4-nitrotoluene

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (33.9%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (99.7%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (99.7%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (99.7%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (99.7%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 313 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P301+P317, P308+P316, P319, P321, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention . Wear protective gloves when administering first aid.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Water streams or foam may cause frothing. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Ventilate area of spill or leak. For small quantities of liq nitrotoluene, absorb on paper towels. For small quantities of solid nitrotoluene, sweep onto paper or other suitable material. Remove to safe place (such as fume hood) & burn. Large quantities of liq nitrotoluene can be collected & atomized in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Large quantities of solid nitrotoluene can be reclaimed; ... If not practical, dissolve in flammable solvent (such as alcohol) & atomize in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. /Nitrotoluene/

Environmental considerations: Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Environmental considerations: Water Spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For liquid nitrotoluene, by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or similar material & disposing in secured sanitary landfill. By atomizing liquid nitrotoluene in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. By making packages of solid nitrotoluene in paper or other suitable material or by dissolving in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) & burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. /Nitrotoluene/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 4-nitrotoluene: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

... A complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which incl regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, & evaluation. ... Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated ... should be removed ... & not reworn until nitrotoluene is removed. Eating & smoking should not be permitted in areas where solid nitrotoluene is handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle solid or liq nitrotoluene should wash ... hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent & water before eating or smoking. /Nitrotoluene/

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Well closed.

Store in a cool. dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, alkalies, oxidizing materials, and reducing agents.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

2.0 [ppm]

33 [ppm]

200 [ppm]

TWA 2 ppm (11 mg/m3) [skin]

5.0 [ppm]

TWA 5 ppm (30 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

200 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

200.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Back et al. 1972; Vasilerko et al. 1978] and an analogy to nitrobenzene [Linch 1974] which has an IDLH of 200 ppm, the original IDLH for nitrotoluene (200 ppm) is not being revised at this time.

See: IDLH INDEX

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm, s. /Nitrotoluene, all isomers/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Nitrotoluene, all isomers/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

2 ppm as TWA; (skin); BEI issued.

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood, liver and testes.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Nitrotoluene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear butyl rubber gloves, protective clothing and shoes, and self-contained breathing apparatus.

Respirators may be used when engineering & work practice controls are not technically feasible ... Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, & in emergency situations. ... Respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety & Health Admin ... or by the NIOSH. ... Employees should be provided with & required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (8-inch min), & other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with solid or liq nitrotoluene. ... Employees should be provided with & required to use dust- & splash-proof safety goggles where solid or liq nitrotoluene may contact the eyes. /Nitrotoluene/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Up to 20 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator*

Up to 50 ppm:

(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode*

Up to 100 ppm:

(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode*

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece

Up to 200 ppm:

(APF = 2000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

P-nitrotoluene appears as a yellow liquid with a weak aromatic odor. Toxic. Insoluble in water. Combustible but may take some effort to ignite. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned. In a spill, immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater or nearby streams. Used to make other chemicals.

Crystalline solid with a weak, aromatic odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Crystalline solid with a weak, aromatic odor.

Yellowish crystals

Colorless rhombic needles

Orthorhombic crystals from alcohol and ether

Crystalline solid

Bitter almond

Weak aromatic odor

460.9 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

238.3 °C

Boiling point: 105 °C at 9 mm Hg

238.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

130.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

53-54 °C

51.63 °C

223 °F (NTP, 1992)

106 °C; 223 °F (Closed cup)

103 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, chloroform, acetone

Soluble in ethanol; very soluble in ethyl ether, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, pyridine, toluene, carbon disulfide.

In water, 442 mg/L at 30 °C

In water, 361 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 242 mg/L at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.035

1.286 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1038 at 75 deg/4 °C

1.29 g/cm³

1.1038 @ 75°C

4.72 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.72 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.72

1 mmHg at 128.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.01 [mmHg]

VP: 1.3 mm Hg at 65 °C

0.0157 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.016

0.164 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

P-NITROTOLUENE may react violently with sodium, tetranitromethane, strong oxidizing agents , sulfuric acid and other acids. (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes on contact with strong oxidzers; strong acids; reducing agents; strong bases; ammonia, amines producing toxic fumes, causing fire and explosion hazard. Heat above 190 °C may cause explosive decomposition. Attacks some plastics, rubbers, and coatings.

Incompatible /with/ sulfuric acid; tetranitromethane.

... Contact with strong oxidizers or sulfuric acid may cause fires and explosions.

Strong oxidizers, sulfuric acid.

para-Nitrotoluene and sulfuric acid exploded at 80 °C.

Strong oxidizers, sulfuric acid

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nitrotoluenes. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of ... 4-nitrotoluene. ... Overall evaluation: Nitrotoluenes are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

p-Nitrotoluene

TR-498: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of p-Nitrotoluene (CASRN 99-99-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) (2002 )

05/03/01

Equivocal Evidence

Some Evidence

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of p-nitrotoluene in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of subcutaneous skin neoplasms. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of p-nitrotoluene in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of clitoral gland neoplasms. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of p-nitrotoluene in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of p-nitrotoluene in female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 ppm.

Exposure to p-nitrotoluene caused increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the kidney, spleen, and liver in male and female rats, testis in male rats, and lung in male and female mice.

Decreased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia in male and female rats and testicular interstitial cell adenoma in male rats were attributed to exposure to p-nitrotoluene.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Headache. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Laboured breathing.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

Anoxia, cyanosis; headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness; ataxia; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); tachycardia; nausea, vomiting

Blood, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, skin, gastrointestinal tract

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

4 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 975 mg/m3

LD50 Rat ip 940 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat dermal >750 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat dermal 16000 mg/kg bw

LC50 Rat inhalation >4167 mg/L /1 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In the fluctuation test the mutation frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae by the 5-nitroimidazoles panidazole and dimetridazole was increased by adding ... 4-nitrotoluene ...

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Routine checking of lips, tongue, and nail beds of exposed personnel for signs of cyanosis. /Nitrotoluene/

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to nitrotoluene at potentially hazardous levels.Initial Medical Exam: A complete history & physical exam: ... Exam of blood, nervous system, GI system, & cardiovascular system should be stressed. Skin should be exam for evidence of chronic disorders. ... A complete blood count should be performed, including red cell count, a white cell count, a differential count of stained smear, as well as hemoglobin & hematocrit. Persons with blood disorders may be at increased risk from exposure.Periodic Medical Exam: The ... /initial med exam/ should be repeated on an annual basis. Methemoglobin determinations should be performed if overexposure is suspected or signs & symptoms of toxicity occur.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms and signs /of methemoglobinemia, from exposure to nitrotoluene,/ are caused by decreased blood oxygen content and cellular hypoxia and include headache, dizziness, and nausea; with greater compromise, these progress to dyspnea, confusion, seizures, and coma. Even at low levels, skin discoloration ("chocolate cyanosis"), especially of the nails, lips, and ears, can be striking.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Forms methemoglobin, irritation, and kidney and liver damage. /nitrotoluenes from table/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Headache, flushing of face; dizziness, dyspnea (difficult breathing), cyanosis, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, increased pulse and respiratory rate, irritability and convulsions.

EC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa; Concentration: 2.21 umol/L for 96 hr; Effect: population, decreased maximum density (yield) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Photobacterium phosphoreum; Concentration: 1.90 umol/L for 15 min; Effect: decreased bioluminescence /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

IC50 (immobilization concentration); Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static; Concentration: 2.14 umol/L for 48 hr. Using a semi-static procedure, the log of the 21 day IC50 was 1.71 umol/L for 4-nitrotoluene.

EC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green algae); Conditions: static; Concentration: 22 mg/L for 96 hr; Effect: general growth

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The lowest concentration of 4-nitrotoluene tested that significantly (p< 0.01) lowered the population growth constant of Daphnia after 21 days was 1.61 umol/L. This same concentration was the lowest concentration to significantly (p< 0.01) lower the mean length of Daphnia after 21 days.

3.40e+01

1.40e+02

4.30e+00

1.00e+03

4.00e-03

1.60e-02

Volatile

7.60e+02

9.80e+03

2.10e+02

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

4-Nitrotoluene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, toluidines, nitrobenzoic acids, agricultural and rubber chemicals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 0.0157 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-nitrotoluene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-nitrotoluene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 21 days. 4-Nitrotoluene is susceptible to direct photolysis, with the primary photoproduct being 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol. If released to soil, 4-nitrotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon a measured Koc value of 138 for a single sediment and an estimated Koc value of 363. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.63X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Nitrotoluene (at 100 ppm) reached 0.8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test which indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable. However, two studies demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene could be completely biodegraded by unacclimated sludge within two weeks when lower concentrations of 4-nitrotoluene (10 ppm) were used. Studies using adapted inocula have demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene can biodegrade readily. If released into water, 4-nitrotoluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon its estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon the Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.8 and 60 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. In aqueous solution, 4-nitrotoluene has a quantum yield of 0.0046 at 313 nm indicating that it is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. BCF values of 3.7 to 8.0 in carp suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The most probable route of human exposure to 4-nitrotoluene is dermal contact of workers involved in the production and use of this compound, as well as in the production of dinitrotoluene and trinitrotoluene. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 4-nitrotoluene via inhalation of ambient air in the vicinity of production facilites and ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

4-Nitrotoluene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, toluidines, nitrobenzoic acids, agricultural and rubber chemicals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 138 for a single sediment(2) and an estimated Koc value of 363(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that 4-nitrotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 4-nitrotoluene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 5.63X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). 4-Nitrotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 0.0157 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). 4-Nitrotoluene (at 100 ppm) reached 0.8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test which indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(6). Two studies demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene could be completely biodegraded by unacclimated sludge within two weeks when lower concentrations of 4-nitrotoluene (10 ppm) were used(7,8). Studies using adapted inocula have demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene can biodegrade readily(9,10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 138 for a single sediment(2) and an estimated Koc value of 363(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that 4-nitrotoluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.63X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.8 days and 60 days, respectively(SRC). In aqueous solution, 4-nitrotoluene has a quantum yield of 0.0046 at 313 nm(6) indicating that it is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). 4-Nitrotoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4). According to a classification scheme(7), measured BCF values of 3.7 to 8.0 in carp (Carprinus carpio)(8) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 4-Nitrotoluene (at 100 ppm) reached 0.8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test which indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(8). Two studies demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene could be completely biodegraded by unacclimated sludge within two weeks when lower concentrations of 4-nitrotoluene (10 ppm) were used(9,10). Studies using adapted inocula have demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene can biodegrade readily(11,12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-nitrotoluene, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 0.0157 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-nitrotoluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 21 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 4-Nitrotoluene is susceptible to direct photolysis, with the primary photoproduct being 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol(4).

AEROBIC: 4-Nitrotoluene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0.8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1) which indicates the compound is not readily biodegradable(1). Two studies demonstrated that 4-nitrotoluene could be completely degraded by unacclimated sludge withing two weeks when lower concentrations of 4-nitrotoluene (10 ppm) were used(2,3). When nitrotoluene-adapted activated sludges were used as an inoculum, however, 4-nitrotoluene was almost completely degraded (~98%) within 5 days, even when higher concentrations (200 mg/L) of 4-nitrotoluene were used(4). 2-Amino-4-methylphenol has been identified as a microbial degradation product of 4-nitrotoluene(5). Using a mixed culture isolated from a contaminated soil (near an ammunition plant), 4-nitrotoluene (at initial concentrations of 5 mg/L) degraded completely in 1 to 3 days in aerobic batch and continuous reactor tests(6).

ANAEROBIC: 4-Nitrotoluene has been observed to be degraded to toluidine under anaerobic biodegradation conditions with little additional biodegradation(1). When incubated at low concentrations (10 ppm), however, complete removal of 4-nitrotoluene has been observed(2). In anaerobic tests using wastewater from a munitions production facility, initial 4-nitrotoluene degraded by 38% in non-sterile conditions and by 25% in sterile conditions over a 36-day incubation period(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-nitrotoluene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 21 days at an atmospheric concentration of 0.5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Nitrotoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 4-Nitrotoluene will undergo direct photolysis due to its absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm), with 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol being the primary photodegradate(3). In aqueous solution, 4-nitrotoluene has a quantum yield of 0.0046 at 313 nm(4) indicating that it is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 13 was calculated for 4-nitrotoluene(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.37(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The BCF for 4-nitrotoluene has been measured to be low in an unidentified fish and in carp (Carprinus carpio)(4,5).

A log Koc value of 2.14 (Koc = 138) was experimentally determined for 4-nitrotoluene in a single lake sediment from China(1). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc of 4-nitrotoluene can be estimated to be 363(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), the estimated and experimental Koc values suggest that 4-nitrotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 4-nitrotoluene is 5.63X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-nitrotoluene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7.8 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 60 days(SRC). 4-Nitrotoluene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 4-Nitrotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 0.0157 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

GROUND WATER: 4-Nitrotoluene was detected at a concentration of 0.854 mg/L in a groundwater sample collected beneath a former ammunition production site(1).

SURFACE WATER: 4-Nitrotoluene was detected in the Waal river (Netherlands), with an average concentrationn 4.5 ug/L, and a maximum concentration of 18.1 mg/L, and in the Maas river (Netherlands), maximum concentration 0.3 ug/L(1). 4-Nitrotoluene has been detected in Rhine River water at a concentration of 10 ug/L(2). 4-Nitrotoluene concentrations of 0.072 to 1.659 ug/L have been reported for the Songhua River in China(3).

4-Nitrotoluene has been found in the effluent from a plant manufacturing trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Radford, VA, with 0.12 to 9.2 mg/L detected(1). 4-Nitrotoluene has been detected in the wastewater resulting from the production and purification of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, with between 0.01 to 0.17 mg/L detected, and with 43% of samples positive for 4-nitrotoluene(2). 4-Nitrotoluene has also been detected in the raw effluent from a plant manufacturing dinitrotoluene, with 8.8 mg/L detected, and in a waste treatment lagoon of a chemical company, with 0.04 mg/L(1). 4-Nitrotoluene was detected in 64.3% of sewage treatment plant effluents tested in England and Wales in 1995 at an average concentration of 2.19 ug/L(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 4-Nitrotoluene has been detected in the ambient air at the Dupont plant in Deepwater, NJ at a concentration ranging from 59 to 89 ng/cu m(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 4-nitrotoluene is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,354 workers (729 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 4-nitrotoluene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-nitrotoluene may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-nitrotoluene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 4-nitrotoluene via inhalation of ambient air in the vicinity of production facilities and ingestion of drinking water(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For liquid nitrotoluene, by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or similar material & disposing in secured sanitary landfill. By atomizing liquid nitrotoluene in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. By making packages of solid nitrotoluene in paper or other suitable material or by dissolving in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) & burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. /Nitrotoluene/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 4-nitrotoluene: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Nitrotoluenes; Nitrotoluenes, liquid; Nitrotoluenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Nitrotoluenes; Nitrotoluenes, liquid; Nitrotoluenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Nitrotoluenes; Nitrotoluenes, liquid; Nitrotoluenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Nitrotoluenes; Nitrotoluenes, liquid; Nitrotoluenes, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-NITROTOLUENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1664; Nitrotoluenes, liquid o-, m-, p-; solid m-, p-

IMO 6.1; Nitrotoluenes

49 631 32; p-Nitrotoluene

49 631 55; Nitrotoluene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-33-51/53; S: (1/2)-28-37-45-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II