 mg/cu m or less: A powered air-purifying respirator with a high efficiency particulate filter, or A type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand, or other positive-pressure or continuous-flow mode; Greater than 200 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode, or a combination respirator which includes a type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any dust and mist respirator, except single-use, or any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,3-DINITROBENZENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 5) Any quarter-mask respirator.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Up to 10 mg/m3 :

M-dinitrobenzene is a yellow solid with a slight odor. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Pale-white or yellow, crystalline solid; [NIOSH]

YELLOW CRYSTALS.

Pale-white or yellow solid.

Yellowish crystals

Colorless to yellow, rhombic needles or plates

Pale white or yellow, crystalline solid.

556 °F at 756 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

302.8 °C @ 770 mm Hg

300-303 °C

291 °C @760 [mm Hg]

194 °F (NTP, 1992)

89-90 °C

302 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

302 °F (CLOSED CUP)

0.02 % (NIOSH, 2024)

1 g dissolves in 2000 ml cold water, 320 ml boiling water; 1 g dissolves in 37 ml alcohol, 20 ml boiling alcohol; freely sol in chloroform, ethyl acetate

Very soluble in acetone and ethanol; soluble in ether

In water, 533 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water: very poor

1.58 at 64.4 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.575 @ 18 °C/4 °C

1.6 g/cm³

1.5751 @ 18°C

5.8 (air= 1 at boiling point of dinitrobenzene) /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.8

0.0002 [mmHg]

2X10-4 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C:

log Kow= 1.49

Henry's Law constant = 4.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Liquid dinitrobenzene will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

-696.8 kcal @ 20 °C (solid)

10.43 eV

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Slowly mixes with water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

All three isomers have similar properties and may react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Their reaction with nitric acid (nitration) will lead to a mixture of trinitrobenzenes possessing high-explosive properties [Urbanski, 1967, vol. 3, p. 290]. If heat and reaction conditions of the nitration are not controlled, detonation comparable to TNT may occur [Anon., J. R. Inst. Chem., 1960, 84, p. 451]. Mixture of 1,3-dinitrobenzene with tetranitromethane was found highly explosive [Urbanski, 1964, vol. 1, 592]. 1,2-dinitrobenzene is a severe explosion hazard when shocked or exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition all dinitrobenzens emit toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 1374].

Mixture with nitric acid is a high explosive. Mixture with tetranitromethane is a high explosive very sensitive to sparks.

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions. Contact with caustics and metals such as tin and zinc may cause evolution of heat and increase in pressure.

Strong oxidizers, caustics, metals such as tin & zinc [Note: Prolonged exposure to fire and heat may result in an explosion due to SPONTANEOUS decomposition.]

In the red blood cell, 1,3-DNB induces formation of methemoglobin, leading to cyanosis. Reduction of the nitrogroup(s) of 1,3-DNB produces reactive nitroaromatic radical anions which redox cycle to produce other reactive, toxic species such as superoxide anion. Redox cycling of these intermediates probably causes the methemoglobinemia. In the male reproductive system, 1,3-DNB causes disruption of spermatogenesis resulting in hypospermia, poor sperm quality, and infertility. Reduction of 1,3-DNB to reactive species such as nitrosonitrobenzene is believed to damage Sertoli cells. (L199)

m-Dinitrobenzene

1 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no data in humans and animals. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

Chronic exposure to 1,3-dinitrobenzene can cause a reduction (or loss) in the number of red blood cells (anemia). It may also cause behavioral changes and male reproductive system damage. (L199)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L199) ; inhalation (L199) ; dermal (L199)

Burning sensation. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Weakness. Laboured breathing.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

Anoxia, cyanosis; visual disturbance, central scotomas; bad taste, burning mouth, dry throat, thirst; yellowing hair, eyes, skin; anemia; liver damage

Exposure to high concentrations of 1,3-dinitrobenzene can reduce the ability of blood to carry oxygen and can cause your skin to become bluish in color. Other symptoms of 1,3-dinitrobenzene exposure include headache, nausea, and dizziness.(L199)

Eyes, skin, blood, liver, cardiovascular system, central nervous system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

ATSDR Final

IRIS Current

LD50: 59 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L199)

LD50: 1990 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (L199)

LD50: 10 mg/kg (Intravenous, Dog) (T14)

LD50: 28 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral as a 1% suspension in corn oil 83 mg/kg with fiducial limits 56-124 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 28 mg/kg

LD50 Dog iv 10 mg/kg

LD50 Wild bird oral 42 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,3-DINITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and may include gastric lavage and/or the administration of activated charcoal. Benzodiazepine may be administered if seizures occur. If methemoglobinemia is evident, 1 to 2 mg/kg of 1% methylene blue should be administered via IV. (T36)

IN SUBACUTE POISONING, SYMPTOMS MAY BE PRECIPITATED BY SUNLIGHT OR BY INGESTION OF ALCOHOL. /DINITROBENZENE/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

A complete history and physical examination /should be performed/ to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the blood, liver, cardiovascular system, and eyes should be stressed.

A complete blood count: Dinitrobenzene has been shown to cause methemoglobinemia. ... A complete blood count should be performed, including a red cell count, a white cell count, a differential count of a stained smear, as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit. Observe for Heinz bodies. ... Liver function tests: Since liver damage has been observed in humans exposed to dinitrobenzene, a profile of liver function should be performed by using a medically acceptable array of biochemical tests.

IN CASES OF CHRONIC POISONING, IMPAIRMENT OF VISION APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN COMMON. ... VISUAL FIELDS ... SLIGHTLY CONTRACTED, & VISUAL ACUITY ... REDUCED, WITH CENTRAL SCOTOMAS, PARTICULARLY FOR RED & GREEN. USUALLY THERE HAS BEEN NO ABNORMALITY IN APPEARANCE OF THE OPTIC NERVEHEAD OTHER THAN SLIGHT PALLOR ... PARTIAL OPTIC ATROPHY ... VISION HAS GRADUALLY RECOVERED. /DINITROBENZENE/

SURFACE CONTACT MAY CAUSE YELLOWING OF SKIN, & PURPORTEDLY OF CONJUNCTIVA & CORNEA ... SKIN, CONJUNCTIVA, & OCULAR FUNDUS MAY SHOW BLUISH DISCOLORATION ... /DINITROBENZENE/

CHRONIC POISONING ... FOLLOWING EXPOSURE FOR 9 TO 18 MO TO DUST & VAPOR IN MUNITIONS PLANTS. SYMPTOMS ... START WITH HEADACHE, & BURNING PAIN & PARESTHESIA IN FEET, ANKLES, HANDS, & FOREARMS. ... APATHY & TIREDNESS, SHORTNESS OF BREATH & PALPITATION OF HEART. PERIPHERAL NERVE DISTURBANCES HAVE ALL BEEN SENSORY ... VISION HAS BEEN AFFECTED ... . /DINITROBENZENE/

NITRO CMPD OF DINITROBENZENE ... TYPE HAVE HISTORY OF PROMINENT HEPATOTOXIC EFFECTS ... HEPATIC INJURY IS MANIFESTED BY JAUNDICE ... DEMONSTRABLE IN CONJUNCTIVAE ... POTENT METHEMOGLOBIN PRODUCER ... CYANOSIS PROVIDES WARNING OF EXPOSURE ... /DINITROBENZENE/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3-DINITROBENZENE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

METHEMOGLOBIN-FORMING CAPACITY IN CAT. MOLECULAR RATIO (MOLAR RATIO OF METHEMOGLOBIN FORMED TO DOSE OF TEST CMPD): 6.4-7.8.

Rats were injected ip with 0.015 umol of p-dinitrobenzene/kg, 0.15 umol of m-dinitrobenzene/kg & 0.45 umol of o-dinitrobenzene/kg body wt. The dinitrobenzenes induced methemoglobin concns of 86%, 60% & 49%, respectively, & increases of urinary catecholamine excretion & blood sugar concn. Due to hyperglycemia the glycolysis may be stimulated as mechanism for energy production in methemoglobin-induced oxygen deficiency & as mechanism for reduction of methemoglobin, that means as responses favoring survival after poisoning.

Studies in normal & antibiotically-treated rats in vivo examining the methemoglobinemia-inducing capacity of nitro-compounds, indicated that methemoglobinemia induction & nitroreduction could occur independently of the GI microflora. In vitro incubations with rat blood suggested that in some cases the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin could occur possibly as a result of a direct interaction between unchanged nitro cmpd & hemoglobin.

6.30e+00

8.20e+01

2.00e+00

5.00e+00

1.80e-03

1.00e-04

Volatile

1.90e+01

2.50e+02

5.90e+00

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

1,3-Dinitrobenzene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, as an organic synthesis reagent and as a camphor substitute in cellulose nitrate may result in its release to the environment. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is also an impurity in the production of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,3-dinitrobenzene will exist the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-dinitrobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 526 days. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene absorbs light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis, but the kinetics of this reaction are unknown. If released to soil, 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 150. However, 1,3-dinitrobenzene adsorbs strongly to clay surfaces and the mobility of 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to be low in soils rich in clay content. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 1,3-dinitrobenzene in an aqueous biodegradation screening test using a silt loam inoculum at 25 °C, which suggests biodegradation will occur slowly in soil. If released into water, 1,3-dinitrobenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. In acclimated river water, the biodegradation half-life of 1,3-dinitrobenzene was 1 day, but in unacclimated river and creek water it did not biodegrade. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process for 1,3-dinitrobenzene in water or moist soil since this compound lacks functional groups that undergo hydrolysis under environmental conditions. BCF values of 2-75 measured in fish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Occupational exposure to 1,3-dinitrobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-dinitrobenzene is produced or used. (SRC)

1,3-Dinitrobenzene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, as an organic synthesis reagent and as a camphor substitute in cellulose nitrate(1) may result in its release to the environment(SRC). 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is also an impurity in the production of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.49(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). It has been shown that nitrophenols and nitrobenzenes adsorb strongly to clay surfaces and the mobility of 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to be low in soils rich in clay content(4,5). Volatilization of 1,3-dinitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(6). 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2X10-4 mm Hg(6). More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 1,3-dinitrobenzene in an aqueous biodegradation screening test using a silt loam inoculum at 25 °C(7), which suggests biodegradation will occur slowly in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.49(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,3-dinitrobenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 2-75 measured in fish(6,7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate (SRC). The half-life of 1,3-dinitrobenzene in water from the Tennessee River, 1 mile downstream from a munitions plant, was 1 day(8). However, 1,3-dinitrobenzene did not biodegrade in pristine water from rivers and creeks in Maryland(8), suggesting that biodegradation may occur rapidly in acclimated environments, but slowly under non-acclimated conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3-dinitrobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 2X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-dinitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 526 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). 1,3-Dinitrobenzene absorbs light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis(4), but the kinetics of this reaction are unknown(SRC).

Anaerobic and aerobic incubation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene with sewage effluent at 29 °C resulted in about 85% and 40% degradation after 28 days, respectively(1). The products of the anaerobic incubations were aromatic amines while under aerobic conditions, ring cleavage and possible mineralization of 1,3-dinitrobenzene occurred(1). More than 64 days were required to achieve a total loss of 1,3-dinitrobenzene when incubated with Niagara silt loam inoculum at 25 °C(2). Microorganisms isolated from the Tennessee River near a munitions production facility were shown to biodegrade 1,3-dinitrobenzene(3). At 1X10+6 microorganisms/mL and 25 °C, the half-life of 1,3-dinitrobenzene in river water samples and enrichment cultures were 1 and 9.7 days, respectively(3). However, 1,3-dinitrobenzene did not biodegrade in pristine river and creek water from Maryland, suggesting that microbial adaptation is necessary for degradation to occur(3). After 3 hr incubation at 30 °C with phenol adapted bacteria from soil and related environments, 75% of the initial amount of 1,3-dinitrobenzene was degraded(4). Dinitrobenzene (isomer not specified), present at 100 mg/l, reached 0 percent of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5), suggesting biodegradation occurs slowly(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3-dinitrobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 526 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Nitrobenzenes absorb light greater than 290 nm(2), which suggests that 1,3-dinitrobenzene may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process for 1,3-dinitrobenzene since this compound lacks functional groups that undergo hydrolysis under environmental conditions(2).

A BCF value of 75 was measured for 1,3-dinitrobenzene in fish(1). BCF values of 2-38 were measured in carp exposed to dinitrobenzene (isomer not specified) over a 6 week incubation period(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

The Koc of 1,3-dinitrobenzene is estimated as 150(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.49(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility in soil. It has been shown that nitrophenols and nitrobenzenes adsorb strongly to clay through an interaction between the nitro group and the water molecules or metallic cations in the clay(4), and 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to similarly bind to clays(SRC). The adsorption of 1,3-dinitrobenzene was studied in montmorillonite, clay and an adsorption coefficient of 4,500 L/kg was measured(5).

The Koc of 1,3-dinitrobenzene is estimated as 150(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.49(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility in soil. It has been shown that nitrophenols and nitrobenzenes adsorb strongly to clay through an interaction between the nitro group and the water molecules or metallic cations in the clay(4), and 1,3-dinitrobenzene is expected to similarly bind to clays(SRC). The adsorption of 1,3-dinitrobenzene was studied in monmorillonite clay and an adsorption coefficient of 4,500 L/kg was measured(5).

The concentration of 1,3-dinitrobenzene in an extract of effluent water from organics and plastics industries was 1,055 ng/ul(1). 1,3-Dinitrobenzene has been detected in the effluent of facilities that produce 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at a concn of 4 ppm(2).

Occupational exposure to 1,3-dinitrobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-dinitrobenzene is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By making packages of dinitrobenzene in paper or other flammable material & burning in a suitable combustion chamber which allows burning in an unconfined condition & is equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving dinitrobenzene in fuel oil & atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Dissolve in combustible solvent such as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solution into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for dinitrobenzene: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis. /Dinitrobenzene/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,3-DINITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 3443; Dinitrobenzenes, solid

UN 1597; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid

IMO 6.1; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid

49 214 22; Dinitrobenzene, solution

49 214 21; Dinitrobenzene, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 26/27/28-33-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II